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CDI > deck_14156085 > Flashcards

deck_14156085 Flashcards

1
Q

It is the collection of facts in order to accomplish the three-fold aims

A

Criminal Investigation

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2
Q

What are the three-folds aim?

A

to identify the guilty party; to locate the guilty party; and to provide evidence of his guilt

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3
Q

This refers to the investigation of cases that are unique and often require the application of Legal Medicineand requires special training to fully understand their broad significance. The emphasis is on physical evidencerather than an extra judicial confession.

A

Special Crime Investigation

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4
Q

This refers to the branch of medicine which deals with the application of medical knowledge to thepurposes of law and in the administration of justice. It is also a part of medical science which isemployed by the legal authorities for the solution of legal problems. Any physician who testifies in court in hispersonal capacity can be considered a practitioner of legal medicine

A

Legal Medicine

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5
Q

A physician who specializes or is involved primarily with medicolegal duties

A

Medical Jurist

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6
Q

An ___ sees an injury or disease on the point of view of treatment.

A

Ordinary Physician

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7
Q

sees injury or disease on the point of view of cause.

A

Medical Jurist

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8
Q

is a rule of conduct, just, obligatory, laid by legitimate power for common observance and benefit.

A

Law

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9
Q

It is composed of laws which are produced by the country’s legislations and which are defined, codified, and incorporated by the law-making body.

A

Written or Statutory Law (Lex Scripta)

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10
Q

It is composed of unwritten laws based on immemorial customs and usages. Sometimes referred to as case law, common law, jurisprudence, or customary law.

A

Unwritten or Common Law (Lex non Scripta)

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11
Q

It denotes anything belonging to the court of law or used in court or legal proceedings or something fitted for legal or public argumentations.

A

Forensic

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12
Q

It is a science and art dealing with prevention, cure, and alleviation of disease. It is that part of science and art of restoring and preserving health. It is the science and art of diagnosing, treating, curing, and preventing disease, relieving pain, and improving the health of a person.

A

Medicine

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13
Q

It pertains to law, arising out of, by virtue of or included in law. Refers to anything conformable to the letters or rules of law as it is administered by the court.

A

Legal

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14
Q

is a science of giving a wise interpretation of the law and making just application of them to all cases as they arise. Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws shall form a part of the Philippine ___

A

Jurisprudence

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15
Q

It is the knowledge of law in relation to the practice of medicine. It concerns with the study of the rights, duties and obligations of medical practitioner with particular reference to those arising from doctor - patient relationship.

A

Medical Jurisprudence

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16
Q

A principle that, when the court has once laid down a principle of law or interpretation as applied to a certain state of facts, it will adhere to and apply to all future cases where the facts are substantially the same.

A

Principle of Stare Decises

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17
Q

is the means, sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact

A

Evidence

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18
Q

If the means employed to prove a fact is medical in nature, then it becomes a ___

A

Medical Evidence

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19
Q

is an evidence made known or addressed to the senses of the court. It is not limited to that which is known through the sense of vision but is extended to what the sense of hearing, taste, smell and touch is perceived.

A

Autoptic Evidence also known as Real, Object or Physical Evidence

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20
Q

A physician may be commanded to appear before a court to give his testimony. While in the witnessstand, he is obliged to answer questions propounded by counsel and presiding officer of the court. Histestimony must be given orally and under oath or affirmation.

A

Testimonial Evidence

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21
Q

are those not proceeding from the personal knowledge of the witness but from mere repetition of what he has heard to others. It is a, “second hand” evidence which rest mainly on the veracity and competence of its source

A

Hearsay evidence

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22
Q

A physician on account of his training andexperience can give his opinion on a set ofmedical facts. He can deduce or infer something, determine the cause of death, or render opinion pertinent to the issue andmedical nature.

A

Expert Witness

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23
Q

A physician who testifies in court on matters perceived from his patient in the course of physician-patient relationship

A

Ordinary Witness

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24
Q

A medical witness may be allowed by the court to confirm his allegation or as a corroborated proof to an opinion he previously stated in full view of the court.

A

Experimental Evidence

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25
Q

“In full view of the court” not necessary mean that the experimentation must be conducted in court,this means that the conduct of experiment should be with the presence of the ___

A

Judge

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26
Q

is an instrument on which is recorded by means of letters, figures, or marks intended to be used for the purpose of recording that matter which may be evidentially used. The term applies to writings, to words printed, lithographed or photographed; to seals, plates or stones on which inscriptions are cut or engraved;to photographs and pictures; to maps or plans

A

Document

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27
Q

Written evidence presented to the court by the expert witness about the subject matter in dispute.

A

Documentary Evidence

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28
Q

What are the examples of Medical Documentary Evidence?

A

i. Medical Examination Reportii. Physical Examination Reportiii. Necropsy/ autopsy Reportiv. Laboratory Reportv. Exhumation Reportvi. Birth Certificatevii. Death Certificate

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29
Q

this refers to the testimony of a physician on account of his training and expertise can give his own opinion on a set of medical facts.

A

Medical Expert Opinion

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30
Q

the testimony of a witness taken upon oral question or written interrogatories, not in open court,but in pursuance of a commission to take testimony issued by a court, or under a general law or court rule on thesubject, and reduced to writing and duly authenticated, and intended to be used in preparation and upon the trialof a civil action or criminal prosecution

A

Deposition

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31
Q

is the recognition of an individuals determine, by characteristics which distinguish that individual from all others.

A

Identification

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32
Q

Importance of Identification of Person

A
  1. To establish the identity of the offender and that of the victim in the prosecution of the criminal offenseotherwise it will be a ground for the dismissal of the charge or acquittal of the accused.2. To identify a person missing or presumed dead in order to facilitate the settlement of the estate, retirement,insurance, and other social benefits. It vests on the heirs the right over the properties of the identifiedperson.
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33
Q

Rules in Personal Identification

A

The greater the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of two persons compared, the greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct.The value of different points of identification varies in the formulation of conclusion. It is known as the Law of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification.

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34
Q

Methods of Identification

A

By comparisonBy exclusion

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35
Q

Identification criteria recovered during investigation are compared with records available in the file, or postmortem finding are compared with ante-mortem records.

A

by comparison

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36
Q

Characteristics which may easily be changed

A

Growth of hair, beard or mustacheClothingFrequent place of visitGrade of professionBody ornamentations

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37
Q

If two or more persons have identified and all but one is not yet identified, then the one whose identity has not been established may be known by the process of elimination.

A

by exclusion

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38
Q

Characteristics that may not easily be changed

A

Mental memorySpeechGait

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39
Q

This may easily be shaved or grown within a short time. Arrangement may be changed artificial hair may be worn or ornamentation may be placed to change its natural condition.

A

Growth of hair, beard or mustache

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40
Q

A person may have special preference for certain form, texture, or style.

A

Clothing

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41
Q

A person may have a special desire or habit to be in a place if ever he has the opportunity to do so.

A

Frequent place of visit

42
Q

A medical student of the upper clinical year may be recognized by the stethoscope, a graduate or student nurse by her cap, a mechanic by his tools, a clergyman by his robe, etc. A change of grade, trade, vocation or profession may be resorted to as a means of concealing identity.

A

Grade of profession

43
Q

Earrings, necklaces, rings, pins, etc. ^-^usually worn by persons may be points to identify a person from the rest.

A

Body ornamentations

44
Q

A recollection of time, place and events may be a clue in identification. Remembering names, faces and subjects of common interest may be initiated during interview to see how knowledgeable a person is.

A

Mental memory

45
Q

A person may stammer, stutter or lisp. However, if the manner of talking is due to some physical defects, like harelip and cleft palate, that have been corrected by surgery, there may be a change in his manner of speech.

A

Speech

46
Q

It refers to the manner of walking and it may show in some person on account of disease or some inborn traits.

A

Gait

47
Q

Forms of Gait

A

Ataxic gaitCerebellar gaitCow’s gaittParetic gaitSpastic gaitFestinating gaitFrog gaitWaddling gait

48
Q

A gait associated with staggering movement is seen in cerebellar diseases.

A

Cerebellar gait

49
Q

A swaying movement due to knock-knee

A

Cow’s gait

50
Q

Gait in which the steps are short, the feet are dragged, and the legs are held more or less widely apart.

A

Paretic gait

51
Q

A gait in which the legs are held together and move in a stiff manner and the toes dragged.

A

Spastic gait

52
Q

Involuntary movement in short accelerating steps.

A

Festinating gait

53
Q

A hopping gait resulting from infantile paralysis.

A

Frog gait

54
Q

Exaggerated alternation of lateral trunk movement similar to the movement of the duck.

A

Waddling gait

55
Q

Expresses the path of the individual.

A

Direction line

56
Q

The straight line connecting the center of the succeeding steps. It is more or less in zigzag fashion especially when the legs are far apart while walking. Stout, elderly people and those who want stability while walking have a more zigzag gait line.

A

Gait line

57
Q

The longitudinal line drawn on each foot mark. There may be a difference in the foot line of the left and right foot.

A

Foot line

58
Q

The angle formed by the foot line and the direction line. In normal walking the foot angle is very characteristic of a person and cannot be altered immediately. However, it may be alteredwhen a person is running, carrying a heavy weight or moving on a rugged terrain.

A

Foot angle

59
Q

The angle between the two succeeding foot angles.

A

Principal angle

60
Q

When the distance between the center points in two successive heel prints of the two feet exceeds 40 inches, there is a strong presumption that the person is running.

A

Length of step

61
Q

The distance between the outer contours of two succeeding foot marks or steps. The more apart the legs are while walking, the greater is the ____

A

Breadth of step

62
Q

___ is considered to be the most valuable method of identification. It is universally used because

A

Fingerprinting1. There are no two identical fingerprints2. Fingerprints are not changeable

63
Q

Scientific Methods Of Identification

A

FingerprintingDental identificationIdentification of skeletonIdentification of Blood and Blood Stains

64
Q

is the application of dental science to legal investigations, primarily involving the identification of the offender by comparing dental records to a bite mark left on the victim or at the scene, or identification of human remains based on dental records.

A

Forensic odontology

65
Q

It is the termination of life. It is the complete cessation of all the vital functions without possibility of resuscitation. It is an irreversible loss of the properties of living matter.

A

Death

66
Q

This is the state of the body in which there is complete, persistent and continuous cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart and lungs which maintain life and health. It occurs the moment aphysician or the other members of the family declare a person has expired, and some of the early signs of death are present. It is hardly possible to determine the exact time of death.

A

Somatic Death or Clinical Death

67
Q

Somatic or Clinical Types of Death

A

Sociological DeathPsychic DeathBiologic DeathPhysiologic Death

68
Q

After cessation of the vital functions of the body there is still animal life among individual cells. After somatic death occurs there is death of all individual cells like nerve and brain cells within the body.

A

Molecular or Cellular Death

69
Q

This condition is not really death but merely a transient loss of the vital functions of the body on account of disease, external stimulus, or other forms of influence. It may arise especially hysteria, uremia, catalepsy, and electric shock.

A

Apparent Death or State of Suspended Animation

70
Q

Kinds of Death

A

Somatic Death or Clinical DeathMolecular or Cellular DeathApparent Death or State of Suspended Animation

71
Q

Methods of Detecting the Cessation of Heart Action and Circulation

A

Examination of the HeartExamination of the Peripheral Circulation

72
Q

The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart is audible through the stethoscope. Heart sound can be audible during life even without the aid of a stethoscope by placing the ear at the precordial area.

A

Auscultation for the Heart Sound at the Precordial Area

73
Q

Pulsation of the peripheral blood vessels may be made at the region of the wrist or at the neck. The pulsation of the vessels is synchronous with the heartbeat. Occasionally the pulsation is very imperceptible and irregular that the examiner experiences much difficulty.

A

Palpation of the Pulse

74
Q

reveal the shadow of the heart in its rhythmic contraction andrelaxation. The shadow may be enlarged, and the excursion made less visible due to pericardial effusion.

A

Fluoroscopic Examination

75
Q

Examination of the Peripheral Circulation

A

Magnus’ TestOpening of Small ArteryIcard’s TestPressure on the FingernailsDiaphanous TestPalpation of the Radial Pulse with Fingers

76
Q

Methods of Detecting Cessation of Respiration

A

Expose the chest and abdomen and observe the movement during inspiration and expiration. Examine the person with the aid of a stethoscope which is placed at the base of the anterior aspect of the neck and hear sound of the current of air passing through the trachea during each phase of respiration. Mirror TestExamination with a Glass of WaterWinslow’s Test

77
Q

The progressive fall of the body temperature is one of the most prominent signs of death. After death, the metabolic process inside the body ceases. Heat production in the body stops and its temperature is lowered gradually to that of the surroundings. The rate of cooling of the body is not uniform. It is rapid during the first two hours after death and as the temperature of the body gradually approaches the temperature of the surroundings, the rate becomes slower.

A

Algor Mortis or Cooling of the Body

78
Q

The heartbeat is accompanied by the passage of electricalcharge through the impulse conducting system of the heart which may be recorded in an _____ machine. The ______will record the heart beat even if it is too weak to be heard by auscultation. This is the best method of determining heart action but quite impractical.

A

By the Use of Electrocardiograph

79
Q

After death, there is complete relaxation of the whole muscular system. The entire muscular system is contractile for three to six hours after death, and later rigidity sets in. Secondary relaxation of the muscles will appear just when decomposition has set in.

A

Changes in the Muscle

80
Q

The Entire Muscular Tissue Passes Three Stages After Death, namely;

A

Stage of Primary Flaccidity ((post-mortem muscular irritability)Stage of post-mortem rigidityStage of Secondary Flaccidity or Secondary Relaxation

81
Q

Conditions Simulating Rigor Mortis

A

Heat StiffeningCold StiffeningCadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous Rigor

82
Q

It is the stage of muscular change upon death characterized the relaxation of muscles and loss of their natural tone, so the jaw or head drops down, the thorax collapses and the limbs becomes flaccid and the splinters relax. This is the reason why the dead person may still urinate, defecate or excrete waste product of metabolism through pores on the skin. When muscles are subjected to mechanical or electrical stimuli, the muscles will contract owing to the presence of life of the individual cells. This stage lasts for 3-4 hours after death.

A

Stage of Primary Flaccidity ((post-mortem muscular irritability)

83
Q

It is the stiffening of the muscle of the body after death due to chemical changes within the muscle tissue itself. It develops first in the face and jaws (smaller muscles). The rigidity gradually extends downward involving the neck, chest, arms, abdomen and finally the legs and feet. It begins to leave the body and it disappears in the same order that it made its onset, First. The face and neck will again become flaccid and then the other portions of the body will become limp in the same order that the rigiditydeveloped. In warm countries, this stage sets in from 2-3 hours after death. It is fully developed in the body after 12 hrs. It may last from 18 – 36 hours and its disappearance is concomitant with the onset of putrefaction.

A

Stage of post-mortem rigidityPost-mortem rigidity is also known as “Rigor Mortis”.

84
Q

A muscular change characterized by the softness and flaccidity of the muscles in which no longer responses to electrical or mechanical stimuli due to dissolution of the muscle protein that have been previously coagulated during the stage of rigor mortis. This stage is onset of putrefaction

A

Stage of Secondary Flaccidity or Secondary Relaxation

85
Q

A condition characterized by hardening of the muscles due to coagulation of muscle proteins when the dead body is exposed to intense heat as by burning or immersion in a hot liquid.

A

Heat Stiffening

86
Q

The stiffening of the body may be manifested when the body is frozen, but exposure to warm condition will make such stiffening disappear.

A

Cold Stiffening

87
Q

It is the instant stiffening of a certain group of muscles which occurs immediately at the moment of death, although its cause is unknown, it is associated with violent death due to extreme nervous tension and injury to the central nervous system. The findings of weapon, hair, pieces of clothing, weeds on the palms of the hands and firmly grasped is a very important medico-legal point in the determination whether it is a case of suicide, murder or homicide. The presence of weeds held by the hands of a person found in water shows that the victim was alive before disposal.

A

Cadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous Rigor

88
Q

It is a purplish discoloration of the body that occurs on those parts of the body which are nearest the floor. This discoloration is caused by the settling of the blood by gravity into those areas. During life the blood is under pressure and circulating. After death, the pressure falls to zero and the blood begins to settle by gravity so that no matter what the position the body may be in those positions of the body which are lowest will be the areas the blood will settle. Under most conditions this discoloration will begin to be apparent from one to two hours after death.

A

Post-mortem LividityTake Note: Post Mortem Lividity is also known as Cadaveric Lividity, Post-mortem Suggillation, Post-mortemHypostasis or Livor Mortis

89
Q

Types of Post Mortem Lividity

A

Hypostatic LividityDiffusion Lividity

90
Q

The blood merely gravitates into the most dependent portions of the body but still inside the blood vessels and still fluid in form. Any change of position of the body leads to the formation of the lividity in another place. This occurs during the early stage of its formation.

A

Hypostatic Lividity

91
Q

This appears during the later stage of its formation when the blood has coagulated inside the blood vessels or has diffused into the tissues of the body. Any change of position will not change the location of the lividity.

A

Diffusion Lividity

92
Q

is the breaking down of the complex proteins into simpler components associated with the evolution of foul smelling gasses and accompanied by the change of color of the body.

A

Putrefaction of the Body

93
Q

is the complete dehydration of all body tissue which results in the shivering and preservation of the body

A

Mummification

94
Q

Kinds of mummification

A

Natural MummificationArtificial Mummification

95
Q

This is a condition wherein the fatty tissues of the body are transformed to soft brownish-white substance known as adipocere. The layer of subcutaneous tissue is the frequent site of its formation.

A

Saponification or Adipocere FormationAdipocere is a soapy or waxy material, rancid in smell, dissolves in alcohol and ether when burnedproduces yellow flame.

96
Q

The first medical textbook was printed or published including the pertinent instructions related to medico-legal practices.

A

1858

97
Q

Legal medicine was included in the curriculum of College of Medicine in UST

A

1871

98
Q

Medico-legal laboratory was established in the City of Manila

A

1895

99
Q

Legal medicine was taught in all medical school in the PH

A

1908

100
Q

The Department of Legal Medicine and Ethics of UP was created under Dr. Sixto delos Angeles as Chief

A

1914

101
Q

After liberation of Manila, Criminal Investigation Laboratory Division was created under Dr. Mariano Lara as Chief Medico-legal officer.

A

1945

CDI (2 decks)

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