Deductive Arguments

Question 1

Give the simple form of a conditional sentence

Answer 1

If p, then q

Question 2

Name the four types of complex sentence

Answer 2

• conditionals
• negations
• conjunctions
• disjunctions

Question 3

Give the simple form of a negation

Answer 3

It is not the case that p

Question 4

Give the simple form of a conjunction

Answer 4

P and q

Question 5

What is a conjunction?

Answer 5

Links together two simple sentences with ‘and’

Question 6

What is a negation?

Answer 6

Arise by prefixing ‘it is not the case that’ before any other sentence

Question 7

What is a disjunction?

Answer 7

Links together two or more sentences with the word ‘or’

Question 8

Give the simple form of a disjunction

Answer 8

Either p or q

Question 9

What two (or more) parts make up a disjunction?

Answer 9

Disjuncts

Question 10

What can disjuncts be? (Four)

Answer 10

• exclusive
  OR
• inclusive

AND

• exhaustive
  OR
• not exhaustive

Question 11

Give the four simple forms of complex sentences

Answer 11

• if p, then q
• it is not the case that p
• p and q
• either p or q

Question 12

When using the conditional, what are you asserting?

Answer 12

• that p is a sufficient condition of q
• that if p is true, then q will also be true
• the assertion of the antecedent will validly derive the consequent

Question 13

Name the four forms of the conditional

Answer 13

• the original
• the converse
• the inverse
• the contrapositive

Question 14

What happens in a converse conditional?

Answer 14

• swap the antecedent and the consequent

If q, then p

Question 15

What happens in an inverse conditional?

Answer 15

• negate the antecedent and the consequent

If it is not the case that p, then it is not the case that q

Question 16

What happens in a contrapositive conditional?

Answer 16

• both negate and swap the antecedent and consequent

If it is not the case that q, then it is not the case that p

Question 17

Name the two valid forms of the original conditional

Answer 17

Modus ponens and modus tollens

Question 18

What is the format of an argument following modus tollens?

Answer 18

• deny the consequent and in conclusion deny the antecedent

(1) If p, then q
(2) It is not the case that q
(3) It is not the case that p

Question 19

What is the format of an argument following modus ponens?

Answer 19

• premise affirms the antecedent and the conclusion affirms the consequent

(1) If p, then q
(2) P
(3) Q

Question 20

Complete the sentence

‘The conditional states that the antecedent is _____ not ______ for the consequent’

Answer 20

sufficient not necessary

Question 21

Name two more valid argument patterns

Answer 21

Hypothetical syllogism and disjunctive syllogism

Question 22

Give the basic form of a hypothetical syllogism

Answer 22

• three conditional sentences (premises and conclusion)

(1) If p, then q
(2) If q, then r
(3) If p, then r

Question 23

In hypothetical syllogism, if both premises are true…

Answer 23

Then the conclusion must be true

Question 24

Give the basic form of a disjunctive syllogism

Answer 24

• relies on a disjunction

(1) P or q
(2) Not p
(3) Q

Question 25

Complete the sentence

An original conditional sentence (if p, then q) is the same as it’s _________ form

Answer 25

Contrapositive

If q, then p