Communication, working together, interaction (games)

Question 1

Speech act theories

Answer 1

pragmatic theories of language, i.e., theories of language use. Speech act theories go beyond syntax and semantics (example: “Can you pass me the salt please?”)

Question 2

What did Austin notice about language?

Answer 2

some utterances are rather “physical actions” that appear to change the state of the world. (Declaring war ; “I now pronounce you men and wife” ; a judge who decides on a legal case)

Question 3

Functions of communication are:

Answer 3

changing belief, getting someone to do something for, you, changing the world, promising something

Question 4

What are the three aspects of speech acts? (LIP)

Answer 4

Locution, illocution, perlocution

Question 5

Define locution

Answer 5

the physical act of saying something

Question 6

Define illocution

Answer 6

is the associated act that consists of the conveying of intentions (e.g., when stating, questioning, commanding, promising)

Question 7

define perlocution

Answer 7

action or event that results from the speech act

Question 8

Give some speech acts by Searle

Answer 8

Representativeness, Directives, Commissives, Expressives, Declarations => can you also explain them?

Question 9

The two components of speech acts are:

Answer 9

Performative verb (request, inform, promise, inquire) and propositional context (ex. door is closed)

Question 10

What are the two main modes of cooperative problem solving?

Answer 10

task sharing (Contract net) & result sharing (BB&SS/N)

Question 11

Three types of non-requested interdependencies (Von Martial):

Answer 11

• Action-equality-interdependence: both agents need to have action A done => one of them can do it
• Consequence-interdependence: actions of one agent’s plan have side effect of achieving other agent’s goal
• Favor-interdependence: actions of one agent’s plan have side effect of partially achieving other agent’s goal (positively contributing to it)

Question 12

Which 4 ways of coordination are there?

Answer 12

partial global planning, joint intentions, mutual modelling, norms & social laws

Question 13

mutual modelling

Answer 13

Agent keeps models of itself and other agents with respect to roles, skills, goals, plans. Example: man and woman at a door: convention is women go first, mutual model is the other is conservatively polite

Question 14

Contract net characteristics

Answer 14

task sharing; Recognition > Announcement > Bidding > Awarding & Expediting; issue for implementation is for ex. specify quality of service

Question 15

Blackboard system characteristics

Answer 15

cooperative problem solving; partial solutions shared via shared data structure; bottleneck: Mutual exclusion over the blackboard required

Question 16

Subscribe/notify pattern characteristics

Answer 16

Object subscribes to another object, saying tell me when E happens, then original object is notified ; proactive information sharing ; interests of other objects need to be known

Question 17

Handling with inconsistencies

Answer 17

can be beliefs, goals, intention ; happens in small systems ; design for graceful degradation => FA/C

Question 18

partial global planning

Answer 18

cooperating agents exchange info to reach common conclusions

Question 19

joint intentions

Answer 19

collective commitment, every agent’s belief is goal is possible, every agent has goal of overall goal

Question 20

mutual modelling

Answer 20

building a model of the other agents beliefs and coordinate activities around these predictions

Question 21

norms & social laws

Answer 21

conventions play an important role, implemented by either offline design or by emergence from within the system. Needs an strategy update function,