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1
Q

Chapter 37

What is an Animal’s Digestive System?

A

A body cavity or a tube that mechanically and chemically breaks down food to small particles to get absorbed into the internal environment. It also expels unabsorbed residues, and helps maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

Chapter 37

What is an Incomplete Digestive System?

A

Some invertebrates have it, food enters and waste leaves a saclike gut through a single opening at the body surface.

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3
Q

Chapter 37

What is a Complete Digestive System?

A

All vertebrates have one, a tubular gut with two openings. A mouth at one end and an anus at the other, along the tube there are specialized regions that process food, absorb nutrients, and concentrate water.

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4
Q

Chapter 37

Five Tasks of a Complete Digestive System

A
  1. Mechanical processing and motility2. Secretion3. Digestion4. Absorption5. Elimination
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5
Q

Chapter 37

Complete Digestive System Task: Mechanical Processing and Moltility

A

Movements that break up, mix, and directionally propel food material.

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6
Q

Chapter 37

Complete Digestive System Task: Secretion

A

Release of substances, especially digestive enzymes, into the lumen (the space inside the tube).

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7
Q

Chapter 37

Complete Digestive System Task: DIgestion

A

Breakdown of food into particles, then to nutrient molecules small enough to be absorbed.

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8
Q

Chapter 37

Complete Digestive System Task: Absorption

A

Uptake of digested nutrients and water across the gut wall, into extracellular fluid.

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9
Q

Chapter 37

Complete Digestive System Task: Elimination

A

Expulsion of undigested or unabsorbed solid residues.

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10
Q

Chapter 37

True or False: Digestive Systems differ due to diet-related adaptations

A

True, examples include: type of feeding structures and length of the gut

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11
Q

Chapter 37

Gastrointestinal Tract in Humans

A

Gut, starts at the stomach and extends through the intestines to the tube’s terminal opening.

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12
Q

Chapter 37

Oral Cavity in Humans

A

The mouth, food is partially processed here.

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13
Q

Chapter 37

Tongue in Humans

A

Membrane-covered skeletal muscle that positions food for swallowing.

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14
Q

Chapter 37

Pharynx in Humans

A

The throat, the entrance to the digestive and respiratory tracts.

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15
Q

Chapter 37

Esophagus in Humans

A

A muscular tube in between the pharynx and stomach.

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16
Q

Chapter 37

Stomach in Humans

A

A stretchable sac that stores food, secretes acid and enzymes, and mixes them together.

17
Q

Chapter 37

Complete Digestion System in Humans

A

Swallowing forces food and water from the mouth into the pharynx. Food continues through an esophagus to the stomach. Food processing starts in the mouth, most digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine. The colon absorbs most of the remaining water and ions, which causes the wastes to compact. The rectum briefly stores the wastes before they are expelled through the anus.

18
Q

Chapter 37

Function of Teeth

A

Mechanically breakdown food into particles, salivary amylase begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates.

19
Q

Chapter 37

Carbohydrate Digestion System

A

Includes the mouth, stomach, and small intestine.

20
Q

Chapter 37

Protein Digestion System

A

Found in the stomach and small intestine.

21
Q

Chapter 37

Lipid Digestion System

A

Found in the small intestine.

22
Q

Chapter 37

Nucleic Acid Digestion

A

Found in the small intestine.

23
Q

Chapter 37

Hormonal Controls of Digestion: Gastrin

A

Source: StomachEffect: Increases acid secretion by stomach

24
Q

Chapter 37

Hormonal Controls of Digestion: Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

Source: Small IntestineEffect: Increases enzyme secretion by pancreas and causes contractions of gallbladder.

25
Q

Chapter 37

Hormonal Controls of Digestion: Secretin

A

Source: Small IntestineEffect: Increases bicarbonate secretion by pancreas and slows contractions in the small intestine.

26
Q

Chapter 37

Features of the Small Intestine Lining

A
  1. Lining is folded2. Millions of multicelled, fingerlike absorptive structures called villi extend from these folds, this villi house a lymph vessel and blood vessels 3. Most cells on the villus surface are brush border cells, which have membrane extensions called microvilli that project into the lumen.
27
Q

Chapter 37

Brush Border cell Functions

A

Both digestion and absorption.

28
Q

Chapter 37

Absorption Mechanisms

A
  1. Water and Solute Absorptions2. Fat Absorption
29
Q

Chapter 37

Colon Function

A

By absorbing water and mineral ions, the colon compacts undigested residues and other wastes as feces, which are stored briefly in the rectum before expulsion.

30
Q

Chapter 37

Purpose of Absorbed Sugars

A

Absorbed sugars are the human body’s most accessible energy source. Between meats, the brain draws on glucose in blood; other cells tap fat and glycogen stores, Adipose cells convert and store excess carbohydrates as fats.

31
Q

Chapter 37

Liver Functions

A

Forms bile (assists fat digestion), rids body of excess cholesterol and blood’s respiratory pigments. Controls amino acid levels in the blood; converts potentially toxic ammonia to urea. Controls glucose level in blood, major reservoir for glycogen. Removes hormones that served their function in blood. Removes ingested toxins, such as alcohol, from blood. Breaks down worn-out and dead red blood cells, and stores iron. Stores some vitamins.

32
Q

Chapter 37

Vitamins

A

Organic substances that are essential in very small amounts

33
Q

Chapter 37

Minerals

A

Inorganic substances that are essential for growth and survival.