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Exploring Creation With Advanced Biology > Defin These Terms > Flashcards

Defin These Terms Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues specialized for a particular function

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Groups of cells forming various building materials of the body

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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of dynamic equilibrium in the body with respect to its internal environment and functions.

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4
Q

Set point

A

Ideal normal value of a variable around which homeostasis is maintained through a normal range of values that are acceptable to the body

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5
Q

Stress

A

A factor that causes one or more physiological variables to move away from its homeostatic set point

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6
Q

Control center

A

The part of the body, either central nervous system or endocrine gland, that receives information about a variable, determines the set point, and signals a response to correct imbalances

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7
Q

Receptor

A

A structure in the body that monitors the values of your body’s variables

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8
Q

Effector

A

A structure in the body that can change the value of variable in response to a signal from the control center

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9
Q

Negative-Feedback System

A

A control mechanism consisting of receptors, control center, and effectors through which homeostasis in the body is maintained by regulation of the body’s organ systems. It is called negative feedback because the control system opposes or reverses the original stress.

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10
Q

Selective permeability

A

The ability to let certain materials in or out while restricting others

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11
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process by which large molecules are taken into the cell

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12
Q

Exocytosis

A

Transportation of material from inside the cell to outside the cell using vesicles: also called secretion

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13
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct

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14
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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15
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands that secrete without losing cellular material

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16
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands that have cytoplasm in their secretions

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17
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands that have secretions made up of disintegrated cells

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18
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells

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19
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Spindle-shaped cells that form connective tissue proper

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20
Q

Stromal cells

A

“ Supporting” cells that provide structure or support for parenchymal cells

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21
Q

Parenchymal cells

A

“Performance” cells that provide the actual function of the tissue

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22
Q

Labile cells

A

Cells that undergo mitosis regularly and quickly

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23
Q

Stable cells

A

Cells that do not regularly undergo mitosis but are able to if the need arises

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24
Q

Permanent cells

A

Cells that cannot undergo mitosis

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25
Q

Epidermis

A

The outer portion of the skin, formed by epithelial tissue that is attached to the dermis

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26
Q

Dermis

A

Dense irregular connective tissue that forms the deep layer of skin

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27
Q

Hypodermis

A

Loose connective tissue underneath the dermis that connects the dermis to muscle or bone

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28
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

The process of manufacturing blood cells

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29
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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30
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense bone matrix organized into microscopic tubes of bone called osteons

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31
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Network of bone with many marrow-filled spaces surrounding the bone matrix

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32
Q

Ossification

A

Bone formation

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33
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of a bone in a joint

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34
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck,and trunk

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35
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The proration of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it

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36
Q

Suture

A

An immovable joint between flat bones of the skull

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37
Q

Process

A

A projection on a bone

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38
Q

Meatus

A

A passageway

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39
Q

Foramen

A

A hole

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40
Q

Sinus

A

A hollowed out space in a bone

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41
Q

Osteoblast

A

A bone forming cell

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42
Q

Osteocyte

A

A mature bone cell surrounded by bone matrix

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43
Q

Osteoclast

A

A large, multinucleated cell that breaks down bone

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44
Q

Hematoma

A

A mass of blood that is confined to a limited space

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45
Q

Callus

A

A mass of connective tissue that connects the ends of a broken bone

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46
Q

Anatomical position

A

The position acquired when one stands erect with the feet facing forward , the upper limbs hanging at the sides, and the palms facing forward with the thumbs to the outside

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47
Q

Sarcomere

A

The repeating unit of a myofibril

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48
Q

Neuron

A

The functional unit of the nervous systems, a nerve cell

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49
Q

Synapse

A

The interface between a neuron and another cell

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50
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical released by neuron, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft, enabling the neuron to communicate with another cell.

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51
Q

Motor unit

A

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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52
Q

All-or-none law of skeletal muscle contraction

A

An individual muscle fiber contracts maximally in response to an action potential

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53
Q

Subthreshold stimulus

A

A stimulus to small to create an action potential in a neuron

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54
Q

Threshold stimulus

A

A stimulus strong enough to create one action potential in a neuron

55
Q

Submaximal stimuli

A

Stimuli of increasing strength that create more action potentials along more neurons

56
Q

Maximal stimulus

A

A stimulus that is strong enough to create action potentials on all motor neurons to a particular muscle

57
Q

Muscle tone

A

The state of partial contraction in a muscle, even when the muscle is not being used.

58
Q

Origin

A

The point at which a muscle’s tendon attaches to the more stationary

59
Q

Insertion

A

The point at which a muscle’s tendon attaches to the more moveable bone

60
Q

Belly

A

The largest part

61
Q

Mastication

A

The process of chewing

62
Q

Extrinsic hand muscles

A

Muscles in the forearm that create movement in the hands.

63
Q

Intrinsic hand muscle

A

Muscles in the hand that produce movement in the hand.

64
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of neuron axons and their coverings, which are found outside the CNS

65
Q

Ganglia

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies that are found outside the CNS

66
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Nerves that originate from the spinal cord

67
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Nerves that originate from the brain.

68
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Neurons that transmit action potentials from the sensory organs to the CNS.

69
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

Neurons that transmit action potentials from CNS to the effector organs.

70
Q

Somatic motor nervous system

A

PNS neurons that transmit action potentials from the CNS to skeletal muscle

71
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

PNS neurons that transmit action potentials from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

72
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Division of the ANS that generally prepares the body for increased energy expenditure.

73
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Division of the ANS that regulates resting and nutrition-related functions such as digestion, defecation, urination

74
Q

Association neuron

A

A neuron that conducts action potentials from one neuron to another neuron within the CNS.

75
Q

Excitability

A

The ability to undergo an action potential in response to a stimulus

76
Q

Potential difference

A

A measure of the charge difference across the cell membrane.

77
Q

Gray Matter

A

Collections of neurons cell bodies and their associated neuroglia

78
Q

White Matter

A

Bundles of parallel axons and their coverings.

79
Q

Decussation

A

The anatomical crossing over of neurons from left to right.

80
Q

Vital functions

A

Those functions of the body necessary for life

81
Q

Commissures

A

Connections of neurons axons that allow the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate with one another

82
Q

Sensory receptors

A

An organ that responds to a specific type of stimulus by triggering an action potential on sensory neuron

83
Q

Somatic receptors

A

Sensory receptors in the skin, muscle, and tendons

84
Q

Visceral receptors

A

Sensory receptors in the internal organs

85
Q

Special receptors

A

Sensory receptors in specific locations

86
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors that respond to movement, weather it is light touch, vibration, or pressure.

87
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors that respond to heat or cold.

88
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors that respond to light

89
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors that respond to chemicals

90
Q

Nociceptors

A

Sensory receptors that respond to several types of excess stimulation, which is termed pain

91
Q

Cutaneous receptors

A

Receptors in the skin

92
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Receptors in the skeletal muscle and tendons

93
Q

Static equilibrium

A

Determines the orientation of the head relative to the pull of gravity. In other words, it helps the body determine whether the head is being held up straight, bowed, leaned to one side, and so forth.

94
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

helps determine the rotation and acceleration of the head. This allows us to maintain balance as we move.

95
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Neurons of the hypothalamus that secrete neurohormones rather than neurotransmitters.

96
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Biologically active lipids that produce many effects in the body, including smooth muscle contraction, which inflammation, and blood clotting.

97
Q

Viscosity

A

The resistance to flow and alteration of shape due to cohesion

98
Q

Plasma

A

The fluid portion of the blood, which is mostly water, about 55% by volume

99
Q

Formed elements of the blood

A

The red blood cells, white blood cells, and fragments called platelets, about 45% by volume

100
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells that carry the oxygen in blood.

101
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells that preform defensive functions in blood

102
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Cell fragments in blood that help prevent blood loss

103
Q

Diapedesis

A

Passage of white blood cells through pores in blood vessel to get into the tissue spaces

104
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Attraction of cells to chemical stimuli

105
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Literally, cell-eating. The process by which a cell engulfs and ingests a foreign or dead cell or cell part.

106
Q

Pus

A

A mixture of dead or dying white blood cells foreign cells such as bacteria, and fluid.

107
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

The process by which the formed elements of blood are made in the body

108
Q

Hemostasis

A

The process by which the body stops blood loss

109
Q

Coagulation factors

A

Proteins in blood plasma that help initiate the blood coagulation process

110
Q

Antigen

A

A protein or other molecule that, when introduced into the body, triggers the production of an antibody.

111
Q

Arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

112
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and body cells

113
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

114
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Circulation of the blood around the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs.

115
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Circulation of the blood through the other tissues of the body.

116
Q

Diastole phase

A

The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract

117
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

One complete round of diastole and systole.

118
Q

Arterioles

A

The smallest arteries that still have three tunics.

119
Q

Venules

A

Small veins that do not have three tunics, but instead have only an endothelium, a basement membrane, and a few smooth muscle cells.

120
Q

Lymphatic tissue

A

Groups of lymphocytes and macrophages that provide immune protection

121
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Encapsulated masses of lymphatic tissue found along lymph vessels.

122
Q

Lymph

A

Watery liquid formed from interstitial fluid and found in lymph vessels

123
Q

Edema

A

A buildup of excess interstitial fluid in the tissues, which leads to swelling.

124
Q

Immunological defense

A

The process by which the body protects itself from pathogenic invaders such as bacteria, fungi,parasites, and foreign substances.

125
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

Concentration of lymphatic tissue without a connective tissue capsule

126
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

Scattered lymphatic, macrophages, and other cells found deep to mucous membranes

127
Q

Lymph nodules

A

Lymphatic tissue arranged into compact, somewhat spherical structures, but without a capsule

128
Q

Innate immunity

A

An immune response response that is the same regardless of the pathogen or toxin encountered

129
Q

Acquired immunity ( also called specific or adaptive immunity )

A

An immune response targeted at a specific pathogen or toxin after exposure.

130
Q

Complement

A

A series about 30 plasma proteins activated by foreign cells or antibodies to those cells. They lyse bacteria, promote phagocytosis, and promote inflammation.

131
Q

Interferon

A

Proteins secreted by cells infected with a virus. These proteins do not save the infected cell, but simulate nearby cells to strengthen themselves against a viral invasion.

132
Q

Pyrogens

A

Chemicals that promote fever by acting on the hypothalamus.

133
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Acquired immunity provided by antibodies in the blood plasma

134
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Acquired immunity provided by T lymphocytes

Exploring Creation With Advanced Biology (2 decks)

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