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BDE 224 A2 > 7 - Feeding (1) > Flashcards

7 - Feeding (1) Flashcards

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1
Q

Sites of digestion

A
  1. extracorporeally (outside the body)
  2. intracorporeally (in a gut chamber of some sort)
  3. intracellularly (within a cell)
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2
Q

Incomplete or blind gut def

A

Metazoans with only one opening (gut wise) - plathelminths or cnidaria

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3
Q

Feeding modes classifications

A
  1. Habitat type: freshwater, sea or land
  2. What organisms eat: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores
  3. Feeding method: browsing, suspension/filter feeding, deposit feeding, etc
  4. Food size: microphages (feeding on very small organisms) versus macrophages
  5. Food location within the environment: water column, benthic substratum, etc.
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4
Q

Types of feeding

A
  1. Browsers
  2. Suspension feeders
  3. Deposit feeders
  4. Active feeders
  5. Biters, chewers, suckers
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5
Q

Predator classification

A
  1. Motile stalkers
  2. Lurking (ambush) predators
  3. Grazing carnivores
  4. Cannibalism
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6
Q

Primary mechanisms for removing food particles

A
  1. Setose appendages
  2. Mucous-bag feeding
  3. Ciliary mechanisms
  4. Tentacle of tube feet suspension feeding
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7
Q

Browsers def

A

Have rasping radula (ribbon-like structure/ belt-like rasp armed with chitinous teeth) that removes layer of encrusting organisms from rocks
All mollusks except BIVALVES

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7
Q

Suspension feeders def

A
  • They remove suspended food particles (floating or drifting) in water by capture, trapping or filtration mechanism
  • Particles can be large and visible or microscopic
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8
Q

Suspension feeders eg.

A
  • Sponges
  • Ascidians
  • Brachiopods
  • Bivalves
  • Many crustaceans
  • Polychaetes
  • Gastropods
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9
Q

3 steps in suspension feeding

A
  1. transport of water past the feeding structures
  2. removal of particles from the water
  3. transport of the particles to the mouth
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10
Q

Which type of lifestyle have efficient filtering mechanisms? (Suspension)

A

Sedentary lifestyle

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11
Q

Passive food collection def (suspension)

A

Spend little energy to get water in, but lots of energy to capture food (stinging cells)

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11
Q

Passive suspension strategy

A

Optimal positioning in the environment where they can use the water flow (Cnidarians)

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12
Q

Strategies to capture food particles (Suspension)

A
  1. Move part of/whole body through water (active)
  2. Water moved over feeding structures (passive)
    3.Facultative mode or combination of both above
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13
Q

Main food selection criteria in suspension feeders?

A

Particle size

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14
Q

Active food collection def (suspension)

A

Spend lots of energy to transport water over filtration energy

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15
Q

Mucous- bag feeding def

A
  • Nets or bags of mucus are spun from the mouth
  • When trap is full, both the mucus and the prey are eaten
  • The net can be filled by water flow provided by muscular means or natural currents
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16
Q

Active suspension strategy

A

Alter the flow, filter large amounts of water (bivalves)

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17
Q

Setose appendages def

A

Coarse particles are trapped and moved to mouth (larger planktonic & benthic crustaceans)

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18
Q

Ciliary mechnaisms def

A
  • Numerous slender filaments
  • Particles can be trapped by mucus or not
  • The beats of the cilia produce a current and can direct the stream of trapped particles
  • Sorting on basis of both particle size and chemosensing (freshwater Bryozoan)
19
Q

Tentacle or tube feet suspension feeding def

A

Tentacle-like structures capture food particles, with or without mucus (Echinoderms (e.g. brittle stars and crinoids) & cnidarians (certain sea anemones and corals))

20
Q

Deposit feeders def

A
  • Obtain nutrients from sediments of soft-bottom habitat (mud/ sand) or terrestrial soil
21
Q

Types of deposit feeders

A
  • Direct deposit feeder
  • Selective deposit feeder
22
Q

Direct deposit feeders def

A

Swallow large amounts of sediment - polychaete annelids
- some snails
- sea urchins
- most earthworms

23
Q

Selective deposit feeders def

A

Uses tentacles - preferentially remove uppermost deposits from sediment

24
Q

Suspension feeder bivalve name

A

Mya arenaria

25
Q

Deposit feeder bivalve name

A

Scrobicularia plana

26
Q

Active predation def

A

Active capture of animals

27
Q

Active predation requires ?

A
  • prey location
  • capture
  • handling
  • ingestion
28
Q

Prey location sophistication uses

A
  • Chemosensory location of prey: Contact chemoreception
  • Visual orientation
  • Vibration detection
29
Q

Contact chemoreceptor organ examples

A
  • antennae
  • legs of insects, cilia in marine invertebrates
30
Q

Gustatory def

A

Relating to sense of taste

31
Q

Olfactory def

A

Relating to sense of smell

32
Q

Motile stalkers

A
  • Actively pursue their prey
  • Chemosensation is highly important to locate prey
33
Q

Motile stalkers eg

A
  • Ciliate protists
  • Nemerteans
  • Polychaete worms
  • Gastropods
  • Octopuses
  • Squids
  • Crabs
  • Seastars
34
Q

Lurking predator eg

A
  • Mantis shrimp
  • Spiders
  • Some polychaetes
  • Praying mantis
35
Q

Lurking predators def

A
  • Sit-and-wait to locate prey
  • Many live in burrows or crevices from which they emerge to capture passing prey.
  • They are often territorial and some spend substantial energy building prey traps
36
Q

Grazing carnivores def

A
  • Move on the substratum to feed on epifauna.
  • Diet generally includes sessile or slow moving prey.
  • They can be omnivorous
37
Q

Grazing carnivores eg

A
  • Shrimp
  • Crabs
  • Sea spiders
  • Some snails
38
Q

Cannibalism def

A
  • Special category of carnivory
  • Mostly adults feeding on juveniles (but other types too)
39
Q

Other cannibalism types (excluding adults on juveniles)

A
  • Matriphagy
  • Sexual cannibalism
40
Q

Matriphagy def

A

Juveniles eating their mother

41
Q

Sexual cannibalism def

A

Females eating males

42
Q

Biters, chewers & suckers found mostly in what insects?

A

Insects that feed on plants

43
Q

Biters & chewers need what?

A

Powerful mandibles

44
Q

Biters & chewers eg

A
  • Grasshoppers
  • Leafcutter ants
45
Q

Sucking insects need?

A

Modified mouthparts to feed on nectar/ plant sap OR HUMANS (mosquitos)

46
Q

Sucking insects eg

A
  • Butterflies
  • True bugs

BDE 224 A2 (17 decks)

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