deck_16562141 Flashcards

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1
Q

The water cycle

A

The cycle of water through the lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

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2
Q

Transpiration

A

Water is absorbed by plants from their roots, the water then travels up through the stem into the leaves and the stomata where it is released into the atmosphere

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3
Q

condensation

A

when water vapour is cooled down, condensing into water droplets and forming clouds.

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4
Q

Precipitation

A

water drops formed by condensation fall down to Earth as rain, snow, or hail, depending on the temperature.

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5
Q

Surface Runoff

A

The movement of water over land surfaces, ending in streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans. often transporting sediments, nutrients, and pollutants.

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6
Q

Infiltration

A

precipitation that falls onto land being soaked up by the soil, refilling groundwater sources.

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7
Q

Groundwater Flow

A

Water that infiltrates into the soil becomes groundwater, which slowly moves through underground aquifers

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8
Q

Evaporation

A

The Sun heats bodies of water, causing water to change from liquid to water vapour and rise into the atmosphere

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9
Q

Freezing

A

Converts water from a liquid state into a solid one, (ice & snow)

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10
Q

Melting

A

Converts ice and snow back into liquid water

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11
Q

Sublimation

A

Transforms solid water straight into gas, skipping the liquid phase

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12
Q

Deposition

A

Transforms water vapour straight into ice, skipping the liquid phase

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13
Q

Percolation

A

The movement of water through rock and soil

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14
Q

carbon-oxygen cycle

A

The cycle that transfers carbon through the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere.

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15
Q

volcanic eruptions

A

Releases large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

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16
Q

Carbon Sequestration on land

A

On land, plants take in carbon dioxide to use in photosynthesis and store withing their tissues (cells).

17
Q

Carbon Sequestration in the ocean

A

In the ocean, phytoplankton and other marine organisms take in carbon through photosynthesis. The ocean dissolves carbon dioxide, having the CO2 combining with the water to form calcium carbonate shells

18
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Animals eat the plants and take in O2 to power cellular respiration, then release CO2 into the atmosphere, working with photosynthesis

19
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Plant cells absorb solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water to convert them into oxygen, water, and glucose, working with cellular respiration and a carbon transfer

20
Q

Decomposition

A

When organisms die, they become ready for decomposition by decomposers, they break down complex organic molecules into simpler compounds such as c02

21
Q

Fossilisation and unavailable carbon

A

The burial and transformation of organic matter into fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

22
Q

Combustion of fossil fuels

A

When fossil fuels are burned, they release large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere, the unnatural part of the carbon cycle

23
Q

Limestone and weathering

A

Limestone is primarily composed of calcium carbonate, this reacts with acids found in rainwater and soil. It produces CO2 that’s released into the atmosphere

24
Q

Deforestation and fires

A

When trees are cut down, burnt, or decay, they carbon stored in their tissues and cells is released into the atmosphere as CO2

25
Q

The Nitrogen Cycle

A

Nitrogen is essential for organisms, they are the components of proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic molecules

26
Q

forms of nitrogen

A

Nitrogen Gas (N2)
Nitric Oxide (NO)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonium (NH4)
Nitrate (NO3)
Nitrite (NO2)

27
Q

Atmospheric Nitrogen Fixation

A

Lightning strikes generate enough energy to separate nitrogen gas into ammonia, the ammonia gets dissolved in rain, carrying the molecules to the Earth’s surface

28
Q

Consumption

A

Animals acquire organic nitrogen by consuming plants or other animals.

29
Q

Assimilation of Nitrites, Nitrates and Ammonia

A

Plants and some microorganisms take up ammonia from the soil to use in cell processes

30
Q

Ammonification

A

Decomposers break down nitrogen compounds found in dead organisms and other organic matter.

31
Q

Volcanic eruptions

A

Releases nitrogen gas straight into the atmosphere, the heat and pressure transform the atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen oxides. It reacts with water vapour to form precipitation.

32
Q

Denitrification by bacteria

A

Denitrifying bacteria converts nitrate and nitrite ions into nitrogen gas, the gas then goes back into the atmosphere

33
Q

Nitrogen Fixation by Bacteria

A

Atmospheric N2 is converted into ammonia or ammonium ions by nitrogen fixing bacteria found in the soil.

34
Q

Nitrification

A

Ammonia is converted to nitrite ions by nitrifying bacteria, nitrite ions are then oxidized into nitrate ions by other nitrifying bacteria