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last week anatomy > deep face anatomy > Flashcards

deep face anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two fossae of the deep face explain them.

A
  1. The temporal fossa- lies superior to the zygomatic arch and contains the temporalis muscle, a muscle of mastication
  2. The infratemporal fossa-inferior and deep to the zygomatic bone. It contains two muscles of mastication (Lateral and medial pterygoids), the mandibular nerve, and maxillary vessels.
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2
Q

Where are the muscles of mastication derived and innervated by?

A

The first pharyngeal arch innervated by the madibular nerve

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3
Q

What do the articulations between the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle form?

A

The temporomandibular joint

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4
Q

What muscles do elevation, protraction, retraction, and side to side

A

Elevation-temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid
Protraction-lateral pterygoid (also opens the mouth, assisted by digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid)
Retraction-temporalis and masseter
Side to side-medial and lateral pterygoids

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5
Q

Where does the temporalis muscle come from, insert, innervated, and blood syupply?

A

It arises from the temporal fossa, it inserts into the coronoid process of the mandible. It is innervated by the deep temporal nerves and its blood supply is via the deep temporal arteries, branches of the maxillary artery.

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6
Q

What is the infatemporal fossa contain?

A

the insertion of the temporalis, the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, the madibular nerve, otic ganglion, chorda tympani, maxillary artery, and pterygoid plexus of veins.

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7
Q

Where do the medial and lateral pterygoids originate.

A

They originate form the medial and lateral sides of the lateral pterygoid plate, respectively. Most of the medial pterygoid lies below the lateral pterygoid; its fibers insert into the lower half of the internal surface of the ramus of the mandible.

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8
Q

Where does the mandibular nerve come out through and divide into?

A

It comes out through the foramen ovale and divides into a small anterior and large posterior part.

  1. The anterior runs foward under the lateral pterygoid and then continues on as the buccal nerve. The anterior division also gives rise to the deep temporal nerves to the temporalis muscle, and the nerves the supply the masseter and the lateral pterygoid muscles.
  2. The posterior division descends and divides into the lingual, inferior alveolar, the nerve to the mylohyoid and auriculotemporal nerve. The lingual descends from under the lateral pterygoid, passing downward and foward to the medial surface of the madible. The lingual nerve is joined by the chorda tympani, also from CN 7. The chorda tympani synapses in the submandibular ganglion to innervate the submandibular and the sublingual glands.
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9
Q

Where does the inferior alveolar nerve run?

A

posterior to the lingual nerve and enters the manddibular foramen on the inner surface of the ramus along with the inferior alveolar artery, a branch of the maxillary artery.

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10
Q

What does the auriculotemproal nerve convey?

A

CN IX postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion to the parotid gland.

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11
Q

Where is the otic ganglion located?

A

The medial aspect of CN V3 as it exits the foramen ovale

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12
Q

Describe the maxillary artery and its path.

A

It arises posterior to the neck of the madible as one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery. It runs through the infratemporal fossa to enter the pterygopalatine fossa. It can cross either the external or deep surface of the lateral pterygoid.

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13
Q

What does the maxillary artery give rise to?

A
  1. The inferior alveolar artery-enters the mandibular foramen with the inferior alveolar nerve
  2. Middle meningeal artery-Enters the foramen spinosum to the middle cranial fossa
  3. Muscular branches to the temporalis medial and lateral pterygoids and masseter
  4. Buccal artery-accompanies the buccal nerve to the cheek
  5. Sphenopalatine artery-terminal artery; enters the posterior nasal cavity
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14
Q

What are the three regions of the nasal cavity and describe them.

A
  1. The nasal vestibule-Most anterior region and contains hair.
  2. The respiratory region has a thick glandular mucosa.
  3. The olfactory region is the superior third and contains minute filament of the olfactory nerves entering through the cribiform plate.
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15
Q

What is the medial wall or the nasal septum formed by?

A

The vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. Anteriorly the septum is completed by septal cartilage.

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16
Q

What is the nasa septum covered by?

A

respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

How does air leave the nose

A

Through the posterior nasal aperture, called the choana, and enters the nasopharynx.

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18
Q

Where are the superior, middle, and inferior chonchae?

A

They project from the lateral wall, the superior, middle and inferior meatuses (passages) lying below the conchae.

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19
Q

Describe the four paired paransal sinuses?

A

They are air-filled cavities lined by respiratory mucosa that reduce the weight of the skull. The paranasal sinuses open into the roof or lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

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20
Q

What is the innervation of the nasal cavity from?

A
  1. Olfactory-CN1 olfactory receptor through the cribiform plate
  2. Opthalmic-CN V1 general afferents, anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves
  3. Maxillary- CN V2 general afferents, small nasal branches and nasopalatine nerve
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21
Q

What is the blood supply to the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Opthalmic artery-anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
  2. Maxillary artery- sphenoplalatine artery, septal branches, greater palatine
  3. Facial-lateral nasal and septal branches, superior labial artery.
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22
Q

What do nosebleeds involve and what do they result from?

A

They involve richly vascularized region of the vestibule and the anteroinferior aspect of the nasal septum. Nosebleeds usually result from trauma to the septal branch of the superior labial artery from the facial artery.

23
Q

What does the mouth consist of?

A

An oral vestibule, the space between the teeth and lips or cheeks, and the oral cavity proper, internal to the teeth and gums.

24
Q

What does the oral cavity proper include?

A

The palate (hard and soft), teeth, gums, tongue, and salivary glands.

25
Q

What are palatine tonsils and where are they

A

They are paired collections of lymphoid tissue called the palatine tonils lie between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds or arches and guard the entrance into the oropharynx.

26
Q

What is the hard palate:

A

bony anterior two thirds of the palate; formed by the palatal process of the maxilla and horizontal process of the palatine bone

27
Q

What is the soft palate:

A

posterior one thirds of the palate, with muscles the contribute to the soft palate and its movement; closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing.

28
Q

What is the tongue innervated by? What is it composed of?

A

It consist of intrinsic skeletal muscles innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).

29
Q

What are the three extrinsic skeletal muscles that originate outside the tongue and insert into it?

A

The genioglossus depresses and protrudes the tongue
The hypoglossus and styloglossus muscles retract the tongue during swallowing
The palatoglossus muscle (elevates tongue) is both a muscle of the tongue and palate, but is grouped with the muscles of the palate because it is innervated by the vagus nerve.

30
Q

Where does the tongue recieve its blood supply from?

A

The ligual artery (external carotid artery) and is innervated by five cranial nerves.

31
Q

What are the five cranial nerves the innervate the tongue?

A
  1. Mandibular: via the ligual nerve; provides general sensation to the anterior two thirds
  2. Facial: via the chorda tympani nerve, which joins the lingual nerve; provides tase on the anterior two thirds.
  3. Glossopharyngeal: general sensation and taste to the posterior third of the tongue.
  4. Vagus: via the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, for general sensation and taste on the base of the tongue at the epiglottic region
  5. Hypoglossal: motor to the intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles, except the palatoglossus muscle, which is innervated by the vagus nerve as a muscle of the palette.
32
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands innervated by?

A

The parasympathetic nerve fibers from CN VII (submandibular and sublingual glands) and CN IX (parotid gland)

33
Q

Name the parotid gland type and innervation.

A

It is a serous gland innervated by CN IX parasympathetics via the lesser petrosal nerve (CN IX), synapse in otic ganglion, with postganglionics to the gland in the auriculotemporal nerve (branch of CN V3); secretes via parotid duct.

34
Q

Name the submandibular type and innervation.

A

It is a seromucous gland innervated by CN VII parasympathetics via chorda tympani branch of CN VII that joinns the lingual nerve to synapse in the submandibular ganglion (branch of v3); secretess via the submandibular (wharton’s) duct

35
Q

Name the sublingual type and innervation.

A

Largely mucous gland innervated by CN VII parasympathetics coursing similar to those supplying submandibular gland; secretes via small ducts in the sublingual fold.

36
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

It is a fibromuscular tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities of the head with the larynx and esophagus of the neck. It extends from the base of the skull to the cricoid cartilage, where it is continuous with the esophagus.

37
Q

What are the three divisions of the pharynx?

A
  1. The nasopharynx-lies posterior to the nasal cavity above the soft palate.
  2. The oropharynx-from the soft palate to the epiglottis; lies posterior to the oral cavity.
  3. Laryngopharynx-from the epiglottis to the inferior cricoid cartilage; also known as the hypopharynx.
38
Q

What are the muscles of the pharynx. What do they do?

A

The superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal constrictors of the pharynx participate in swallowing and contract serially from superior to inferior to move a bolus of food from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx into the proximal esophagus.

39
Q

What is the blood supply to the pharynx

A

Branches of the thyrocervical trunk (subclavian artery), especially the ascending cervical artery and the external carotid artery (principally its superior thyroid, facial, ascending pharyngeal, and maxillary branches).

40
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
What is the motor innervation

A

Nasopharynx- pharyngeal branch of CN V2
Oropharynx- CN IX
Laryngopharynx- CN X
The motor is by CN X, except the stylopharyngeus muscle, which is innervated by CN IX.

41
Q

Describe the gag reflex.

A

Sensation is conveyed by the afferent branches of CN IX, and the soft palate is elevated by the efferent action of the vagus nerve. If food or a foreign object gains access to the vestibule of the larynx, a very powerful gag reflex would be elicited by the vagus nerve in an effort to protect the vocal folds and avoid aspiration into the trachea.

42
Q

What is the larynx

A

A valve that closes the lower respiratory tract and an instrumet used to produce sound (commonly called the voicebox)

43
Q

Two pairs of mucosal folds divide the larynx into three regions, what are they?

A
  1. Supraglottic (vestibule)-above the vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
  2. Glottic (ventricle)- between the vestibular fold and vocal folds (true vocal cords)
  3. Infraglottic (subglottic)-below the vocal folds
44
Q

What is the larynx composed of?

A

cartilages connected by elastic ligaments whose movement affects the tension and position of the vocal ligaments (the vocal ligaments covered by mucosa are called the vocal cord or folds).

45
Q

What are the vocal ligaments covered by mucosa called

A

the vocal ligaments covered by mucosa are called the vocal cord or folds

46
Q

What are the laryngeal muscles the abduct or open the vocal folds?

A

The posterior cricoarytenoids.

47
Q

What is the rima glottids?

A

The opening between the vocal folds

48
Q

What does the rima glottidis do during quiet respiration?

A

it is open (vocal folds abducted)

49
Q

What does the rima glottidis do during swallowing?

A

it is closed (vocal folds adducted) and the epiglottis swings down to close the laryngeal vestibule

50
Q

What does the rima glottidis do during phonation?

A

It is closed during speech

51
Q

If the airway is blocked what must be done to open the airway?

A

If the airway is blocked (vocal folds are closed), an incision must be made inferior to the vocal folds, usually through the cricothyroid membrane (cricothyrotomy) to establish and airway in an emergent situation.

52
Q

What provides motor and sensory innervation to the larynx?

A

The vagus nerve

53
Q

What are the two branches of the vagus nerve.

A
  1. The superior laryngeal branch is motor to the ccircothyroid and sensory to the mucosa above the vocal folds
  2. The recurrent laryngeal branch is motor to all muscles except the cricothyroid and sensory to the mucosa below the vocal folds.

last week anatomy (4 decks)

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