Defense (2)

Question 1

Types of immune systems

Answer 1

1. Recognition of antigens
2. Adaptive immune system
3. Innate immune system

Question 2

Recognition of antigens

Answer 2

Probably evolved early

Question 3

Adaptive immune system

Answer 3

(Vertebrates) - Antibodies which recognize antigens during reinfection

Question 4

Innate immune system

Answer 4

(Invertebrates) - NO antibodies

Question 5

Innate immunity def

Answer 5

Phagocytic systems enhanced by clotting - haemolymph coagulation system

Question 6

What does the hemolymph coagulation system do?

Answer 6

– Stops spread of, and destroys bacteria
– Enhances phagocytosis
– Wound formation

Question 7

Types of phagocytic systems enhanced by clotting

Answer 7

• Haemolymph (haemocyte) coagulation system
• Lectin- agglutin system

Question 8

Lectin-agglutinin system def

Answer 8

• sticky proteins
• recognizes carbs (antigen molecules)

Question 9

Induced immune system

Answer 9

• Schistosomes
• Fasciolids

Question 10

Schistosomes def

Answer 10

Induced immune response - coat themselves with host antigens

Question 11

Fasciolids def

Answer 11

Induced immune system - toxic substances

Question 12

Internal invaders

Answer 12

• Heat shock proteins
• Metallothionein
• Mixed function oxygenase

Question 13

HSP inducers

Answer 13

Temperature - pesticides, metals, solvents

Question 14

Metallothionein inducers

Answer 14

Metals, exhaust and smoke particles

Question 15

Mixed function oxygenase inducers

Answer 15

Pesticides, metals, organic solvents, hydrocarbons (oil)

Question 16

HSP function

Answer 16

– Help damaged proteins to
(re)attain their native state
– Minimise accumulation of
non-functioning or toxic
protein molecules

Question 17

Metallothioniens (MTs) def

Answer 17

• protein that binds to h metal & detoxifies

Question 18

Mixed function oxygenase (MFO) def

Answer 18

• Oxidize pollutants
  – Adds O2
  – Makes easier to metabolise
  – Inducible

Question 19

Mollusc MFO eg

Answer 19

Hydrocarbon pollution

Question 20

Herbivorous insects MFO eg

Answer 20

Defence toxins produced by plants

Question 21

Aging eg.

Answer 21

• Senescene
• Negligible senescene
• Negative senescene

Question 22

Senescene def

Answer 22

Aging - decline in function & increase in mortality

Question 23

Negligible senescene def

Answer 23

No increase in mortality or decrease in fertility,
- physiological function or disease resistance
= can be very long lived

Question 24

Negative senescene def

Answer 24

Decline in mortality with age after reproductive maturity, usually accompanied by an increase in
fecundity
* Animals with indeterminate growth (no maximum age or
size at maturity)

Question 25

Fecundity def

Answer 25

The ability to produce an abundance of offspring or new growth; fertility

Question 26

Why does aging happen? (4)

Answer 26

• Telomere loss theory
• Oxidative stress/ free radical theory
• Gene regulation theory
• Cell turnover rate

Question 27

Telomeres def

Answer 27

Caps at the end of each strand of DNA that protect the chromosomes

Question 28

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