Defense (2) Flashcards
SImon
Types of immune systems
- Recognition of antigens
- Adaptive immune system
- Innate immune system
Recognition of antigens
Probably evolved early
Adaptive immune system
(Vertebrates) - Antibodies which recognize antigens during reinfection
Innate immune system
(Invertebrates) - NO antibodies
Innate immunity def
Phagocytic systems enhanced by clotting - haemolymph coagulation system
What does the hemolymph coagulation system do?
– Stops spread of, and destroys bacteria
– Enhances phagocytosis
– Wound formation
Types of phagocytic systems enhanced by clotting
- Haemolymph (haemocyte) coagulation system
- Lectin- agglutin system
Lectin-agglutinin system def
- sticky proteins
- recognizes carbs (antigen molecules)
Induced immune system
- Schistosomes
- Fasciolids
Schistosomes def
Induced immune response - coat themselves with host antigens
Fasciolids def
Induced immune system - toxic substances
Internal invaders
- Heat shock proteins
- Metallothionein
- Mixed function oxygenase
HSP inducers
Temperature - pesticides, metals, solvents
Metallothionein inducers
Metals, exhaust and smoke particles
Mixed function oxygenase inducers
Pesticides, metals, organic solvents, hydrocarbons (oil)
HSP function
– Help damaged proteins to
(re)attain their native state
– Minimise accumulation of
non-functioning or toxic
protein molecules
Metallothioniens (MTs) def
- protein that binds to h metal & detoxifies
Mixed function oxygenase (MFO) def
- Oxidize pollutants
– Adds O2
– Makes easier to metabolise
– Inducible
Mollusc MFO eg
Hydrocarbon pollution
Herbivorous insects MFO eg
Defence toxins produced by plants
Aging eg.
- Senescene
- Negligible senescene
- Negative senescene
Senescene def
Aging - decline in function & increase in mortality
Negligible senescene def
No increase in mortality or decrease in fertility,
- physiological function or disease resistance
= can be very long lived
Negative senescene def
Decline in mortality with age after reproductive maturity, usually accompanied by an increase in
fecundity
* Animals with indeterminate growth (no maximum age or
size at maturity)
Fecundity def
The ability to produce an abundance of offspring or new growth; fertility
Why does aging happen? (4)
- Telomere loss theory
- Oxidative stress/ free radical theory
- Gene regulation theory
- Cell turnover rate
Telomeres def
Caps at the end of each strand of DNA that protect the chromosomes
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