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Semester 4 > deck_17241517 > Flashcards

deck_17241517 Flashcards

1
Q

components of urinary system

A

kidneys (2)

urinary tract:
–> ureters (2)
–> urinary bladder
–> urethra

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2
Q

2 kidneys receive ___% of CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

25%

(liver receives another 25)

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3
Q

two kidneys are major ___ organ of the urinary system

A

excretory organs

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4
Q

kidneys produce

A

Produce urine (fluid containing water,
ions, and small soluble substances)

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5
Q

ureters

A

receive urine from the kidneys

Conduct urine to the urinary bladder by gravity and peristalsis

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6
Q

urinary bladder

A

receives and stores urine

Contraction of muscle in walls drives urination

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7
Q

urethra

A

conducts urine from the
bladder to outside the body

In the penis, also conducts semen

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8
Q

8 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF URINARY SYSTEM

A

1) regulate blood ions
Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, PO43- (phosphate)

2) regulate blood pH
excrete H+
conserve HCO3- (remember: bicarbonate buffers H+ in blood)

3) regulate blood volume
excrete or conserve H2O

4) regulate blood pressure
secrete renin (+ renin = + bp)

5) regulate blood glucose
Site of gluconeogenesis —> new glucose
(in liver/kidneys)

6) maintain blood osmolarity
regulate loss of H2O & loss of solutes
Therefore, maintain 300 mOsm/L
—> # of dissolved particles/L of solution

7) produces hormones
calcitriol
erythropoietin (EPO)

8) excrete wastes
ammonia, urea, bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid, drugs, environmental toxins

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9
Q

kidney anatomy – COLOUR

A

reddish brown colour

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10
Q

kidney, dimensions and weight

A

~10 cm (4 in.) long; ~5.5 cm (2.2 in.) wide; ~3 cm (1.2 in.) thick

Weight: ~150 g (5.25 oz)

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11
Q

kidney is located in a ____ position

A

Located in a RETROPERITONEAL position

I.e.
Between the muscles of the posterior body wall and the parietal peritoneum

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12
Q

kidney location

A

Either side of vertebral column

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13
Q

kidney is protected by

A

Visceral organs (anteriorly)

(posteriorly and laterally)
Body wall musculature and the 11th and 12th ribs (posteriorly and laterally)

—> half covered by ribs

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14
Q

left kidney slightly superior to right kidney

WHY?

A

LIVER

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15
Q

kidneys connected to BLADDER by URETERS

A

Empty into the posterior, inferior
surface of the urinary bladder

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16
Q

KIDNEY SURROUNDED BY THREE connective tissue layers

A

1) renal (fibrous) capsule)

2) perirenal fat

3) renal fascia

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17
Q

1) renal (fibrous) capsule

A

Deepest layer

layer of collagen fibers on the outer surface of the kidney

Projects collagen fibers through the perinephric (PERIRENAL) fat to the renal fascia

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18
Q

2) perirenal fat (adipose capsule)

A

Thick layer of adipose tissue

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19
Q

Renal fascia (dense, fibrous outer layer)

A

Anchors the kidney to surrounding structures

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20
Q

hilum of kidney

A

Medial indentation

Point of entry/exit for the renal artery, renal nerves, renal vein, and the ureter

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21
Q

renal sinus

A

Lined with fibrous capsule

internal cavity within the kidney, filled with fat
—> PROTECTION

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22
Q

renal sinus (google)

A

“The renal sinus is a central part of your kidney where things go in (like nerves and arteries) and come out (like pee, veins and lymphatic channels).”

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23
Q

internal anatomy of kidney

A

…

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24
Q

The parenchyma of the kidney can be divided into an outer and inner region

A

Renal cortex
(Outer region)

Renal medulla
(Inner region)

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25
Q

renal cortex

A

LIGHTER red in colour

where renal corpuscles are found
(i.e. Where blood is filtered and urine is initially formed)

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26
Q

renal columns are …

A

Extensions of the cortex into medulla

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27
Q

renal medulla

A

darker brown in colour

with renal pyramids

separated by renal columns

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28
Q

renal medulla contains …

A

a) nephron loop

b) papillary ducts

c) collecting ducts (more later)

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29
Q

renal pyramids are …

A

Ends in RENAL PAPILLA (apex of pyramid, facing hilum)

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30
Q

renal columns separate

A

pyramids

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31
Q

kidney lobe or renal lobe

A

pyramid, the overlying cortex, and adjacent renal columns

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32
Q

each kidney contains how many lobes?

A

each kidney contains 6–18 lobes

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33
Q

Minor calyx

A

Collects urine from a single kidney lobe

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34
Q

major calyx

A

Forms from the fusion of 4–5 minor calyces

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35
Q

renal pelvis

A

Funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from major calyces

Continuous with the ureter

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36
Q

kidney anatomy: NEPHRONS

A

..

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37
Q

functional unit of kidney

A

NEPHRON

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38
Q

nephrons function

A

Nephrons produce urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood

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39
Q

how many nephrons per kidney?

A

~ 1 million nephrons per kidney

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40
Q

nephrons at birth

A

you are born with all nephrons oyu will have

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41
Q

can nephrons regenerate

A

no

(not if damaged beyond repair)

42
Q

to what capacity of 2 kidneys can 1 kidney work if left on its own?

A

80%

43
Q

do signs of kidney dysfunction generally show in early stages?

A

No.

do not show until <25% of normal function

44
Q

Components of the NEPHRON

A

1) renal corpuscle

2) renal tubule

45
Q

renal corpuscle

A

Blood pressure forces water/solutes out of the glomerular capillaries in a process called FILTRATION

Collected in the surrounding capsular space

46
Q

filtration produces FILTRATE, which is

A

protein-free solution, similar to blood plasma

47
Q

renal tubule

A

Tubular passageway up to 50 mm long

Receives FILTRATE and MODIFIES it to create urine

48
Q

renal corpuscle consists of ___ & ___

A

“It consists of a knot of capillaries (GLOMERULUS) surrounded by a double-walled capsule (BOWMAN’S CAPSULE) that opens into a tubule.”

49
Q

renal corpuscle

A

Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
(Cup-shaped chamber)

+

Capillary network (glomerulus)
(Where filtration occurs)

50
Q

the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

STRUCTURE

A

epithelial cup, consists of
—>
a) parietal layer
b) visceral layer
c) capsular space

51
Q

parietal layer of epithelial cup – structure

A

simple squamous epithelium

52
Q

visceral layer of the epithelial cup

A

forms FILTRATION membrane

consists of PODOCYTES

53
Q

podocytes structure

A

modified simple squamous epithelial cells

54
Q

pedicels (podocyte feet)

A

wrap around endothelial cells and form filtration slits

55
Q

c) CAPSULAR SPACE of epithelial cup

A

lumen of urinary tube

56
Q

FILTRATION MEMBRANE (visceral layer of epithelial cup of GLOMERULAR CAPSULE)

structure

A

1) Fenestrated glomerular capillaries
—>
Contain large diameter pores

2) ​Dense layer
—>
Specialized basement membrane

3) PODOCYTE Filtration slits

57
Q

the importance of preventing plasma proteins from slipping into c) CAPSULAR SPACE

A

is ensured via the combination of the THREE layers of the FILTRATION MEMBRANE
(of the VISCERAL layer of the EPITHELIAL CUP of the GLOMERULAR CAPSULE)

58
Q

name the THREE components of the filtration membrane of the visceral layer of the epithelial cup of the glomerular capsule (OF THE RENAL CORPUSCLE)

A

1) fenestrated glomerular capillaries

2) basement membrane

3) podocytes slits

59
Q

recall two components of nephron

A

RENAL CORPUSCLE

RENAL TUBULE

60
Q

RENAL CORPUSCLE review

A

renal corpuscle (glomerular capsule + capillary network (GLOMERULUS)

glomerular capsule (epithelial cup)
—> parietal layer, visceral layer, capsular space

visceral layer (filtration membrane)
—> capillaries, basement membrane, podocytes

61
Q

2) RENALE TUBULE

A

a) PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)

b) Nephron Loop

c) DCT (distal convoluted tubule)

62
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorbs nutrients from the FILTRATE (now called TUBULAR FLUID)

63
Q

the PCT is entirely in which part of the kidney?

A

THE CORTEX

64
Q

important structure of the PCT which helps with absorption

(hint: surface area)

A

MICROVILLI

increase SA

65
Q

2) Nephron loop (aka loop of Henle)

A

Establishes osmotic gradient for water reabsorption

Each limb contains a thin segment and a thick segment

66
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

Adjusts tubular fluid composition by REABSORPTION and SECRETION

67
Q

Kidney anatomy: COLLECTING SYSTEM

A

..

68
Q

The filtrate enters ____ after ____

A

enters COLLECTING SYSTEM

after moving through the RENAL TUBULES

69
Q

COLLECTING SYSTEM is …

A

Series of TUBES carrying filtrate away from the nephron

70
Q

components of the COLLECTING SYSTEM

A

collecting duct

papillary duct

71
Q

collecting ducts (of the collecting system)

A

Collects fluid from many nephrons

Carries fluid through the renal medulla

72
Q

collecting ducts of collecting system are lined with TWO cell types

A

—> INTERCALATED CELLS (play a role in secreting and reabsorbing HYDROGEN and BICARBONATE ions)

—> PRINCIPAL CELLS (reabsorb water and SECRETE POTASSIUM)

73
Q

which cells of the COLLECTING DUCT secrete POTASSIUM

A

principal cells

74
Q

which cells of collecting duct reabsorb WATER

A

principal cells

75
Q

which cells of the collecting duct are involved with maintaining pH homeostasis

A

Intercalated cells

(play a role in secreting and reabsorbing hydrogen and bicarbonate ions)

76
Q

Papillary ducts of

A
77
Q

order

A

glomerular capsule —> PCT –> descending nephron loop –> ascending nephron loop –> DCT –> colelcting ducts –> papillary ducts –> minor calyx –> major calyx —> renal pevlis –> ureter –> bladder –> urethra

78
Q

PATHWAY OF FILTRATE / urine

Where is it filtrate?
where is it urine?

A

1) filtrate (@ nephron)

2) filtrate (@ collecting ducts)

3) filtrate (@ papillary ducts)

4) URINE afterwards until excretion
(from minor calyces until urethra)

79
Q

TWO TYPES OF NEPHRONS

(microscopic functional units of the kidney)

A

1) Cortical nephrons

2) Juxtamedullary nephrons

80
Q

what percentage of nephrons are CORTICAL NEPHRONS

A

85 percent of all nephrons

Located primarily in the cortex (cortical)

Responsible for MOST regulatory functions

81
Q

2) ​Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

15 percent of all nephrons

Long nephron loop extending deep into medulla

Essential to producing concentrated urine

82
Q

IMPORTANT FUNCTION OF JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS

A

Essential to producing concentrated urine

83
Q

ARTERIAL SYSTEM (kidneys)

A

..

84
Q

each kidney receives blood from a ___

A

RENAL ARTERY (R + L)

85
Q

where do RENAL ARTERIES branch off of?

A

ABDOMINAL AORTA

86
Q

renal arteries turn into ____

A

Segmental arteries

(Supply certain segments of the kidney)

87
Q

segmental arteries become

A

Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries

—> interlobar arteries run in between renal LOBES

88
Q

INTERLOBAR ARTERIES become ____

A

ARCUATE ARTERIES

Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries

which
—>
arch along the boundary between the

89
Q

arcuate arteries become ….

A

Cortical radiate arteries

—> extend into cortex

90
Q

THEN, cortical radiate arteries become …

A

AFFERENT ARTERIOLES

afferent arterioles supply each nephron, specifically a capillary knot known as a glomerulus

91
Q

glomerulus path of circulation

A

the glomerulus drains into EFFERENT ARTERIOLES and leaves the renal corpuscle (led into by AFFERENT ARTERIOLES)

92
Q

renal circulation – recap

A

Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Cortical radiate arteries → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arterioles

93
Q

blood flow of nephron

A

Afferent arteriole
—> Supplies blood to each individual nephron

Glomerulus
—> Inside the renal corpuscle
—> Where filtration takes place

Efferent arteriole
—> Carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

94
Q

where does efferent arteriole LEAD INTO?

A

Efferent arterioles —> peritubular capillaries (vasa recta) —> (Cortical radiate veins —> Arcuate veins —> Interlobar veins) —> Renal vein

—> in brackets is FYI

___

Renal artery → Segmental arteries → Interlobar arteries → Arcuate arteries → Cortical radiate arteries → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arterioles

95
Q

Blood flow around a CORTICAL nephron

A

Peritubular capillaries:

–> Surround the entire renal tubule

–> Collect water and solutes absorbed by the nephron

–> Deliver other solutes to the nephron for secretion

–> Drain into cortical radiate veins

96
Q

Blood flow around a JUXTAMEDULLARY nephron

A

Same blood flow until after the peritubular capillaries

—– Vasa recta (vasa, vessels + recta, straight) —–
Connected to the distal end of the peritubular capillaries

Long, straight capillaries that parallel the nephron loop

Transport water and solutes within the renal medulla

Drain into cortical radiate veins

97
Q

renal veins drain into

A

The renal veins drain directly into the inferior vena cava

98
Q

nerve supply to kidney

A

innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

99
Q

sympathetic innervaiton of kidneys

vs parasympathetic innervation

A

Sympathetic innervation is most important,

parasympathetic function is not well understood

100
Q

function of sympathetic innervation (SNS) on kidneys

A

vasodilate/vasoconstrict renal arteries to regulate blood flow through the kidneys

101
Q

what does activating SNS do to kidneys

A

As a whole, activating sympathetic innervation to kidney increases water retention and leads to increased blood pressure

Semester 4 (21 decks)

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