Defence against disease - vaccines & immunity Flashcards
What is a vaccine?
A source of antigens or DNA/RNA which codes for antigens
Vaccines are introduced into the body to induce immunity without causing the disease.
What type of immune response do vaccines cause?
A specific immune response where antibodies are released by plasma cells
This response leads to the production of memory cells.
What are the types of vaccines?
- Live attenuated - weakened versions of the pathogen
- Inactivated - killed, non-living components of pathogens or just the antigens alone
How can vaccines be administered?
By injection or orally (by mouth)
Injections can be into a vein or muscle.
What do vaccinations produce?
Long-term immunity
They cause memory cells to be created.
What is the role of memory cells?
Recognize the antigen when re-encountered and produce antibodies
This results in a faster, stronger secondary response.
What triggers the primary immune response in vaccines?
T helper cells trigger B plasma cells to secrete specific antibodies
This leads to the production of memory cells.
What is herd immunity?
Protection for the entire population when a large enough percentage is vaccinated
It reduces places for the pathogen to breed.
What happens if vaccination rates drop in a population?
It leaves the population at risk of mass infection
Increases the number of infections and potential deaths.
Why are many vaccinations given to children?
Children are regularly seen by medical practitioners and can be vaccinated early
This ensures a high level of vaccination in the population.
What is an example of a disease eradicated by vaccination?
Smallpox
Officially eradicated in 1980 after a vaccination programme run by the WHO.
What is the purpose of peer review in scientific research?
To allow other scientists to evaluate the accuracy and validity of conclusions
This process supports the credibility of scientific findings.
What issues can arise from media reporting on scientific studies?
The public view may be biased towards the media presentation of research
This can damage the progression and implementation of new medicines.
What approach do scientists use when evaluating the introduction of new medicines or vaccines?
A pragmatic approach
They consider overall practicalities and effectiveness rather than certainty of individual effects.
What was the pragmatic approach in COVID-19 vaccine development?
To develop an effective vaccine as quickly as possible
Trials showed it was safe and effective for most people despite some experiencing difficulties.
True or False: The COVID-19 vaccine showed a high degree of efficacy but faced public distrust due to media representation of side effects.
True
