Declarative Memory

Question 1

Dissociation from STM

Answer 1

Serial position curves and the removal of the recency effect by delaying recall (Postman & Phillips, 1965).

Question 2

Brain damaged patients with seemingly functioning LTM but damaged STM and implications

Answer 2

Patient KF and PV (Craik and Lockhart, 1972); information must not enter the LTM in serial fashion through STM.

Question 3

The division of LTM

Answer 3

TULVING (1982)

Declarative - explicit - episodic and semantic

Nondeclarative - implicit

Question 4

Forgetting Curve

Answer 4

Ebbinghaus (1885): 20 mins: 59% retainment
9 hours: 36%
1 month: 25% (labelled permastore by Bahrick, 1984)

Question 5

Details of the declarative memory (ep and sem)

Answer 5

Over 50 years duration

Huge capacity

Question 6

Transfer Appropriate Encoding

Answer 6

Morris et al (1977): LTM performance was dependent on a match between the processing used at encoding and testing phases. Although semantic processing would usually lead to the highest recall (Craik & Tulving, 1975), if the test phase is a rhyming match task, this will not be the case.

Question 7

Context Dependent Learning

Answer 7

Godden & Baddeley (1975)

Question 8

Internal Context Dependency

Answer 8

Goodwin et al (1969)

Question 9

Semantic context

Answer 9

Barclay (1974)
e.g. piano; witness lift - heavy
witness tuned - melodious

Question 10

Mood dependency

Answer 10

Teasdale & Russell (1983): Recall information congruent with our current mood - although this is not reliably seen, as depends on retrieval, specific moods and material used.

Eich et al (1997): bipolar patients recall autobiographical memories cued by neutral nouns in 2 different moods; 33% similarity within mood compared with 23% between moods.

Question 11

Semantic coding compared to visual and phonemic

Answer 11

Craik & Tulving (1975); semantically processed words were better remembered but took longer to recall