deck_705737

Question 2

• Clathrin coating

Answer 2

– regulated secretion or signal mediated intracellular transport

Question 3

• COP 1

Answer 3

– recycling or retrograde movement

Question 4

• COP 2

Answer 4

– constitutive secretion or anterograde movement

Question 5

Intermediate filaments

Answer 5

• Toughest of 3 types, great tensile strengtho Associated with desmosomes and hemidesmosomesnuclear lamina - underlie and strengthen the nuclear envelope

Question 6

Microtubules

Answer 6

• Responsible for organizing cell interior and determining polarity- Motor proteins (MAP’s)o Kinesins – movement and transport to + endo Dynein – movement and transport to – end- prefers addition at + end (Beta tubulin end) and disassembly at – end - MT’s form cilia and flagellao Core is MT bundles called Axonemes (“9+2”)

Question 7

Microfilaments

Answer 7

(actin filaments)-Unstable and continually assemble and disassembleo Assembly can occur at either end, but preferred and faster at + endo Assembly requires ATP most abundant - cell cortexMotors:o Myosin I: o Myosin II: forms a filament – in muscle cells particularlyo Myosin motors always walk toward + end (membrane)

Question 8

CNS

Answer 8

brain and spinal cord- Nuclei: collection of cell bodies- Tracts: collection of axons- White Matter: larger tracts that are myelinated- Grey Matter: smaller tracts that are unmyelinated- Neurons: functional unit- Supporting cells: neuroglia (glia)

Question 9

PNS:

Answer 9

• Ganglia: collection of nerve cell bodies- Nerves: collection of axons - Specialized motor and sensory nerve endings- Neurons: schwann cells- Supporting cells: satellite cells (around ganglion cell bodies)

Question 10

Nissl bodies

Answer 10

• in Cell BodyRER – divided by neurofilaments into clumps  Nissl Bodies extend into proximal part of dendrites

Question 11

• Dendrites

Answer 11

receives input and stimuli -afferent process of Neurono unmyelinated Structure maintained by ACTINo Many per cell

Question 12

• Axons

Answer 12

impulse conduction/sendingo Efferent process of neuronHillock = no organelles, just microtubules1/cell

Question 13

• Supporting Cells Of CNS

Answer 13

 Neuroglia (glia): 3 types• Astrocytes – largest and most numerous o Provide physical and metabolic support for neurons of CNS Feet provide coverings for cell bodiesOligodendrocytes – produce CNS myelinMicroglia – phagocytes of the CNS

Question 14

Supporting Cells of PNS

Answer 14

 Schwann Cells – provide myelinated covering over axons Satellite Cells – surround ganglion cell bodies

Question 15

Node Ranvier

Answer 15

small unmyelinated areas b/w schwann cells or oligodendrocytes • Allow salutatory conduction to occur… internodal segments- faster conduction

Question 16

acetylcholine neurotransmitter for…

Answer 16

myoneural junction, presynaptic symp, pre and post synaptic parasymp.

Question 17

Nissl bodies

Answer 17

granular, basophilic bodies composed of polysomes and RER… in neuron cell body

Question 18

zonula occludens

Answer 18

tight junctiondiffusion barrier, at apical pole Maintains PM domains, prevents leakage of molecules b/n cells Does NOT mean held together tightly, means water tight junction

Question 19

zonula adherens

Answer 19

mechanical stability Interacts w/ actin (a MF) in cytoskeleton of adjacent cells Signal transduction, cell-to-cell recognition in differentiatio

Question 20

o Desmosome

Answer 20

joins IFs (keratin)binds cell-to-cell on lateral domain, cadherins bind keratin

Question 21

gap junctions

Answer 21

chemical & electrical coupling

Question 22

o Hemidesmosome

Answer 22

= static link, binds cell to ECM (basal lamina) on basal domain Integrin binds to collagen IV & keratin

Question 23

o Focal adhesions

Answer 23

= dynamic link b/n cytoskeleton & ECM on basal domain Integrin binds to fibronectin & actin = MFs (IC), in migrating epithelial cells

Question 24

o Skeletal Muscle

Answer 24

Multiple peripheral nuclei

Question 25

 Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 25

• Stores Ca in skeletal

Question 26

skeletal Thin filaments

Answer 26

actin from Z disk 2 chains of F-actin + tropomyosin + Troponin

Question 27

skeletal Thick filaments

Answer 27

myosin II that interdigitates with thin filamentso 2 heavy chains and 2 light chainso Titan – anchors myosin to z disk

Question 28

skeletal muscle Contraction

Answer 28

Width of I band and H band reduceA band is unchangedAll or None Strength of contractions = # of fibers contractedImpulses at sarcolemma transmitted via T tubules – transferred to Terminal cisternae of SR – Ca is released to cytosol – Ca is bound by TnC – troponin conformational change (exposing myosin binding site of actin) – ATP on S1 of myosin is hydrolyzed to ADP + Pi – S1 myosin binds actin (when Pi released bind is stronger) – as ADP is released… powerstroke

Question 29

smooth muscle contraction

Answer 29

 Ca enters cell via caveolae from extracellular space Ca binds calmodulin Ca-calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase Phosphorylates and changes conformation of myosin light chain… exposes actin binding site Actin binds mysosin… contraction Decreased Ca levels stops contraction

Question 30

Cap Z & -actinin

Answer 30

prevent polymerization @(+) end

Question 31

Tropomodulin

Answer 31

prevents F-actin depolymerization @(-) end

Question 32

Nebulin

Answer 32

surrounds actin, helps anchor to Z disc & hold in  arrays

Question 33

• Collagen I –

Answer 33

CT of skin, tendon, bone, dentin

Question 34

Collagen II

Answer 34

cartilage, vitreous humor

Question 35

Collagen III –

Answer 35

loose CT, smooth muscle, blood vessels

Question 36

Collagen IV

Answer 36

– basal lamina

Question 37

Ground substance of CT

Answer 37

 non fibrous components of ECMGlycosaminoglycans (GAGs; mucopolysaccharides) – unbranched polysaccharides w/ repeating disaccharide unit• Negatively ChargedGlycoprotein – any protein w/ a glycosaminoglycan linked to it• Adhesive (laminin, fibronectin) – connect cells to fibrous ECM

Question 38

• Fibroblast/fibrocytes

Answer 38

in CT - resident cell– responsible for synthesis of all extracellular components

Question 39

 Hyaline Cartilage

Answer 39

-most abundant, found on articular surfaces of joints and in costal, thyroid and nasal cartilages- semi –transparent opalescent blue color• Aggrecan – main PG in hyaline cartilage

Question 40

• Perichondrium:

Answer 40

dense irregular CT tissue surrounding hyaline cartilageSource of cells IN growing cartilage  1. Outer Layer – Fibroblasts and Conventional CT 2. Inner Layer – Chondroblasts (differentiating cells that release cartilage matrix)

Question 41

Interstitial growth

Answer 41

chondrocytes w/in tissue divide and lay down new matrix from w/in

Question 42

Appositional growth

Answer 42

stem cells in perichondrium give rise to chondroblasts, which lay down new matrix on the surface

Question 43

 Elastic Cartilage

Answer 43

mostly in ear, epiglottis etc• Usually has a higher density of cells• Looks like Hyaline cartilage, but has more elastic tissue

Question 44

 Fibrocartilage

Answer 44

In anulos fibrosus of spine, pubic symphosis, knee joint• Usually b/w 2 pieces of hyaline cartilage running into bone• b/w areas subject to force

Question 45

• Vessel Tissue Layers

Answer 45

Tunica Intima = endothelium - Fibroblasts, Collagen I fibersTunica Media = circularly arranged SMCsTunica Adventitia = elastic & Collagen I fibers- Reticular (Collagen III)

Question 46

• Artery Types

Answer 46

• Elastic (conducting) = high P, aorta, pulmonary aa.Intima = relatively thick Media = bulk of wall Adventitia = thin- Muscular (distributing) = downstream of elastic aaIntima = relatively thinMedia = very thickmostly SMAdventitia = 1/3-2/3 media thickness- Arteriolesw/in organs or tissuesIntima = very thin Adventitia = very thinMedia = 1-5 layers SM