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Biology topic 5 - Body systems > deck_16695412 (2) > Flashcards

deck_16695412 (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure and adaptations of capillaries

A
  • very narrow lumen: red blood cells travel in a single filed line
  • very thin walls: short diffusion distance
  • highly branched: large surface area
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2
Q

Structure and adaptations of arteries

A
  • thick walls: prevent bursting
  • elastic fibres: recoil + stretch to minimise pressure changes in blood
  • narrow lumen: maintain high blood pressure
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3
Q

Structure and adaptations of veins

A
  • thin walls: low blood pressure
  • wide lumen: maximise volume of blood flow
  • valves: prevent backflow
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4
Q

Methods of measuring pulse rate

A
  • radial artery (neck or wrist)
  • stethoscope and counting the number of beats per minute
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5
Q

Consequences of occlusions of coronary arteries/coronary heart disease

A

Heart attacks

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6
Q

Causes of occlusions of coronary arteries/coronary heart disease

A
  • build up of plaque in the coronary artery leading to reduced blood flow
  • plaque can rupture causing blood clots which further reduces blood flow.
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7
Q

Function of tissue fluid

A

transports substances from capillaries to cells

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8
Q

Composition of tissue fluid

A

oxygen, water and nutrients

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9
Q

Difference in composition of tissue fluid and plasma

A

tissue fluid does not have plasma proteins, platelets and red blood cells

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10
Q

Explain how tissue fluid is formed

A
  • Tissue fluid is forced out of capillary at arteriole end due to high pressure called hydrostatic pressure
  • the loss of water and the high concentration of plasma proteins in the capillary lowers its water potential called oncotic pressure.
  • some of the water diffuses back into the capillary at the venule end via osmosis
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11
Q

What happens to excess tissue fluid?

A

flows into the lymphatic system where it becomes lymph

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12
Q

Advantages of single circulatory system

A

Less complex
does not require complex organs

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13
Q

Advantages of double circulatory system

A

The heart can pump blood further around the body
High pressure
Fast flow of blood

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14
Q

What are the steps of blood flow in the heart?

A

Vena cava
Right atrium
AV valve (tricuspid valve)
Right Ventricle
SL Valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left Atrium
AV valve (bicuspid valve)
Left ventricle
SL valve
Aorta
Body

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15
Q

Disadvantages of single circulatory system

A

Low blood pressure
Slow movement of blood
Activity level of the animal tends to be low

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16
Q

What are the three main stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole
Diastole

17
Q

What does the diastole stage consist of?

A

The ventricles and atria relax.
The semi-lunar valves close.
Blood flows passively into the atria.

18
Q

What is Systolic pressure?

A

pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole

19
Q

What does the ventricular systole stage consist of?

A
  • The ventricles contract, and the atria relax.
  • The ventricular pressure increases.
  • The semi-lunar valves open, and the atrioventricular valves close.
  • Blood flows into the arteries.
20
Q

What does the atrial systole stage consist of?

A
  • The ventricles relax, and the atria contract.
  • This increases the atrial pressure.
  • The atrioventricular valves open.
  • Blood flows into the ventricles.
21
Q

What is Diastolic pressure?

A

pressure in the arteries during diastole

22
Q

Which one is at the top of the fraction, diastolic or systolic pressure?

A

systolic pressure

23
Q

What is the role of valves?

A

prevents backflow

24
Q

What happens to valves when there is high pressure behind it?

A

opens

25
Q

What happens to valves when there is high pressure in front of it?

A

closes

26
Q

Explain the steps of control of the cardiac cycle

A
  • Sinoatrial node (SAN) - This initiates the heartbeat by stimulating the atria to contract. A layer of collagen fibres prevents direct electrical flow from the atria to the ventricles.
  • Atrioventricular node (AVN) - This picks up the electrical activity from the SAN and imposes a slight delay.
  • Bundle of His - This receives electrical activity from the AVN and conducts the wave of excitation to the heart’s apex (base).
  • Purkyne fibres - These branch off the bundle of His, causing the right and left ventricles to contract from the bottom upwards.
27
Q

Explain the stages of an ECG showing the various stages of the cardiac cycle

A

P wave - Atrial systole
QRS - Ventricular systole
T wave - Diastole

refer to slide 64, lesson 2 of topic 5

28
Q

Name all the heart problems and what happens

A
  • Bradycardia – slow heart beat, less than 60 bpm
  • Tachycardia – fast heart rate, more than 100 bpm
  • Ectopic beat – extra beats followed by gaps
  • Atrial fibrillation – irregular rhythm
29
Q

What is the shape of arteries?

A

circular

30
Q

What is the shape of veins?

A

flattened

31
Q

Which have inner surface corrugation, veins or arteries?

A

arteries

32
Q

What is inner surface corrugation?

A

little folds on the inside of arteries

Biology topic 5 - Body systems (3 decks)

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