Deductive reasoning, practical reasoning, ontologies

Question 1

define a ontology

Answer 1

a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation

Question 2

What is the semantic web approach?

Answer 2

representing information in machine-readable form

Question 3

What are the components of ontologies?

Answer 3

Individuals, Classes, Attributes, Relations

Question 4

There are two types of ontologies. Which?

Answer 4

Formal and informal

Question 5

There are 3 species of OWL, which?

Answer 5

OWL Full, OWL DL (description logic), OWL Lite

Question 6

Which properties does OWL have?

Answer 6

object properties: which relate objects to other objects and data type properties, which relate object to datatype values

Question 7

What does OWL stand for?

Answer 7

Web Ontology Language

Question 8

How does OWL assume the world?

Answer 8

It follows an open-world assumption ; a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation due to big WWW correct. Also follows Unique names Assumption

Question 9

Ontologies provide a shared understanding of a domain:

Answer 9

semantic interoperability; Overcome differences in terminology and mappings between ontologies are possible

Question 10

What are the differences between the 3 species of OWL?

Answer 10

expressiveness & complexity => + features, completeness of reasoning, compatability with the others, decidability

Question 11

Give one example for an alternative to OWL:

Answer 11

Cyc, Dublin Core, WordNet

Question 12

The representation/reasoning problem:

Answer 12

How to symbolically represent information about complex real-world entities and processes, and how to get agents to reason with this information in time for the results to be useful?

Question 13

Deductive Reasoning Agents

Answer 13

Decide what to do on the basis of a theory stating the best action to perform in any given situation. Example is the Vacuum cleaner.

Question 14

Agent oriented programming:

Answer 14

programming agents with intentional notations like intention, belief and commitment => the intentional stance is used as an abstraction tool for programming!

Question 15

Shoham suggested that a complete AOP system will have 3 components

Answer 15

logic for specifying agents and describing their mental states, an interpreted programming language for programming agents, for example AGENT0 and an ‘agentification’ process, for converting ‘neutral applications’ (databases etc) into agents.

Question 16

Shoham suggested that a complete AOP system will have 3 components

Answer 16

logic for specifying agents and describing their mental states, an interpreted programming language for programming agents, for example AGENT0 and an ‘agentification’ process, for converting ‘neutral applications’ (databases etc) into agents.

Question 17

Agents in AGENT0 have four components:

Answer 17

a set of capabilities of the agent, initial beliefs, initial commitments (things the agent will do), commitment rules (each one containing a message)

Question 18

Give a short description of METATEM

Answer 18

based on direct execution of logical formulas, temporal logic specification of the behavior an agent should exhibit. Works by some symbols indicating always, at some time, tomorrow, yesterday etc.

Question 19

Define practical reasoning

Answer 19

reasoning directed towards actions (“what to do?”)

Question 20

theoretical reasoning

Answer 20

directed towards beliefs

Question 21

deliberation

Answer 21

deciding what state of affairs we want to achieve

Question 22

Human practical reasoning consists of two activities

Answer 22

deliberation and means-end deliberation

Question 23

What are the intentions in practical reasoning?

Answer 23

intentions drive means-end reasoning, intentions persists, intensions constrain future deliberation, Intentions influence beliefs upon which future practical reasoning is based

Question 24

Plan:

Answer 24

given a planning problem (Beliefs, Goals, Possible Actions), a is a sequence of actions aimed at reaching the goal.

Question 25

What are the intentions in practical reasoning?

Answer 25

intentions drive means-end reasoning, intentions persists, intensions constrain future deliberation, Intentions influence beliefs upon which future practical reasoning is based

Question 26

Problems with planning

Answer 26

- Frame problem: describe what does not change by an action - Qualification problem: describe all preconditions of an action - Ramification problem: describe all consequences of an action - Prediction problem: describe the duration that something remains true

Question 27

Blind/fanatical commitment

Answer 27

maintain an intention until you believe the intention has actually been achieved

Question 28

Single-minded commitment

Answer 28

maintain an intention until you believe that either the intention has been achieved, or else that it is no longer possible to achieve the intention

Question 29

Open-minded commitment

Answer 29

maintain an intention until you believe that either the intention has been achieved, or else that it is no longer one of your goals.

Question 30

OWL reasoning examples

Answer 30

consistency checking (implicit/explicit contradictions) and concept satisfiability

Question 31

What can be expressed in OWL

Answer 31

thesaurus, glossary, informal taxonomies, formal taxonomies, controlled vocabulary

Question 32

What do the following parts do in a practical reasoning program? brf, option, filter, plan

Answer 32

brf: update beliefs option: determine desires filter: choose desires to act on * plan: plan with beliefs and desires