deck_2005294 Flashcards
Organic Compounds
The molecules of life are organic compounds, contains carbon and at least one hydrogen atom. Most of these molecules also have one or more functional groups: certain atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon
Living things consist mainly of…..
oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. Most of their oxygen and hydrogen are in the form of water. Carbon makes up more than half of what is left.
hydroxyl
In alcohols (ex, sugars, amino acids); water soluble
methyl
In fatty acid chains; insoluble in water
carbonyl
In sugars, amino acids, nucleotides; water soluble. An aldehyde if at end of a carbon backbone; a ketone if attched to an interior carbon of backbone
carboxyl
In amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates; water soluble. Highly polar; acts as an acid (releases H+)
amino
In amino acids and certain nucleotide bases; water soluble, acts as a weak base (accepts H+)
phosphate
In nucleotides (ex, ATP), also in DNA, RNA, many proteins, phospholipids; water soluble, acidic
metabolism
refers to activities by which cells acquire and use energy as they construct, rearrange, and split organic compounds
condensation
two molecules covalently bond into a larger one
cleavage
a molecule splits into two smaller ones, as by hydrolysis, the reverse of condensation
functional group transfer
one molecule gives up a functional group entirely, and a different molecule immediately accepts it
electron transfer
one or more electrons taken from one molecule are donated to another molecule
rearrangement
juggling of internal bonds converts one type of organic compound to another
monomers
to build larger molecules that are the structural and functional parts of cells
polymers
chains of three to millions of monomers
carbohydrates
are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. There’s three main types, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polyssaccharides
monosaccharides
(one sugar unit) are the simplest carbohydrates. Have at least two hydroxyl groups and one ketone or aldehyde group bonded to a carbon backbone (ex, glucose)
Oligosaccharide
a short chain of covalently bonded sugar monomers (ex, sucrose)
polysaccharides
straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers-often hundreds or thousands. Most common polysaccharides are cellulose, glycogen and starch
starch
plant cells store their photosynthetically produced glucose as starch
glycogen
In animal cell, glycogen is the sugar storage equivalent of start in plants.
lipids
fatty, oily, waxy organic compounds that are insoluble in water
fatty acids
simple organic compounds with a carboxyl group that is joined to a backbone of four to thirty-six carbon atoms
Fats
are lipids with 1, 2, or 3 fatty acids that dangle like tails from a small alcohol called glycerol
saturated fats
the fatty acid backbones have only single covalent bonds
unsaturated fats
have one or more double covalent bonds
trans fatty acids
a double bond keeps them straight
phospholipids
have a polar head with a phosphate in it, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails
sterols
are lipids with a rigid backbone of four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails
protein
an organic ccompound composed of one or more chains of animo acids
amino acid
a small organic compound with an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and one or more atoms called an R group.
nucleotide ATP
ATP(adenosine triphosphate) has a row of three phosphate groups attached to its sugar
nucleic acids
single or double stranded chains of nucleotides
DNA
or deoxyribonucleic acid, double stranded nucleic acid is a polymer of four kinds of nucleotide monomers: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine
RNA
or ribonucleic acid, four kinds of nucleotide monomers, most RNAs are single stranded, contains uracil instead of thymine
