Define the different types of mutations that are made in the DNA sequence. What categories do they fit into? What results can occur from mutations?

Question 1

Small-Scale Mutations (Point Mutations)

Substitution

Answer 1

1. Type: Substitution; One base is replaced with another.

Results:
- Missense Mutation: Changes one amino acid in the protein.
- Nonsense Mutation: Converts a codon into a stop codon, stopping protein production early.
- Silent Mutation: No change in the amino acid (due to redundancy in the genetic code).

Question 2

Large scale:

Chromosomal Mutations

Answer 2

Affect larger DNA segments or entire chromosomes.

Types:
- Translocation:
- A segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another.
- Inversion:
- A section of the DNA sequence is reversed.
Result:
- Entire coding regions may be removed or inverted. A large loss of genetic material may negatively affect the functioning of the cell.

Question 3

Small-Scale

Insertion

Answer 3

2. Type: Insertion; Adds an extra base pair, which may cause:
   Result:
   - Frameshift Mutation: Shifts the reading frame, changing all amino acids after the mutation.

Question 4

Small scale

Deletion

Answer 4

3. Type: Deletion; Removes a base pair, which may also cause:

    *Result*:    - **Frameshift Mutation**: Similar to insertion, altering all subsequent amino acids.

Question 5

Small scale

Inversion

Answer 5

4. Type: Inversion; Swaps two neighboring bases, which may cause a missense mutation.