Communication, working together, interaction (games) Flashcards
Speech act theories
pragmatic theories of language, i.e., theories of language use. Speech act theories go beyond syntax and semantics (example: “Can you pass me the salt please?”)
What did Austin notice about language?
some utterances are rather “physical actions” that appear to change the state of the world. (Declaring war ; “I now pronounce you men and wife” ; a judge who decides on a legal case)
Functions of communication are:
changing belief, getting someone to do something for, you, changing the world, promising something
What are the three aspects of speech acts? (LIP)
Locution, illocution, perlocution
Define locution
the physical act of saying something
Define illocution
is the associated act that consists of the conveying of intentions (e.g., when stating, questioning, commanding, promising)
define perlocution
action or event that results from the speech act
Give some speech acts by Searle
Representativeness, Directives, Commissives, Expressives, Declarations => can you also explain them?
The two components of speech acts are:
Performative verb (request, inform, promise, inquire) and propositional context (ex. door is closed)
What are the two main modes of cooperative problem solving?
task sharing (Contract net) & result sharing (BB&SS/N)
Three types of non-requested interdependencies (Von Martial):
- Action-equality-interdependence: both agents need to have action A done => one of them can do it
- Consequence-interdependence: actions of one agent’s plan have side effect of achieving other agent’s goal
- Favor-interdependence: actions of one agent’s plan have side effect of partially achieving other agent’s goal (positively contributing to it)
Which 4 ways of coordination are there?
partial global planning, joint intentions, mutual modelling, norms & social laws
mutual modelling
Agent keeps models of itself and other agents with respect to roles, skills, goals, plans. Example: man and woman at a door: convention is women go first, mutual model is the other is conservatively polite
Contract net characteristics
task sharing; Recognition > Announcement > Bidding > Awarding & Expediting; issue for implementation is for ex. specify quality of service
Blackboard system characteristics
cooperative problem solving; partial solutions shared via shared data structure; bottleneck: Mutual exclusion over the blackboard required
Subscribe/notify pattern characteristics
Object subscribes to another object, saying tell me when E happens, then original object is notified ; proactive information sharing ; interests of other objects need to be known
Handling with inconsistencies
can be beliefs, goals, intention ; happens in small systems ; design for graceful degradation => FA/C
partial global planning
cooperating agents exchange info to reach common conclusions
joint intentions
collective commitment, every agent’s belief is goal is possible, every agent has goal of overall goal
mutual modelling
building a model of the other agents beliefs and coordinate activities around these predictions
norms & social laws
conventions play an important role, implemented by either offline design or by emergence from within the system. Needs an strategy update function,
