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Anatomy > Deep Back > Flashcards

Deep Back Flashcards

1
Q

What structure do the intrinsic back muscles primarily work on?

A

Axial Skeleton

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2
Q

What muscles are the superficial intrinsic back muscles?

A

Splenius capitis and cervicis

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3
Q

What nerve innervates the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Regional Dorsal Primary Rami

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4
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the splenius capitis?

A

Origin - Spinous processes of C7-T6 and nuchal ligament

Insertion - Mastoid process

Unilateral Action - Laterally flex and rotate head ipsilaterally

Bilateral Action - Extend head and neck

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5
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the splenius cervicis?

A

Origin - Spinous processes of C7 - T6 and nuchal ligament

Insertion - Transverse processes of C1-C3

Unilateral Action - Laterally flex and rotate head ipsilaterally

Bilateral Action - Extend head and neck

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6
Q

What ways can the intrinsic back muscles act?

A

Can act unilaterally or bilaterally.

Bilateral action of all is extension of the vertebral column and/or head and neck depending on attachments

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7
Q

What muscles are intermediate intrinsic back muscles?

A

Erector Spinae - Iliocostalis, Longissimus, and Spinalis

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8
Q

What are characteristics of the erector spinae muscles?

A
  1. All share an origin, insertions differ
  2. Fibers run superolaterally
  3. All share a unilateral action - laterally flex vertebral column ipsilaterally
  4. Bilateral action - extend vertebral column, head, and neck
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9
Q

What common origins do the erector spinae muscles share?

A

Iliac crest, Sacrum, Lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament

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10
Q

What is the origin and insertion of iliocostalis? How is it divided?

A

Origin - Iliac crest, Sacrum, Lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament

Insertion - Angle of ribs and cervical transverse processes

3 parts - depend on attachments
1. Lumborum - lower rib
2. Thoracis - upper ribs
3. Cervicis - Cervical transverse processes

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11
Q

What is the origin and insertion of longissimus? How is it divided?

A

Origin - Iliac crest, Sacrum, Lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament

Insertion - Ribs between tubercles and angles, transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae, mastoid process

3 parts - depend on attachments
1. Thoracis - transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae
2. Cervicis - Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
3. Capitis - mastoid process

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12
Q

What is the origin and insertion of spinalis? How is it divided?

A

Origin - Iliac crest, Sacrum, Lumbar spinous processes, and supraspinous ligament

Insertion - Spinous processes of superior thoracic and cervical vertebrae, occipital bone

3 parts - depending on attachments
1. thoracis - spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae
2. cervicis - spinous processes of cervical vertebrae
3. capitis - indistinct; usually blends with the semispinalis capitis

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13
Q

What muscles are deep instrinsic back muscles?

A
  1. Transversospinalis group
    - semispinalis capitis
    - semispinalis cervicis
    - semispinalis thoracis (poorly developed)
    - multifidus
    - rotatores longi
    - rotatores brevi
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14
Q

What are characteristics of the transversospinalis group?

A

All share a unilateral action - rotate axial skeleton contralaterally

Fibers run superomedially from transverse to spinous processes

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15
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and unilateral action of the semispinalis capitis?

A

Origin - Transverse processes of thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae

Insertion - Occipital bone

Action - Rotates head and neck contralaterally

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16
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and unilateral action of the semispinalis cervicis?

A

Origin - Transverse processes of thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae

Insertion - Spinous processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae. Terminate at spinous of C2 and span 4-6 vertebral segments

Action - Rotate head and neck contralaterally

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17
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the multifidus muscle?

A

Origin - Sacrum, ilium, mammillary processes of lumbar vertebrae

Insertion - Spinous processes of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Span 2-4 vertebral segments. Best developed in lumbar, but present in thoracic and cervical

Action - Stabilization of vertebrae during locomotion

18
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the rotatores longi?

A

Origin - Transverse processes

Insertion - Spinous process or lamina. Span 2 vertebral segments

Action - Assists in stabilization and rotation of vertebrae

19
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the rotatores breves?

A

Origin - Transverse processes

Insertion - Spinous process or lamina. Attaches to the vertebra immediately superior

20
Q

What are the deep accessory muscles and what do they do?

A

Deep accessory muscles assist other muscles in extension, rotation, lateral flexion, and stabilization of vertebral column.

  1. Interspinalis - assist in extension
  2. Intertransversarii - assist in lateral flexion, stabilization
  3. Levatores costarum - elevate ribs and assist in respiration, assist in lateral flexion
21
Q

How do the intrinsic back muscles develop?

A

Derived from myotomes. Myotomes divide into dorsal and ventral mass. The dorsal mass or epimere becomes intrinsic back muscle and the ventral mass or hypomere because hypaxial muscles

22
Q

What muscles are suboccipital muscles?

A
  1. Rectus capitis posterior major
  2. Rectus capitis posterior minor
  3. Obliquus capitis inferior
  4. Obliquus capitis superior
22
Q

What are the characteristics and actions of the suboccipital muscles?

A

Inferior to external occipital protuberance

Innervated by the suboccipital nerve

Assist in rotation and extension of the head, maintenance of posture, and proprioception

23
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis posterior major?

A

Origin - Spinous process of C2

Insertion - Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

Action - Extension and ipsilateral rotation of head

24
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

Origin - Posterior tubercle of C1

Insertion - Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

Action - Extension and ipsilateral rotation of head

25
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

Origin - Spinous process of C2

Insertion - Transverse processes of C1

Action - Ipsilateral rotation of head

26
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

Origin - Transverse processes of C1

Insertion - Occipital bone

Action - Extension and lateral flexion of head

27
Q

What are the borders of the suboccipital triangle?

A

Superomedial - Rectus capitis posterior major

Superolateral - Oliquus capitis superior

Inferolateral - Obliquus capitis inferior

Floor - Atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior arch of C1

Roof - Semispinalis capitis

28
Q

What does the suboccipital triangle contain (other than the muscles)?

A

Vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)

29
Q

What are the nerves of the suboccipital region?

A
  1. Greater occipital nerve (dorsal raus of C2)
  2. Suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1)
  3. Dorsal ramus of C3 (Least Occipital Nerve)
  4. Lesser Occipital Nerve (branch of ventral ramus of C2 from cervical plexus)
30
Q

What does the greater occipital nerve innervate?

A

Skin over posterior neck and head. Primarily cutaneous

31
Q

What does the suboccipital nerve innervate?

A

Muscles of suboccipital region. Primarily somatic motor

32
Q

What does the least occipital nerve innervate? *Also called dorsal ramus of C3

A

Motor to intrinsic back muscles and sensory to overlying skin

33
Q

What does the lesser occipital nerve innervate?

A

Scalp posterior to the ear and skin of posterolateral neck (primarily cutaneous) - not really nerve of suboccipital region

34
Q

What are the arteries of the suboccipital region?

A
  1. Vertebral Artery branch of subclavian - pierces atlanto-occipital membrane to supply brain and spinal cord
  2. Occipital artery branch of external carotid
35
Q

What muscles in the back participate in cervical and cranial extension?

A

Trapezius
Levator Scapulae
Splenius capitis & cervicis
Longissimus capitis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Semispinalis capitis and cervicis
Multifidus

36
Q

What muscles in the back participate in thoracic and lumbar extension?

A

Erector spinae
Multifidus

37
Q

What muscles in the back participate in cervical/cranial lateral flexion?

A

Splenius capitis and cervicis
Longissimus capitis and cervicis
Iliocostalis cervicis
Intertransversarii

38
Q

What muscles in the back participate in thoracic and lumbar lateral extension?

A

Longissimus thoracis
Iliocostalic thoracis and lumborum
Multifidus

39
Q

What muscles in the back participate in cervical/cranial rotation?

A

Splenius cervicis (ipsi)
Semispinalis capitis and cervicis (contra)
Multifidus (contra)
Rotatores (contra)

40
Q

What muscles in the back participate in thoracic and lumbar rotation?

A

Iliocostalis (ipsi)
Longissimus (ipsi)
Multifidus (contra)
Rotatores (contra)

Anatomy (3 decks)

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