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Microbiology 351 > DECKS > Flashcards

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2
Q

Who discovered 1st microbes?

A

Van Leeuweuhoek

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3
Q

Who is Neeham

A

Believed in spontaneous generationdid chicken broth exp-failed

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4
Q

What did Spallan Zani do?

A

Heated sealed flask= no bacteriapeps said he cut out life source

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur?

A

Heated medium flask that had an arm coming off it, stayed pure

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6
Q

Koch’s Postulates?

A
  1. Disease found in sick, not in healthy2. prepared/ maintained in a pure culture3. Capable of producing original infection, even after gens of culturing4. Retrievable from a inoculated animal & cultured again
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7
Q

1857 Pasteur’s Theory?

A

Theory of Disease

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8
Q

1867 Joseph Lister

A

used phenol on wounds & surgery

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9
Q

Why milkmaids no get small pox

A

They contract cow-pox

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10
Q

Athenuation?

A

Exposed to dead culture, then survives when exposed to livePasteur

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11
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alex Fleming, 1929

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14
Q

Who is Carl Woese?

A

Proposed 3 domain system

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15
Q

3 Domains?

A
  1. Bacteria2. Eukaryotes3. Archaebacteria
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16
Q

Norm Pace?

A

Used PCR 16s RNA to discover new phyla of archea

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17
Q

Archaeal Genomes- Similarities to bacteria?

A

Circular genomehas operonssmall

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18
Q

Archaeal Genomes- Similarities to eukaryotes?

A

has intronsRNA polumerase, TBP, TFBhas histones

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19
Q

Archaea Phylas?

A
  1. Thaumarchaeota2. Nanoarchaeota3. Korarchaeota4. Crenarchaeota5. Euryarchaeota
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20
Q

Thaumarchaehota

A

archaealive at psychrophilic tempsice and seawater in AntarcticaAll have Type 1 topoisomerase, like euksalso live at mesophilies

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21
Q

Crenarchaeota

A

archaeaextremely thermophilicacidophiliessulfur dependentstrict anaerobes

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22
Q

Korarchaeota

A

archaeaearliest linage branch from universal treenot cultured yethyperthermophilic

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23
Q

Nanoarchaeota

A

archaeaparasites of Crenarcheotasmallest cell size and genomenot cultured yet

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24
Q

Euryarchaeota

A
  1. Methanogens2. Halobacteria3. Thermoplams4. Extremely thremophilic S- metabolizers5. Sulfate Reducers
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25
Q

Methanogens

A

Euryarchaetamake methanehydrogen oxidizerslargest group

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26
Q

Halobacteria

A

Euryarchaeotagrow @ high salt concentration, halophilesphotoheterotrophsphototaxis

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27
Q

Thermoplames

A

EuryarchaeotaLACK CELL WALLSno s layergrow well at low pH

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28
Q

Extremly thremophilic S- metabolizers

A

Euryarchaeotaanaerobessulfur as e-acceptorhold record for highest growth temp

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29
Q

Sulfate Reducers

A

Euryarchaeotafermentation or reduce sulfate to sulfideoxidize acetate

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32
Q

Proteobacteria

A

AlphaBetaDeltaGammaEpsilonAll gram negative!

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33
Q

Epsilonproteobacteria

A

Smallest classmany unculturedEX-Helicobater and Campylobacter

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34
Q

Deltaproteobacteria

A

sulfate reducersprey on other microbesEX- Myxobacteria

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35
Q

Gammaproteobacteria

A

largest class EX- purple sulfur bacteria

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36
Q

Alphaproteobacteria

A

EX- purple non sulfur bacteria

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37
Q

Low gram positive bacteria

A

FirmicutesMycoplasmsClostridaBacilli and lactobacilli

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38
Q

High gram positive bacteria

A

Actinobacteria

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39
Q

Actinobacteria

A

high gram positivehuge genusEX- Streptomuces -Mycobhacterium

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40
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Gram negativelargest/ most diverse group of photosyn

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41
Q

Chlorobi

A

Green sulfur bacteriadeep sea thermal vents

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42
Q

Spirochaetes

A

GN-Hetertrophic bac with helical shapeflagellum wrapped around cell, twist through water

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43
Q

Bacteroidetes

A

anaerobic chemohetertrophsfound in oral cavity/ intestinal tract of mammals

44
Q

Deinococcus/ Thermus

A

mesophillic aerobic heterotrophresistant to drying and radiationsource of Taq polymerase, used in PCR

45
Q

Chloroflexos

A

GN-Green nonsulfur bacteriaanoxygenic photosynthesis

46
Q

Aquaficae/ Aquificales

A

hyperthermophilicH2 oxidizingoxygen is used as e- acceptor

49
Q

Bacteria DNA binding proteins?

A

just binding proteins :)

50
Q

Archaea DNA binding proteins?

A

histones

51
Q

Binding proteins vs histones?

A

NOT HOMOLGOUS

52
Q

Archaea and Eukaryotes DNA proteins?

A

ARE HOMOLGOUS

53
Q

OriC?

A

where replication begins in the circle

54
Q

TerC?

A

where replication ends in circle

55
Q

Analog of Actin??

A

MreB

56
Q

Fatty acids that are good for heat?

A

saturated!

57
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids are good for?

A

cold!

58
Q

Archaeal lipids are linked to acids by?

A

Ether bonds

59
Q

Bacteria lipids are linked to acids by?

A

Ester bonds

60
Q

What do archaea have instead of fatty acids?

A

Isoprenoids

61
Q

Archaeal cyclopentane rings increase with?

A

HEAT

62
Q

Archaeal cyclopentane rings decrease with?

A

pH

63
Q

Archaeal membrane characteristics (5)

A
  1. ether2. G1P3. Have iosprenoids instead of fatty acids4. Bilayer with a glycerol diether5. Form cyclopentane rings
64
Q

Bacteria membrane chatacteristic (4)

A
  1. ester2. G393. Fatty acids4. Layer with glycerol diester
65
Q

What are hopanoids?

A

Bacteriamembrane proteinsmaintain strength of cell membrane

66
Q

What are sterols?

A

Eukaryotesmembrane proteinsmaintain strength

67
Q

Isoprenes precursors to what?

A

streols and hopaniods

68
Q

Bacterial Peptidogylan is made of?

A

Nag- Nam connected by beta-1,4amino acids are connected in D conformation

69
Q

What is connected by a peptide interbridge? (bac)

A

Nam, by diagonal connections

70
Q

How does penicillin kill?

A

targets peptdase, that forms inter bridges, am positive

71
Q

How does lysozyme kill?

A

cleaves beta- 1,4 linkage btwn Nag- Nam

72
Q

Do archaea have peptidoglycan?

A

nope, they have psudopeptidoglycan with pseudomuren

73
Q

Pseudopeptidoglycan is made of?

A

Nag-Nat, with Beta- 1,3 linkages

74
Q

What does a S-layer cover

A

cell membrane

75
Q

Outer membrane of GN is?

A

asymmetrical bilayer

76
Q

3 componets of LPS?

A
  1. Lipid A2. Core polysach3. O- polysach
79
Q

What does a capsule protect against?

A

Host phagocytosis

80
Q

Slime layer also known as?

A

Glycocalyx, outer coating of cells

81
Q

Fimbriae Type 1 are used for?

A

adhesionVERY FRAGILEall around cell

82
Q

Fimbriae Type 4 are used for?

A

twitching and motilityFRAGILIEgrow back quick

83
Q

Fimbriae Type 7 are used for

A

Sex pilusFRAGILIElateral gene transfer

84
Q

Fibrils are used for?

A

attachmentflexible and durable

85
Q

What are the 3 arraignments of Flagella?

A
  1. Monotrichous- 12. Loptrichous- tuff on one side or both3. Pertrichous- distributed around cell
86
Q

In gram +, how are flagella attached?

A

in membrane hooks in peptidoglycan\

87
Q

in gram - how are flagella attached?

A

TWICE, in inner and outer membrane

88
Q

Bacteria flagella grows how?

A

transferring proteins to tip

89
Q

Archaea flagella are anchored?

A

in cell membrane

90
Q

Archaea flagella grows by?

A

adding proteins at base

91
Q

How do flagella respond to attraction?

A

COUNTERCLOCKWISE

92
Q

How do flagella respond to repellents?

A

Clockwise rotation and tumble method

93
Q

Are spores heat resistant?

A

NOPE

96
Q

Who discovered 1st microbes?

A

Van Leeuweuhoek

97
Q

Who is Neeham

A

Believed in spontaneous generationdid chicken broth exp-failed

98
Q

What did Spallan Zani do?

A

Heated sealed flask= no bacteriapeps said he cut out life source

99
Q

Louis Pasteur?

A

Heated medium flask that had an arm coming off it, stayed pure

100
Q

Koch’s Postulates?

A
  1. Disease found in sick, not in healthy2. prepared/ maintained in a pure culture3. Capable of producing original infection, even after gens of culturing4. Retrievable from a inoculated animal & cultured again
101
Q

1857 Pasteur’s Theory?

A

Theory of Disease

102
Q

1867 Joseph Lister

A

used phenol on wounds & surgery

103
Q

Why milkmaids no get small pox

A

They contract cow-pox

104
Q

Athenuation?

A

Exposed to dead culture, then survives when exposed to livePasteur

105
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alex Fleming, 1929

Microbiology 351 (7 decks)

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