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Question 1

It is the collection of facts in order to accomplish the three-fold aims

Answer 1

Criminal Investigation

Question 2

What are the three-folds aim?

Answer 2

to identify the guilty party; to locate the guilty party; and to provide evidence of his guilt

Question 3

This refers to the investigation of cases that are unique and often require the application of Legal Medicineand requires special training to fully understand their broad significance. The emphasis is on physical evidencerather than an extra judicial confession.

Answer 3

Special Crime Investigation

Question 4

This refers to the branch of medicine which deals with the application of medical knowledge to thepurposes of law and in the administration of justice. It is also a part of medical science which isemployed by the legal authorities for the solution of legal problems. Any physician who testifies in court in hispersonal capacity can be considered a practitioner of legal medicine

Answer 4

Legal Medicine

Question 5

A physician who specializes or is involved primarily with medicolegal duties

Answer 5

Medical Jurist

Question 6

An ___ sees an injury or disease on the point of view of treatment.

Answer 6

Ordinary Physician

Question 7

sees injury or disease on the point of view of cause.

Answer 7

Medical Jurist

Question 8

is a rule of conduct, just, obligatory, laid by legitimate power for common observance and benefit.

Answer 8

Law

Question 9

It is composed of laws which are produced by the country’s legislations and which are defined, codified, and incorporated by the law-making body.

Answer 9

Written or Statutory Law (Lex Scripta)

Question 10

It is composed of unwritten laws based on immemorial customs and usages. Sometimes referred to as case law, common law, jurisprudence, or customary law.

Answer 10

Unwritten or Common Law (Lex non Scripta)

Question 11

It denotes anything belonging to the court of law or used in court or legal proceedings or something fitted for legal or public argumentations.

Answer 11

Forensic

Question 12

It is a science and art dealing with prevention, cure, and alleviation of disease. It is that part of science and art of restoring and preserving health. It is the science and art of diagnosing, treating, curing, and preventing disease, relieving pain, and improving the health of a person.

Answer 12

Medicine

Question 13

It pertains to law, arising out of, by virtue of or included in law. Refers to anything conformable to the letters or rules of law as it is administered by the court.

Answer 13

Legal

Question 14

is a science of giving a wise interpretation of the law and making just application of them to all cases as they arise. Judicial decisions applying or interpreting the laws shall form a part of the Philippine ___

Answer 14

Jurisprudence

Question 15

It is the knowledge of law in relation to the practice of medicine. It concerns with the study of the rights, duties and obligations of medical practitioner with particular reference to those arising from doctor - patient relationship.

Answer 15

Medical Jurisprudence

Question 16

A principle that, when the court has once laid down a principle of law or interpretation as applied to a certain state of facts, it will adhere to and apply to all future cases where the facts are substantially the same.

Answer 16

Principle of Stare Decises

Question 17

is the means, sanctioned by the Rules of Court, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact

Answer 17

Evidence

Question 18

If the means employed to prove a fact is medical in nature, then it becomes a ___

Answer 18

Medical Evidence

Question 19

is an evidence made known or addressed to the senses of the court. It is not limited to that which is known through the sense of vision but is extended to what the sense of hearing, taste, smell and touch is perceived.

Answer 19

Autoptic Evidence also known as Real, Object or Physical Evidence

Question 20

A physician may be commanded to appear before a court to give his testimony. While in the witnessstand, he is obliged to answer questions propounded by counsel and presiding officer of the court. Histestimony must be given orally and under oath or affirmation.

Answer 20

Testimonial Evidence

Question 21

are those not proceeding from the personal knowledge of the witness but from mere repetition of what he has heard to others. It is a, “second hand” evidence which rest mainly on the veracity and competence of its source

Answer 21

Hearsay evidence

Question 22

A physician on account of his training andexperience can give his opinion on a set ofmedical facts. He can deduce or infer something, determine the cause of death, or render opinion pertinent to the issue andmedical nature.

Answer 22

Expert Witness

Question 23

A physician who testifies in court on matters perceived from his patient in the course of physician-patient relationship

Answer 23

Ordinary Witness

Question 24

A medical witness may be allowed by the court to confirm his allegation or as a corroborated proof to an opinion he previously stated in full view of the court.

Answer 24

Experimental Evidence

Question 25

“In full view of the court” not necessary mean that the experimentation must be conducted in court,this means that the conduct of experiment should be with the presence of the ___

Answer 25

Judge

Question 26

is an instrument on which is recorded by means of letters, figures, or marks intended to be used for the purpose of recording that matter which may be evidentially used. The term applies to writings, to words printed, lithographed or photographed; to seals, plates or stones on which inscriptions are cut or engraved;to photographs and pictures; to maps or plans

Answer 26

Document

Question 27

Written evidence presented to the court by the expert witness about the subject matter in dispute.

Answer 27

Documentary Evidence

Question 28

What are the examples of Medical Documentary Evidence?

Answer 28

i. Medical Examination Reportii. Physical Examination Reportiii. Necropsy/ autopsy Reportiv. Laboratory Reportv. Exhumation Reportvi. Birth Certificatevii. Death Certificate

Question 29

this refers to the testimony of a physician on account of his training and expertise can give his own opinion on a set of medical facts.

Answer 29

Medical Expert Opinion

Question 30

the testimony of a witness taken upon oral question or written interrogatories, not in open court,but in pursuance of a commission to take testimony issued by a court, or under a general law or court rule on thesubject, and reduced to writing and duly authenticated, and intended to be used in preparation and upon the trialof a civil action or criminal prosecution

Answer 30

Deposition

Question 31

is the recognition of an individuals determine, by characteristics which distinguish that individual from all others.

Answer 31

Identification

Question 32

Importance of Identification of Person

Answer 32

1. To establish the identity of the offender and that of the victim in the prosecution of the criminal offenseotherwise it will be a ground for the dismissal of the charge or acquittal of the accused.2. To identify a person missing or presumed dead in order to facilitate the settlement of the estate, retirement,insurance, and other social benefits. It vests on the heirs the right over the properties of the identifiedperson.

Question 33

Rules in Personal Identification

Answer 33

The greater the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of two persons compared, the greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct.The value of different points of identification varies in the formulation of conclusion. It is known as the Law of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification.

Question 34

Methods of Identification

Answer 34

By comparisonBy exclusion

Question 35

Identification criteria recovered during investigation are compared with records available in the file, or postmortem finding are compared with ante-mortem records.

Answer 35

by comparison

Question 36

Characteristics which may easily be changed

Answer 36

Growth of hair, beard or mustacheClothingFrequent place of visitGrade of professionBody ornamentations

Question 37

If two or more persons have identified and all but one is not yet identified, then the one whose identity has not been established may be known by the process of elimination.

Answer 37

by exclusion

Question 38

Characteristics that may not easily be changed

Answer 38

Mental memorySpeechGait

Question 39

This may easily be shaved or grown within a short time. Arrangement may be changed artificial hair may be worn or ornamentation may be placed to change its natural condition.

Answer 39

Growth of hair, beard or mustache

Question 40

A person may have special preference for certain form, texture, or style.

Answer 40

Clothing

Question 41

A person may have a special desire or habit to be in a place if ever he has the opportunity to do so.

Answer 41

Frequent place of visit

Question 42

A medical student of the upper clinical year may be recognized by the stethoscope, a graduate or student nurse by her cap, a mechanic by his tools, a clergyman by his robe, etc. A change of grade, trade, vocation or profession may be resorted to as a means of concealing identity.

Answer 42

Grade of profession

Question 43

Earrings, necklaces, rings, pins, etc. ^-^usually worn by persons may be points to identify a person from the rest.

Answer 43

Body ornamentations

Question 44

A recollection of time, place and events may be a clue in identification. Remembering names, faces and subjects of common interest may be initiated during interview to see how knowledgeable a person is.

Answer 44

Mental memory

Question 45

A person may stammer, stutter or lisp. However, if the manner of talking is due to some physical defects, like harelip and cleft palate, that have been corrected by surgery, there may be a change in his manner of speech.

Answer 45

Speech

Question 46

It refers to the manner of walking and it may show in some person on account of disease or some inborn traits.

Answer 46

Gait

Question 47

Forms of Gait

Answer 47

Ataxic gaitCerebellar gaitCow's gaittParetic gaitSpastic gaitFestinating gaitFrog gaitWaddling gait

Question 48

A gait associated with staggering movement is seen in cerebellar diseases.

Answer 48

Cerebellar gait

Question 49

A swaying movement due to knock-knee

Answer 49

Cow's gait

Question 50

Gait in which the steps are short, the feet are dragged, and the legs are held more or less widely apart.

Answer 50

Paretic gait

Question 51

A gait in which the legs are held together and move in a stiff manner and the toes dragged.

Answer 51

Spastic gait

Question 52

Involuntary movement in short accelerating steps.

Answer 52

Festinating gait

Question 53

A hopping gait resulting from infantile paralysis.

Answer 53

Frog gait

Question 54

Exaggerated alternation of lateral trunk movement similar to the movement of the duck.

Answer 54

Waddling gait

Question 55

Expresses the path of the individual.

Answer 55

Direction line

Question 56

The straight line connecting the center of the succeeding steps. It is more or less in zigzag fashion especially when the legs are far apart while walking. Stout, elderly people and those who want stability while walking have a more zigzag gait line.

Answer 56

Gait line

Question 57

The longitudinal line drawn on each foot mark. There may be a difference in the foot line of the left and right foot.

Answer 57

Foot line

Question 58

The angle formed by the foot line and the direction line. In normal walking the foot angle is very characteristic of a person and cannot be altered immediately. However, it may be alteredwhen a person is running, carrying a heavy weight or moving on a rugged terrain.

Answer 58

Foot angle

Question 59

The angle between the two succeeding foot angles.

Answer 59

Principal angle

Question 60

When the distance between the center points in two successive heel prints of the two feet exceeds 40 inches, there is a strong presumption that the person is running.

Answer 60

Length of step

Question 61

The distance between the outer contours of two succeeding foot marks or steps. The more apart the legs are while walking, the greater is the ____

Answer 61

Breadth of step

Question 62

___ is considered to be the most valuable method of identification. It is universally used because

Answer 62

Fingerprinting1. There are no two identical fingerprints2. Fingerprints are not changeable

Question 63

Scientific Methods Of Identification

Answer 63

FingerprintingDental identificationIdentification of skeletonIdentification of Blood and Blood Stains

Question 64

is the application of dental science to legal investigations, primarily involving the identification of the offender by comparing dental records to a bite mark left on the victim or at the scene, or identification of human remains based on dental records.

Answer 64

Forensic odontology

Question 65

It is the termination of life. It is the complete cessation of all the vital functions without possibility of resuscitation. It is an irreversible loss of the properties of living matter.

Answer 65

Death

Question 66

This is the state of the body in which there is complete, persistent and continuous cessation of the vital functions of the brain, heart and lungs which maintain life and health. It occurs the moment aphysician or the other members of the family declare a person has expired, and some of the early signs of death are present. It is hardly possible to determine the exact time of death.

Answer 66

Somatic Death or Clinical Death

Question 67

Somatic or Clinical Types of Death

Answer 67

Sociological DeathPsychic DeathBiologic DeathPhysiologic Death

Question 68

After cessation of the vital functions of the body there is still animal life among individual cells. After somatic death occurs there is death of all individual cells like nerve and brain cells within the body.

Answer 68

Molecular or Cellular Death

Question 69

This condition is not really death but merely a transient loss of the vital functions of the body on account of disease, external stimulus, or other forms of influence. It may arise especially hysteria, uremia, catalepsy, and electric shock.

Answer 69

Apparent Death or State of Suspended Animation

Question 70

Kinds of Death

Answer 70

Somatic Death or Clinical DeathMolecular or Cellular DeathApparent Death or State of Suspended Animation

Question 71

Methods of Detecting the Cessation of Heart Action and Circulation

Answer 71

Examination of the HeartExamination of the Peripheral Circulation

Question 72

The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart is audible through the stethoscope. Heart sound can be audible during life even without the aid of a stethoscope by placing the ear at the precordial area.

Answer 72

Auscultation for the Heart Sound at the Precordial Area

Question 73

Pulsation of the peripheral blood vessels may be made at the region of the wrist or at the neck. The pulsation of the vessels is synchronous with the heartbeat. Occasionally the pulsation is very imperceptible and irregular that the examiner experiences much difficulty.

Answer 73

Palpation of the Pulse

Question 74

reveal the shadow of the heart in its rhythmic contraction andrelaxation. The shadow may be enlarged, and the excursion made less visible due to pericardial effusion.

Answer 74

Fluoroscopic Examination

Question 75

Examination of the Peripheral Circulation

Answer 75

Magnus’ TestOpening of Small ArteryIcard's TestPressure on the FingernailsDiaphanous TestPalpation of the Radial Pulse with Fingers

Question 76

Methods of Detecting Cessation of Respiration

Answer 76

Expose the chest and abdomen and observe the movement during inspiration and expiration. Examine the person with the aid of a stethoscope which is placed at the base of the anterior aspect of the neck and hear sound of the current of air passing through the trachea during each phase of respiration. Mirror TestExamination with a Glass of WaterWinslow's Test

Question 77

The progressive fall of the body temperature is one of the most prominent signs of death. After death, the metabolic process inside the body ceases. Heat production in the body stops and its temperature is lowered gradually to that of the surroundings. The rate of cooling of the body is not uniform. It is rapid during the first two hours after death and as the temperature of the body gradually approaches the temperature of the surroundings, the rate becomes slower.

Answer 77

Algor Mortis or Cooling of the Body

Question 78

The heartbeat is accompanied by the passage of electricalcharge through the impulse conducting system of the heart which may be recorded in an _____ machine. The ______will record the heart beat even if it is too weak to be heard by auscultation. This is the best method of determining heart action but quite impractical.

Answer 78

By the Use of Electrocardiograph

Question 79

After death, there is complete relaxation of the whole muscular system. The entire muscular system is contractile for three to six hours after death, and later rigidity sets in. Secondary relaxation of the muscles will appear just when decomposition has set in.

Answer 79

Changes in the Muscle

Question 80

The Entire Muscular Tissue Passes Three Stages After Death, namely;

Answer 80

Stage of Primary Flaccidity ((post-mortem muscular irritability)Stage of post-mortem rigidityStage of Secondary Flaccidity or Secondary Relaxation

Question 81

Conditions Simulating Rigor Mortis

Answer 81

Heat StiffeningCold StiffeningCadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous Rigor

Question 82

It is the stage of muscular change upon death characterized the relaxation of muscles and loss of their natural tone, so the jaw or head drops down, the thorax collapses and the limbs becomes flaccid and the splinters relax. This is the reason why the dead person may still urinate, defecate or excrete waste product of metabolism through pores on the skin. When muscles are subjected to mechanical or electrical stimuli, the muscles will contract owing to the presence of life of the individual cells. This stage lasts for 3-4 hours after death.

Answer 82

Stage of Primary Flaccidity ((post-mortem muscular irritability)

Question 83

It is the stiffening of the muscle of the body after death due to chemical changes within the muscle tissue itself. It develops first in the face and jaws (smaller muscles). The rigidity gradually extends downward involving the neck, chest, arms, abdomen and finally the legs and feet. It begins to leave the body and it disappears in the same order that it made its onset, First. The face and neck will again become flaccid and then the other portions of the body will become limp in the same order that the rigiditydeveloped. In warm countries, this stage sets in from 2-3 hours after death. It is fully developed in the body after 12 hrs. It may last from 18 – 36 hours and its disappearance is concomitant with the onset of putrefaction.

Answer 83

Stage of post-mortem rigidityPost-mortem rigidity is also known as “Rigor Mortis”.

Question 84

A muscular change characterized by the softness and flaccidity of the muscles in which no longer responses to electrical or mechanical stimuli due to dissolution of the muscle protein that have been previously coagulated during the stage of rigor mortis. This stage is onset of putrefaction

Answer 84

Stage of Secondary Flaccidity or Secondary Relaxation

Question 85

A condition characterized by hardening of the muscles due to coagulation of muscle proteins when the dead body is exposed to intense heat as by burning or immersion in a hot liquid.

Answer 85

Heat Stiffening

Question 86

The stiffening of the body may be manifested when the body is frozen, but exposure to warm condition will make such stiffening disappear.

Answer 86

Cold Stiffening

Question 87

It is the instant stiffening of a certain group of muscles which occurs immediately at the moment of death, although its cause is unknown, it is associated with violent death due to extreme nervous tension and injury to the central nervous system. The findings of weapon, hair, pieces of clothing, weeds on the palms of the hands and firmly grasped is a very important medico-legal point in the determination whether it is a case of suicide, murder or homicide. The presence of weeds held by the hands of a person found in water shows that the victim was alive before disposal.

Answer 87

Cadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous Rigor

Question 88

It is a purplish discoloration of the body that occurs on those parts of the body which are nearest the floor. This discoloration is caused by the settling of the blood by gravity into those areas. During life the blood is under pressure and circulating. After death, the pressure falls to zero and the blood begins to settle by gravity so that no matter what the position the body may be in those positions of the body which are lowest will be the areas the blood will settle. Under most conditions this discoloration will begin to be apparent from one to two hours after death.

Answer 88

Post-mortem LividityTake Note: Post Mortem Lividity is also known as Cadaveric Lividity, Post-mortem Suggillation, Post-mortemHypostasis or Livor Mortis

Question 89

Types of Post Mortem Lividity

Answer 89

Hypostatic LividityDiffusion Lividity

Question 90

The blood merely gravitates into the most dependent portions of the body but still inside the blood vessels and still fluid in form. Any change of position of the body leads to the formation of the lividity in another place. This occurs during the early stage of its formation.

Answer 90

Hypostatic Lividity

Question 91

This appears during the later stage of its formation when the blood has coagulated inside the blood vessels or has diffused into the tissues of the body. Any change of position will not change the location of the lividity.

Answer 91

Diffusion Lividity

Question 92

is the breaking down of the complex proteins into simpler components associated with the evolution of foul smelling gasses and accompanied by the change of color of the body.

Answer 92

Putrefaction of the Body

Question 93

is the complete dehydration of all body tissue which results in the shivering and preservation of the body

Answer 93

Mummification

Question 94

Kinds of mummification

Answer 94

Natural MummificationArtificial Mummification

Question 95

This is a condition wherein the fatty tissues of the body are transformed to soft brownish-white substance known as adipocere. The layer of subcutaneous tissue is the frequent site of its formation.

Answer 95

Saponification or Adipocere FormationAdipocere is a soapy or waxy material, rancid in smell, dissolves in alcohol and ether when burnedproduces yellow flame.

Question 96

The first medical textbook was printed or published including the pertinent instructions related to medico-legal practices.

Answer 96

1858

Question 97

Legal medicine was included in the curriculum of College of Medicine in UST

Answer 97

1871

Question 98

Medico-legal laboratory was established in the City of Manila

Answer 98

1895

Question 99

Legal medicine was taught in all medical school in the PH

Answer 99

1908

Question 100

The Department of Legal Medicine and Ethics of UP was created under Dr. Sixto delos Angeles as Chief

Answer 100

1914

Question 101

After liberation of Manila, Criminal Investigation Laboratory Division was created under Dr. Mariano Lara as Chief Medico-legal officer.

Answer 101

1945