Deck no. 15 Flashcards
1
Q
łagodzić (sytuację), zażegnać (kryzys)
A
to defuse
That is because, left to themselves, countries drift into antagonism. Witness the fatal clash of Indian and Chinese forces this week over a border dispute both sides are too proud to defuse.
2
Q
acute
A
poważny (np. o problemie)
But it showed with devastating clarity how tech firms struggle to bridge the digital chasm between China and America. This poses an acute business risk for Zoom.
3
Q
głupkowaty
A
dopey
Over the past decade PE lending has shifted away from dopey, distracted banks towards specialist private-credit firms.
4
Q
wrangling
A
tu: użeranie się z czymś; inne: walka, kłótnia
Data-wrangling of various sorts takes up about 80% of the time consumed in a typical ai project, says Cognilytica.
5
Q
zatem
A
by extension
In using the term Logos, the Pope situates Christianity and, by extension, the European culture which grew up under its influence, in the tradition of Greek philosophy.
6
Q
utterance
A
wypowiedź
With the knowledge that money in America is based on debt, it should not come as a surprise to learn that the Federal Reserve System is not the least interested in seeing a reduction in debt in this country, regardless of public utterances to the contrary.
7
Q
podróż samolotem w nocy
A
redeye
I booked the 9p.m. to San Francisco and the redeye home.
8
Q
to factor something in
A
wziąć coś pod uwagę
But most analysts so far don’t seem to be factoring in a delay.
9
Q
to demote
A
degradować (pracownika)
Facebook has deployed a multipronged strategy that includes removing fake accounts and eliminating or demoting inauthentic behavior.
10
Q
sporo; niemało
A
quite a few
You’re going to have winners and losers, and quite a few losers, says Aurelie L’Hostis, fintech analyst at Forrester Research.
11
Q
iść zgodnie z planem
A
to go to plan
Many of the region’s consumers tend to browse online then buy offline. Meanwhile, things in emerging markets are not going to plan.
12
Q
Tinseltown
A
Hollywood
Netflix’s story has had a Tinseltown quality to it since its founding in 1997.
13
Q
termin określający grupę działającą wewnątrz dużej organizacji, w dużym stopniu autonomiczną, nieskrępowaną przez procesy biurokratyczne, pracującą nad zaawansowanymi lub tajnymi projektami
A
skunk-works
A leading engineer inside Amazon’s Grand Challenge team, a secretive skunk-works unit working on ambitious projects, says morale is rock-bottom. He plans to leave.
14
Q
on the cusp of something
A
na progu czegoś (np. dorosłego życia), na przełomie czegoś (np. lat)
On the cusp of a stock-option grant that promises to make him nearly $1 billion richer, at least on paper, Elon Musk made a surprising announcement.
15
Q
potężny
A
grandiose
It is running up against limits of one kind or another, and has failed to deliver on some of its proponents’ more grandiose promises.
16
Q
krótkotrwały
A
transient
Apple’s fortunes also give Washington politicians a good reason to think twice before escalating conflicts for transient political, rather than long-term strategic, gains.
17
Q
wniosek
A
inference
Humans can try to forbid such inferences, says Fabrice Ciais, who runs pwc’s machine-learning team in Britain (and Amazon tried to do exactly that).
18
Q
daremny trud
A
fool’s errand
To many of us, a natural life is something we can just make out in the rear-view mirror—and ought to go back and embrace. But it’s a fool’s errand.
19
Q
buoyant
A
zwyżkujący, rosnący, prężny (np. zyski, gospodarka)
Mr Bezos, who has added $54bn to his net worth thanks to his company’s buoyant share price while low-paid warehouse workers toil through the pandemic, “needs to lean over backwards to make sure workers are properly treated”, cautions a leading Silicon Valley venture capitalist.
20
Q
nieznośny, potworny (np. ból)
A
excruciating
Day 2, which Mr Bezos characterises as Stasis. Followed by irrelevance. Followed by excruciating, painful decline, has not yet dawned. But it is well past noon on Day 1.
21
Q
underwhelmed
A
zawiedziony, zniechęcony, niewzruszony
But new phone features— like Wind Down Mode to help you get to sleep on time, and a watch that scolds you if you don’t wash your hands long enough—leave me underwhelmed.
22
Q
szokujący
A
staggering
If all the bank loans were paid, no one could have a bank deposit, and there would not be a dollar of coin or currency in circulation. This is a staggering thought.
23
Q
domain
A
dziedzina
In medical diagnostics, for instance, amateur data-labellers can be trained to become almost as good as doctors at recognising things like fractures and tumours. But some amount of what AI researchers call domain expertise is vital.
24
Q
to scramble
A
walczyć rozpaczliwie
Milan, Paris or New York this time of year would usually be teeming with fashionistas scrambling to get from the Balenciaga show to the Chanel party.
25
narzędzie, przyrząd
implement
ln spite of all the broken **implements** of war that had piled up in its courtyard, there were still vines growing around the doors and windows in the stucco façade of a building that was typically European, typically French.
26
meticulously
drobiazgowo, skrupulatnie
All this might appear to fit the script Mr Bezos has written over the years in his letters to shareholders, which are now pored over by investors as **meticulously** as those of Mr Buffett.
27
glittering
świetlany (np. kariera, przyszłość)
They have slowly picked up as Asia, then Europe and America, started reopening. Even so, the outlook for the luxury world is far from **glittering**.
28
lookalike
sobotwór; wierna kopia
If you create a stockmarket clone of Amazon **lookalikes**, including Shopify, Netflix and ups, it has outperformed Amazon this year.
29
sygnał ostrzegawczy
red flag
*(raise a red flag = budzić wątpliwości)*
In those cases, too, Deutsche Bank failed to act on clear **red flags**, which resulted in those banks being able to transfer funds, including to the U.S.
30
spłacić dług
to clear a debt
Anticipation of the need to **clear this debt** creates a demand for the pure fiat dollar.
31
wspólnie z kimś
in concert with somebody
Two simulated future trade-war games conducted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies in early 2019 found that some of the most effective bargaining strategies with China involved threats to cut off technology exports—especially **in concert with** allies.
32
debt-laden
zadłużony
Their **debt-laden** parents may be forced once more to license shows to Netflix. Disney, its most formidable nemesis, will lack the financial muscle to kill it off completely.
33
rzucić się na kogoś
to pounce
For years PE barons have boasted of their huge piles of dry powder, which, if spent in a downturn, might generate outsized returns. Now it is time to **pounce**.
34
to pinch
podwędzić, zakosić, rąbnąć, buchnąć
Anti-Amazon feeling grew stronger in April, after the Wall Street Journal reported that Amazon employees used data on third-party sellers to **pinch** ideas for the private-label business.
35
to teem with something
to roić się od czegoś, obfitować w coś
Bars were **teeming with** locals and tourists sipping Guinness to live music, while the Irish National Opera was performing Engelbert Humperdinck’s Hansel and Gretel, at the nearby Abbey Theatre.
36
świetlany (np. kariera, przyszłość)
glittering
They have slowly picked up as Asia, then Europe and America, started reopening. Even so, the outlook for the luxury world is far from **glittering**.
37
zniszczyć; ugasić
to extinguish
Since this amount is classified as interest, it is not **extinguished** as is the larger portion which is a return of the loan itself.
38
grace period
prolongata, karencja (okres zwolnienia z płacenia np. podatków)
The Economy Ministry said it would instead use a 30-day **grace period** on about $500 million in interest payments for three foreign bonds as it continues to seek a sustainable debt profile with creditors.
39
scripture
święta księga
The marriage of Hebrew **scripture** and Greek philosophy that begat Christianity and subsequently Europe is not mere coincidence, nor is Greek philosophy some adulteration of an otherwise pure Gospel.
40
to wage war on somebody
prowadzić wojnę przeciwko komuś
In the instance of the Regensburg speech, the outrage surrounding the Manuel II Paleologos quote achieved two ends: first, it strengthened the neoconservative hold over the Catholic mind by giving the impression that Muslims were fanatics determined to **wage jihad** against both the pope and the Church (the Muslim/Catholic alliance against abortion, which I personally witnessed at the World Population Conference in Cairo in 1994, gave the opposite impression), and secondly, it obscured the real topic of the talk, which was Logos and the central role it plays in both Europe and the Church.
41
to wage
prowadzić (np. wojnę przeciwko czemuś)
Fintech is prone to the same risks that the financial sector faces and the technology brings its own new risks, says Stasys Jakeliunas, a Lithuanian MEP who has **waged** a political campaign against Revolut.
42
złożony, o wielu aspektach
multi-faceted
Former officials, analysts and investors warn that risks appear to have migrated from the banks into a sprawling, **multi-faceted** investment industry which has grown tremendously over the past decade, partly by stepping into the void left by banks.
43
to pick up
poprawiać się, polepszać się (o sytuacji)
They have slowly **picked up** as Asia, then Europe and America, started reopening. Even so, the outlook for the luxury world is far from glittering.
44
redeye
podróż samolotem w nocy
I booked the 9p.m. to San Francisco and the **redeye** home.
45
zarwać noc
to pull an all-nighter
No investment banker worth his salt shows up with-out a spiral-bound pitch book put together by lowly associates **pulling all-nighters**, with strategy ideas and suggested transactions (investment bankers’ payday!) to solve the company’s future problems.
46
goodwill
reputacja, renoma firmy
Americans’ reliance on the company and the **goodwill** it has generated with consumers may help it, says an antitrust expert close to Congress.
47
strong
określenie ilości lub liczby osób
BA has announced plans to cut up to 30 per cent of its 42,000-**strong** workforce, while Ryanair is looking at axing 15 per cent.
48
suffocating
duszny; duszący
lt was a **suffocatingly** hot day in June of 1918, and the Wandsbeker Hussars were now quartered in a French village on the Soissons-Rheims Line that had lost its strategic significance.
49
to kowtow
kłaniać się w pas
The dangers of **kowtowing** to China.
50
fiasko, plajta
fizzle
That early optimism had **fizzled** by the 1970s.
51
to go to plan
iść zgodnie z planem
Many of the region’s consumers tend to browse online then buy offline. Meanwhile, things in emerging markets are not **going to plan**.
52
red flag
sygnał ostrzegawczy
*(raise a red flag = budzić wątpliwości)*
In those cases, too, Deutsche Bank failed to act on clear **red flags**, which resulted in those banks being able to transfer funds, including to the U.S.
53
fervently
żarliwie
These and similar developments are the private functional equivalent of China’s social-credit ratings, which critics in the West so **fervently** decry.
54
comprehensive
kompleksowy
It is hard to use ai to monitor covid-19 transmission without a **comprehensive** database of everyone’s movements, for instance.
55
second-best
namiastka; byle co; gorsza opcja
Sometimes, however, the world must work without America even if that is **second-best**.
56
zająć się kimś; zacząć konkurować
to take on
Storonsky’s ambitions have grown exponentially since his first interview with the FT in May 2016, when he talked about **taking on** supermarkets and the UK Post Office to win a foothold in the market for foreign exchange services.
57
insurgent
buntownik; zbuntowany; powstaniec
Yet Revolut’s transformation from **insurgent** start-up to global financial services player has been bumpy – and is far from complete.
58
loose-lipped
niepotrafiący trzymać języka za zębami, niepotrafiący dochować tajemnicy
Storonsky tends to avoid the gossip traded by other executives in London’s **loose-lipped** fintech industry, although he enjoys an intensive debate on the future of banking.
59
podział (np. w zespole), czynnik mogący spowodować rozłam
faultline
The country’s **faultlines** are familiar for Europe.
60
to pull the plug
odciąć fundusze, zaprzestać finansowania
The strange nature of the recession may mean PE managers are unwilling to **pull the plug** as activity is likely to resume after the shutdown.
61
robić coś szybko (i niedokładnie)
to bang out
Meanwhile, Netflix will try to entrench its global lead, not least by **banging out** more international smash hits like Money Heist. When El Profesor declares, prophetically, We are the Resistance, he could be channelling Mr Hastings.
62
stature
renoma, pozycja (społeczna), ranga
China’s **stature** is growing along with its contributions—it now pays 12% of the un budget compared with 1% in 2000.
63
to dilute
rozcieńczać
China’s economy is simply too large and too well integrated into global trade networks. Chinese exports end up elsewhere, **diluting** tariffs’ impact.
64
to dispatch
wysyłać
Even in its early, dvd-**dispatching** days Netflix won its subscribers’ hearts and minds—and so their wallets—with plentiful content and great customer service.
65
multi-faceted
złożony, o wielu aspektach
Former officials, analysts and investors warn that risks appear to have migrated from the banks into a sprawling, **multi-faceted** investment industry which has grown tremendously over the past decade, partly by stepping into the void left by banks.
66
poważny (np. o problemie)
acute
But it showed with devastating clarity how tech firms struggle to bridge the digital chasm between China and America. This poses an **acute** business risk for Zoom.
67
podwędzić, zakosić, rąbnąć, buchnąć
to pinch
Anti-Amazon feeling grew stronger in April, after the Wall Street Journal reported that Amazon employees used data on third-party sellers to **pinch** ideas for the private-label business.
68
determinacja
resolve
CSIS also found that signaling U.S. **resolve** to absorb and offset the cost of a prolonged economic conflict was critical.
69
analiza (celem ustalenia skutków niepowodzenia), badanie powypadkowe; sekcja zwłok
post mortem
The **post mortem** revealed a circular, self-reinforcing problem. The system had been trained on the CVs of previous successful applicants to the firm.
70
idiot savant
genialny głupiec
The result is an artificial **idiot savant** that can excel at well-bounded tasks, but can get things very wrong if faced with unexpected input.
71
fatalista, osoba przewidująca katastrofy
doom-monger
Existential worries about clever computers making radiologists or lorry drivers obsolete—let alone, as some **doom-mongers** suggest, posing a threat to humanity’s survival—seem overblown.
72
to sunder
rozdzielać na kawałki
Elizabeth Warren, a Democratic senator and scourge of big tech, has proposed **sundering** Amazon’s private-label business—which produces goods for sale on the site—from that of third-party sellers on its platform.
73
błędne przekonanie, błędne rozumowanie; błąd logiczny
fallacy
It is true that there is not enough money created to include the interest, but it is a **fallacy** that the only way to pay it back is to borrow still more.
74
wypowiedź
utterance
With the knowledge that money in America is based on debt, it should not come as a surprise to learn that the Federal Reserve System is not the least interested in seeing a reduction in debt in this country, regardless of public **utterances** to the contrary.
75
mieć całkowitą kontrolę nad czymś, zdawać sobie z czegoś sprawę, być na bieżąco z czymś
to stay on top of something
Yet the majority of Storonsky’s critics are more concerned that Revolut has simply grown too fast to **stay on top of** the complexity of running a global financial services platform.
76
spełniający wymagania; odpowiedni
eligible
This past week, he became **eligible** for the first of 12 tranches of the stock options because Tesla’s market value had remained above $100 billion for a specified amount of time.
77
quite a few
sporo; niemało
You’re going to have winners and losers, and **quite a few** losers, says Aurelie L’Hostis, fintech analyst at Forrester Research.
78
to be here to stay
zostać na zawsze; zadomowić się na dobre
The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago adds: Debt—public and private—**is here to stay**. It plays an essential role in economic processes. What is required is not the abolition of debt, but its prudent use and intelligent management.
79
umiejętność rządzenia krajem
statecraft
Is it even possible to effectively influence such a dominant trading power through economic **statecraft**?
80
to kill off something
wybić coś, wytłuc coś, wytępić coś
Their debt-laden parents may be forced once more to license shows to Netflix. Disney, its most formidable nemesis, will lack the financial muscle to **kill it off** completely.
81
zawiedziony, zniechęcony, niewzruszony
underwhelmed
But new phone features— like Wind Down Mode to help you get to sleep on time, and a watch that scolds you if you don’t wash your hands long enough—leave me **underwhelmed**.
82
to extinguish
zniszczyć; ugasić
Since this amount is classified as interest, it is not **extinguished** as is the larger portion which is a return of the loan itself.
83
docile
uległy
Unlike Christianity, Islam is not **docile** to Logos, nor for that matter is Islam's God; God's will is arbitrary, inscrutable.
84
skłonność
propensity
Behind the scenes, and unbeknownst to most Americans, data brokers have developed algorithmic scores for each one of us—scores that rate us on reliability, **propensity** to repay loans, and likelihood to commit a crime.
85
interchangeable
wymienny; zamienny
With the exception of JPMorgan, which is inextricably linked to Jamie Dimon, its charismatic and long-serving chief executive, most lenders style themselves as institutions in which high-ranking executives are **interchangeable** cogs in a larger machine.
86
pozbyć się (nieform)
to unload
In emails Thursday, he told The Wall Street Journal that he also plans to **unload** four other houses in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Bel-Air.
87
zmuszać
to impel
If they hesitate, they will risk a great unravelling—much like the nightmare in the 1920s and 1930s that first **impelled** the allies to create the unand its siblings.
88
ground zero
strefa zero
*the point on the earth's surface directly above or below an exploding nuclear bomba starting point or base for an activity*
That is quite a run for a company that makes the bulk of its money selling gadgets produced in the global pandemic’s **ground zero**.
89
nie zostać zrozumianym lub zauważonym przez kogoś
to be lost on somebody
The risk of Amazon’s labour practices inviting more regulatory scrutiny—and, possibly worse, alienating brainboxes—is not **lost on** investors.
90
dominować
to bestride
No firm **bestride**s the physical and digital worlds in the way Amazon does.
91
ożywić
to exhilarate
Think instead of the bearded El Profesor and the other rogues who populate Money Heist, the streaming firm’s **exhilarating** Spanish-language crime drama about stealing €2.4bn ($2.6bn) from the national mint in Madrid.
92
w siódmym niebie
over the moon
Wall Street is so **over the moon** about Apple Inc.’s next iPhone that few seem to care when it will actually arrive.
93
dziedzina
domain
In medical diagnostics, for instance, amateur data-labellers can be trained to become almost as good as doctors at recognising things like fractures and tumours. But some amount of what AI researchers call **domain** expertise is vital.
94
rump of something
niedobitki czegoś
If the e-commerce **rump** were to inherit a hefty chunk of the company’s $59bn cash pile it might be able to keep spending—but not for long, at its recent rates.
95
osoba siejąca panikę
scaremonger
He said his family background was irrelevant, denied any suggestion Revolut was funded by the Kremlin and cautioned that **scaremongering** campaigns could deter foreign investment.
96
lowly
podrzędny, o niskim statusie i znaczeniu, mało znaczący
No investment banker worth his salt shows up with-out a spiral-bound pitch book put together by **lowly** associates pulling all-nighters, with strategy ideas and suggested transactions (investment bankers’ payday!) to solve the company’s future problems.
97
staggering
szokujący
If all the bank loans were paid, no one could have a bank deposit, and there would not be a dollar of coin or currency in circulation. This is a **staggering** thought.
98
zaledwie
mere
Trends once expected to play out over a decade may unfold in **mere** quarters.
99
ciężar, obciążenie, przeszkoda (coś lub ktoś, kto nas powstrzymuje)
drag
AWS has the resources to defend its market-leading position. But in the cloud wars any handicap could cost it dearly. Its parent may be becoming one such **drag**.
100
puny
mizerny
As a result, returns excluding aws are **puny** and the pandemic is squeezing margins in e-commerce further.
101
general-purpose
uniwersalny
As Mr Pichai’s comparison with electricity and fire suggests, machine learning is a **general-purpose** technology—one capable of affecting entire economies.
102
to obviate
zażegnać
An aws spinoff, if it occurred, might **obviate** the need for drastic antitrust action.
103
unwary
nieostrożny
Even when data do exist, they can contain hidden assumptions that can trip the **unwary**.
104
to pertain to something
dotyczyć czegoś
Surveying the field of medical ai in 2019, Eric Topol, a cardiologist and AI enthusiast, wrote that the state of ai hype has far exceeded the state of AI science, especially when it **pertains to** validation and readiness for implementation in patient care.
105
stały klient; mecenas; sponsor
patron
Some bars and restaurants now run background checks on their **patrons** to see whether they’re likely to pay their tab or cause trouble.
106
ślęczeć nad czymś, studiować coś uważnie (np. mapę)
to pore over something
All this might appear to fit the script Mr Bezos has written over the years in his letters to shareholders, which are now **pored over** by investors as meticulously as those of Mr Buffett.
107
transient
krótkotrwały
Apple’s fortunes also give Washington politicians a good reason to think twice before escalating conflicts for **transient** political, rather than long-term strategic, gains.
108
slingshot
proca
Apple has become IBM, it’s become AT&T—a vertical giant waiting for a future David to come along with a horizontal **slingshot**.
109
tradycyjne metody
shoe leather
Contact tracing has been done with **shoe leather** and telephone calls.
110
w ogóle, absolutnie, zupełnie
whatsoever
The first fact that needs to be considered is that our money today has no gold or silver behind it **whatsoever**.
111
zadłużony
debt-laden
Their **debt-laden** parents may be forced once more to license shows to Netflix. Disney, its most formidable nemesis, will lack the financial muscle to kill it off completely.
112
przewaga liczebna, przewaga
preponderance
The problem may reflect a **preponderance** of white faces in their training data.
113
to trip
podstawić nogę; podciąć kogoś
Even when data do exist, they can contain hidden assumptions that can **trip** the unwary.
114
unremittingly
bezustannie
Letting go of aws would mark by far the most dramatic reorganisation in Amazon’s **unremittingly** accretive history.
115
drag
ciężar, obciążenie, przeszkoda (coś lub ktoś, kto nas powstrzymuje)
AWS has the resources to defend its market-leading position. But in the cloud wars any handicap could cost it dearly. Its parent may be becoming one such **drag**.
116
osboba uczęszczająca, osoba bywająca gdzieś
goer
After an hour of chat, the RevRally-**goers** in Dublin took their seats to hear presentations from company executives.
117
post mortem
analiza (celem ustalenia skutków niepowodzenia), badanie powypadkowe; sekcja zwłok
The **post mortem** revealed a circular, self-reinforcing problem. The system had been trained on the CVs of previous successful applicants to the firm.
118
lifeblood
fundament, siła napędowa
In theory, the world is awash with data, the **lifeblood** of modern AI.
119
to pounce
rzucić się na kogoś
For years PE barons have boasted of their huge piles of dry powder, which, if spent in a downturn, might generate outsized returns. Now it is time to **pounce**.
120
namiastka; byle co; gorsza opcja
second-best
Sometimes, however, the world must work without America even if that is **second-best**.
121
to stir up
powodować (problemy), prowokować coś
Not only did that provoke a backlash abroad, exploited by Russia and China, but it also **stirred up** resentment at home.
122
mere
zaledwie
Trends once expected to play out over a decade may unfold in **mere** quarters.
123
fałszerstwo
adulteration
The marriage of Hebrew scripture and Greek philosophy that begat Christianity and subsequently Europe is not mere coincidence, nor is Greek philosophy some **adulteration** of an otherwise pure Gospel.
124
defamation
zniesławienie
Last year, Mr. Musk’s ability to access cash came up again during a **defamation** lawsuit over comments he made about a man involved in the rescue of a Thai soccer team from a flooded cave in 2018. A lawyer in the case said in a filing that Mr. Musk had described himself as financially illiquid.
125
inference
wniosek
Humans can try to forbid such **inferences**, says Fabrice Ciais, who runs pwc’s machine-learning team in Britain (and Amazon tried to do exactly that).
126
fizzle
fiasko, plajta
That early optimism had **fizzled** by the 1970s.
127
furlough
bezpłatny urlop
The company entered the crisis in a more secure position than most of its peers, some of which have already had to sack or **furlough** hundreds of staff.
128
od A do Z
from soup to nuts
IBM was a vertical giant and did everything **from soup to nuts**: chips, hardware, operating system, software, applications, services.
129
brainbox
tęga głowa
The risk of Amazon’s labour practices inviting more regulatory scrutiny—and, possibly worse, alienating **brainboxes**—is not lost on investors.
130
jak coś jest od wszystkiego, to jest od niczego
jack of all trades, master of none
And Amazon’s role as a digital **jack-of-all-trades** creates conflicts of interest.
131
propensity
skłonność
Behind the scenes, and unbeknownst to most Americans, data brokers have developed algorithmic scores for each one of us—scores that rate us on reliability, **propensity** to repay loans, and likelihood to commit a crime.
132
gridlock
zator
One threat is antagonism between America and China, which could create **gridlock** in global bodies, exacerbated by competing parallel financial and security arrangements.
133
turnout
frekwencja
The quarter-century-record **turnout** and the knife-edge result it produced gave evidence to how deeply political and cultural polarization is now felt in Poland.
134
mint
tu: mennica
Think instead of the bearded El Profesor and the other rogues who populate Money Heist, the streaming firm’s exhilarating Spanish-language crime drama about stealing €2.4bn ($2.6bn) from the national **mint** in Madrid.
135
patron
stały klient; mecenas; sponsor
Some bars and restaurants now run background checks on their **patrons** to see whether they’re likely to pay their tab or cause trouble.
136
sobotwór; wierna kopia
lookalike
If you create a stockmarket clone of Amazon **lookalikes**, including Shopify, Netflix and ups, it has outperformed Amazon this year.
137
działać zgodnie z czymś, zastosować się do czegoś (np. do rady), uwzględnić coś
to act on
In those cases, too, Deutsche Bank failed to **act on** clear red flags, which resulted in those banks being able to transfer funds, including to the U.S.
138
niewielki
meagre
Zoom’s relationship with China is complex. The American company has **meagre** sales on the mainland.
139
flight
ucieczka
And courts regularly rely on algorithms to determine a defendant’s **flight** risk, recidivism risk, and more.
140
superior
lepszy, ponadprzeciętny, o wysokiej jakości
The AWS cloud is considered **superior** to the others in terms of reliability and speed.
141
strefa zero
ground zero
*the point on the earth's surface directly above or below an exploding nuclear bomba starting point or base for an activity*
That is quite a run for a company that makes the bulk of its money selling gadgets produced in the global pandemic’s **ground zero**.
142
contentious
kontrowersyjny; kłótliwy
Before Tesla went public, Mr. Musk told a judge during a **contentious** divorce with his first wife that he had run out of cash and had taken on emergency loans from friends to support his family and pay living expenses.
143
stanąć na nogi (po problemach)
to get back on one's feet
Disney is likely to be the first of the covid-stricken media titans to **get back on its feet** when lockdowns end. But right now it is ailing.
144
in concert with somebody
wspólnie z kimś
Two simulated future trade-war games conducted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies in early 2019 found that some of the most effective bargaining strategies with China involved threats to cut off technology exports—especially **in concert with** allies.
145
to impel
zmuszać
If they hesitate, they will risk a great unravelling—much like the nightmare in the 1920s and 1930s that first **impelled** the allies to create the unand its siblings.
146
blichtr; balanga
razzle-dazzle
But lockdown restrictions mean it must forgo the **razzle-dazzle** reunion of "Friends" cast members.
147
ucieczka
flight
And courts regularly rely on algorithms to determine a defendant’s **flight** risk, recidivism risk, and more.
148
to be oblivious to something
nie zważać na coś
Machine learning is full of examples of Mr Knuth’s dictum, in which machines have followed the letter of the law precisely, while **being oblivious to** its spirit.
149
to fall from grace
wypaść z łask, popaść w niełaskę
Wirecard’s **fall from grace**.
150
tu: wystarczająco duży
ample
Someone has to borrow every dollar we have in circulation, cash, or credit. If the banks create **ample** synthetic money we are prosperous; if not, we starve.
151
krytykować
to censure
The UN is bureaucratic and infuriating. Its agencies fall prey to showboating and hypocrisy, as when despots on its Human Rights Council **censure** Israel yet again.
152
określenie ilości lub liczby osób
strong
BA has announced plans to cut up to 30 per cent of its 42,000-**strong** workforce, while Ryanair is looking at axing 15 per cent.
153
to do one's part
zrobić, co do kogoś należy, zrobić swoje
Books have been written, reports published and scattered abroad, statistics skillfully set forth for the purpose of showing that the Jew **does his part** for the country in which he resides; and yet the fact remains that in spite of these most zealous and highly sponsored campaigns, the opposite assertion is stronger and lives longer.
154
doom-monger
fatalista, osoba przewidująca katastrofy
Existential worries about clever computers making radiologists or lorry drivers obsolete—let alone, as some **doom-mongers** suggest, posing a threat to humanity’s survival—seem overblown.
155
conflate
łączyć
People seem to **conflate** spending with creating money in successful businesses, he said: In recent years, billionaire has become… a pejorative, like that’s a bad thing, which I don’t think makes a lot of sense in most cases.
156
implement
narzędzie, przyrząd
ln spite of all the broken **implements** of war that had piled up in its courtyard, there were still vines growing around the doors and windows in the stucco façade of a building that was typically European, typically French.
157
die-hard
zagorzały
But since its launch in 2015, Revolut has managed to build a small army of **die-hard** fans among its 12 million customers.
158
stawka akordowa
piece rate
Mechanical Turk, another subdivision of Amazon, connects firms with an army of casual human workers who are paid a **piece rate** to perform repetitive tasks.
159
utrzymać przewagę
to hold the advantage
2015 analysis of a theoretical Taiwan conflict by think tank Rand Corp. found that while the U.S. still **holds the advantage**, the balance of power has shifted rapidly.
160
bezpłatny urlop
furlough
The company entered the crisis in a more secure position than most of its peers, some of which have already had to sack or **furlough** hundreds of staff.
161
przesadzony
overblown
Existential worries about clever computers making radiologists or lorry drivers obsolete—let alone, as some doom-mongers suggest, posing a threat to humanity’s survival—seem **overblown**.
162
oprócz
save
Amazon’s advertising revenues are now $11bn; its 7% share of the global online-ad market is larger than any **save** Google’s (38%) and Facebook’s (22%).
163
dotyczyć czegoś
to pertain to something
Surveying the field of medical ai in 2019, Eric Topol, a cardiologist and AI enthusiast, wrote that the state of ai hype has far exceeded the state of AI science, especially when it **pertains to** validation and readiness for implementation in patient care.
164
inextricably
nierozerwalnie
With the exception of JPMorgan, which is **inextricably** linked to Jamie Dimon, its charismatic and long-serving chief executive, most lenders style themselves as institutions in which high-ranking executives are interchangeable cogs in a larger machine.
165
gunmetal
spiżowy (kolor - szary)
Whereas rival Monzo’s coral-pink colour scheme and anthropomorphic mascot highlight a playful ambition to "build a bank with everyone", Revolut’s **gunmetal** steel cards suggest something colder and cooler than its peers. Anecdotally, at least, they are popular among the "finance bros" who work in the City of London.
166
fundament, siła napędowa
lifeblood
In theory, the world is awash with data, the **lifeblood** of modern AI.
167
to make up
nadrobić; zrekompensować
If Tesla stocks fall below a certain level, financial institutions can call in the loans unless Mr. Musk **makes up** the difference.
168
buntownik; zbuntowany; powstaniec
insurgent
Yet Revolut’s transformation from **insurgent** start-up to global financial services player has been bumpy – and is far from complete.
169
i tym podobne; itp. (skrót)
and the like
Teaching the machines required showing them a lot of training data in the form of videos of customers browsing shelves, picking up items, putting them back **and the like**.
170
utrwalać, umacniać
to consolidate
Because of the pandemic, NBC Universal (which is part of Comcast, a cable operator) has staggered the start of its Peacock streaming service, giving Netflix more time to **consolidate** its lead.
171
second to none
nie mający sobie równych
In the physical world, it has a logistics system **second to none**.
172
wezwania do uzupełnienia depozytu zabezpieczającego
margin call
In 2016, as Mr. Musk was trying to persuade investors to approve his plans to have Tesla acquire a struggling SolarCity, his brother, Kimbal Musk, had faced **margin calls** on loans tied to SolarCity stock he owned, according to court records.
173
niezdarny, niezgrabny
clunky
Zoom’s achievements go beyond mere lucre. Its videoconferencing tools have the intuitive simplicity of an Apple product. It has made working from home feel not **clunky**, but chic.
174
passage of time
upływ czasu
Mr Bezos has managed to keep Amazon from ageing beyond Day 1 for longer than most companies can dream of. But not even the best magician can stop the **passage of time**.
175
leery
nieufny
It needed cash from the rest of the group, as well as technology and data. But Mr Bezos’s habit of moving into new industries means that there are now ever more rivals **leery** of giving their data to it.
176
to work out
rozgryź coś; rozpracować coś; zrozumieć coś
The researchers discovered that the machine had been able to **work out** which hospital a scan had come from.
177
dobiegać do końca
run its course
Sensing that Hellenistic hegemony over Palestine had **run its course**, Pompey played off the descendants of Alexander the Great's generals against each other as a prelude to seizing power and completing the ring of Roman rule around the Mediterranean.
178
wielowymiarowy, wieloaspektowy
multipronged
Facebook has deployed a **multipronged** strategy that includes removing fake accounts and eliminating or demoting inauthentic behavior.
179
reality check
zderzenie z rzeczywistością; zejście na ziemię
She needs a **reality check** because she's living in her own world.
180
worth one's salt
warty pieniędzy, które dostają (zazwyczaj dużych)
No investment banker **worth his salt** shows up with-out a spiral-bound pitch book put together by lowly associates pulling all-nighters, with strategy ideas and suggested transactions (investment bankers’ payday!) to solve the company’s future problems.
181
eligible
spełniający wymagania; odpowiedni
This past week, he became **eligible** for the first of 12 tranches of the stock options because Tesla’s market value had remained above $100 billion for a specified amount of time.
182
zakłócać
to roil
The stock is up 96% this year through Friday, even as the markets have been **roiled** by concerns about a global recession from the Covid-19 pandemic.
183
kłaniać się w pas
to kowtow
The dangers of **kowtowing** to China.
184
zagorzały
die-hard
But since its launch in 2015, Revolut has managed to build a small army of **die-hard** fans among its 12 million customers.
185
palatable
smaczny; do przyjęcia
That leaves Zoom with two **unpalatable** options. The first is the route that ByteDance, a privately held Chinese tech giant, is taking to ensure its short-video app, TikTok, is trusted in America.
186
to wine and dine somebody
gościć kogoś, podejmować kogoś wystawnie; jadać wystawnie
**Wine and dine**
187
najprędzej, najwcześniej
at the earliest
Sales are forecast to fall by a third in 2020, and recover only by 2022 **at the earliest**.
188
nieostrożny
unwary
Even when data do exist, they can contain hidden assumptions that can trip the **unwary**.
189
for want of something
z braku czegoś
They struggle with reasoning, generalising from the rules they discover, and with the general-purpose savoir faire that researchers, **for want of** a more precise description, dub common sense.
190
to unload
pozbyć się (nieform)
In emails Thursday, he told The Wall Street Journal that he also plans to **unload** four other houses in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Bel-Air.
191
to act on
działać zgodnie z czymś, zastosować się do czegoś (np. do rady), uwzględnić coś
In those cases, too, Deutsche Bank failed to **act on** clear red flags, which resulted in those banks being able to transfer funds, including to the U.S.
192
only too
bardzo; aż za bardzo
Attendees are asked to spread the word and Lally, who regularly recommends the service to others, is **only too** happy to oblige.
193
odciąć fundusze, zaprzestać finansowania
to pull the plug
The strange nature of the recession may mean PE managers are unwilling to **pull the plug** as activity is likely to resume after the shutdown.
194
to aggravate
pogarszać (np. sytuację), utrudniać (zrobienie czegoś)
The virus not only calls for global solutions, like treatments and vaccines, but it also **aggravates** local insecurity.
195
adulteration
fałszerstwo
The marriage of Hebrew scripture and Greek philosophy that begat Christianity and subsequently Europe is not mere coincidence, nor is Greek philosophy some **adulteration** of an otherwise pure Gospel.
196
drobiazgowo, skrupulatnie
meticulously
All this might appear to fit the script Mr Bezos has written over the years in his letters to shareholders, which are now pored over by investors as **meticulously** as those of Mr Buffett.
197
to bestride
dominować
No firm **bestride**s the physical and digital worlds in the way Amazon does.
198
save
oprócz
Amazon’s advertising revenues are now $11bn; its 7% share of the global online-ad market is larger than any **save** Google’s (38%) and Facebook’s (22%).
199
smaczny; do przyjęcia
palatable
That leaves Zoom with two **unpalatable** options. The first is the route that ByteDance, a privately held Chinese tech giant, is taking to ensure its short-video app, TikTok, is trusted in America.
200
skarbonka
piggy bank
The AWS **piggy bank** has supported both expansion in retail—in 2017 Amazon paid $14bn for Whole Foods, an upscale supermarket chain—and new projects which the company’s engineers cook up at a prodigious rate.
201
z braku czegoś
for want of something
They struggle with reasoning, generalising from the rules they discover, and with the general-purpose savoir faire that researchers, **for want of** a more precise description, dub common sense.
202
Hollywood
Tinseltown
Netflix’s story has had a **Tinseltown** quality to it since its founding in 1997.
203
kompleksowy
comprehensive
It is hard to use ai to monitor covid-19 transmission without a **comprehensive** database of everyone’s movements, for instance.
204
duszny; duszący
suffocating
lt was a **suffocatingly** hot day in June of 1918, and the Wandsbeker Hussars were now quartered in a French village on the Soissons-Rheims Line that had lost its strategic significance.
205
usury
lichwa
Centuries ago, **usury** was defined as any interest charged for a loan. Modern usage has redefined it as excessive interest. Certainly, any amount of interest charged for a pretended loan is excessive. The dictionary, therefore, needs a new definition. Usury: The charging of any interest on a loan of fiat money.
206
zażegnać
to obviate
An aws spinoff, if it occurred, might **obviate** the need for drastic antitrust action.
207
jack of all trades, master of none
jak coś jest od wszystkiego, to jest od niczego
And Amazon’s role as a digital **jack-of-all-trades** creates conflicts of interest.
208
urodzony w
born into
The European, and by that term I include both North and South America and Australia, is traditionally **born into** a world that is radically reasonable, radically logical, because that world mirrors the mind of God, who behaves in ways that sometimes go beyond what human reason can comprehend but never in ways that contradict that reason.
209
multipronged
wielowymiarowy, wieloaspektowy
Facebook has deployed a **multipronged** strategy that includes removing fake accounts and eliminating or demoting inauthentic behavior.
210
rozgryź coś; rozpracować coś; zrozumieć coś
to work out
The researchers discovered that the machine had been able to **work out** which hospital a scan had come from.
211
lucre
zysk
Zoom’s achievements go beyond mere **lucre**. Its videoconferencing tools have the intuitive simplicity of an Apple product. It has made working from home feel not clunky, but chic.
212
gościć kogoś, podejmować kogoś wystawnie; jadać wystawnie
to wine and dine somebody
**Wine and dine**
213
powodować (problemy), prowokować coś
to stir up
Not only did that provoke a backlash abroad, exploited by Russia and China, but it also **stirred up** resentment at home.
214
utrapienie (o osobie)
scourge
Elizabeth Warren, a Democratic senator and **scourge** of big tech, has proposed sundering Amazon’s private-label business—which produces goods for sale on the site—from that of third-party sellers on its platform.
215
zadziorny
feisty
Amazon, he has insisted since its founding in 1994, must forever behave like a **feisty** startup: innovate aggressively and expand relentlessly.
216
ogłada
savoir faire
They struggle with reasoning, generalising from the rules they discover, and with the general-purpose **savoir faire** that researchers, for want of a more precise description, dub common sense.
217
for that matter
również
Unlike Christianity, Islam is not docile to Logos, nor **for that matter** is Islam's God; God's will is arbitrary, inscrutable.
218
nie mający sobie równych
second to none
In the physical world, it has a logistics system **second to none**.
219
unbeknownst to me
bez mojej wiedzy
Behind the scenes, and **unbeknownst to** most Americans, data brokers have developed algorithmic scores for each one of us—scores that rate us on reliability, propensity to repay loans, and likelihood to commit a crime.
220
fool’s errand
daremny trud
To many of us, a natural life is something we can just make out in the rear-view mirror—and ought to go back and embrace. But it’s a **fool’s errand**.
221
starać się ze wszystkich sił komuś pomóc
to lean over backwards for somebody
Mr Bezos, who has added $54bn to his net worth thanks to his company’s buoyant share price while low-paid warehouse workers toil through the pandemic, "needs to **lean over backwards** to make sure workers are properly treated", cautions a leading Silicon Valley venture capitalist.
222
prowadzić wojnę przeciwko komuś
to wage war on somebody
In the instance of the Regensburg speech, the outrage surrounding the Manuel II Paleologos quote achieved two ends: first, it strengthened the neoconservative hold over the Catholic mind by giving the impression that Muslims were fanatics determined to **wage jihad** against both the pope and the Church (the Muslim/Catholic alliance against abortion, which I personally witnessed at the World Population Conference in Cairo in 1994, gave the opposite impression), and secondly, it obscured the real topic of the talk, which was Logos and the central role it plays in both Europe and the Church.
223
reputacja, renoma firmy
goodwill
Americans’ reliance on the company and the **goodwill** it has generated with consumers may help it, says an antitrust expert close to Congress.
224
bezustannie
unremittingly
Letting go of aws would mark by far the most dramatic reorganisation in Amazon’s **unremittingly** accretive history.
225
to fuse
łączyć
Its $5.5bn valuation has cemented Revolut’s status as one of the most promising companies in fintech, a loosely defined group of businesses that are trying to **fuse** traditional financial products with more sophisticated technology, and stealing a march on established lenders struggling to modernise due to their ageing IT systems and costly bricks-and mortar branch networks.
226
to censure
krytykować
The UN is bureaucratic and infuriating. Its agencies fall prey to showboating and hypocrisy, as when despots on its Human Rights Council **censure** Israel yet again.
227
lull
cisza, okres względnego spokoju
The new burst of public intrigue follows a relative **lull** for the longtime Twitter maverick. Since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, he has blasted authorities over shelter-in-place rules, talked down Tesla’s stock price and announced the birth of a son with experimental-pop star Claire Boucher, known as Grimes.
228
bardzo; aż za bardzo
only too
Attendees are asked to spread the word and Lally, who regularly recommends the service to others, is **only too** happy to oblige.
229
pragmatyczny
hard-nosed
These may be more **hard-nosed** about accepting a haircut on their debt in order to keep a PE-run business afloat.
230
over the moon
w siódmym niebie
Wall Street is so **over the moon** about Apple Inc.’s next iPhone that few seem to care when it will actually arrive.
231
preponderance
przewaga liczebna, przewaga
The problem may reflect a **preponderance** of white faces in their training data.
232
piggy bank
skarbonka
The AWS **piggy bank** has supported both expansion in retail—in 2017 Amazon paid $14bn for Whole Foods, an upscale supermarket chain—and new projects which the company’s engineers cook up at a prodigious rate.
233
meagre
niewielki
Zoom’s relationship with China is complex. The American company has **meagre** sales on the mainland.
234
spiżowy (kolor - szary)
gunmetal
Whereas rival Monzo’s coral-pink colour scheme and anthropomorphic mascot highlight a playful ambition to "build a bank with everyone", Revolut’s **gunmetal** steel cards suggest something colder and cooler than its peers. Anecdotally, at least, they are popular among the "finance bros" who work in the City of London.
235
piece rate
stawka akordowa
Mechanical Turk, another subdivision of Amazon, connects firms with an army of casual human workers who are paid a **piece rate** to perform repetitive tasks.
236
resolve
determinacja
CSIS also found that signaling U.S. **resolve** to absorb and offset the cost of a prolonged economic conflict was critical.
237
wyraźny, jednoznaczny (np. zasada, przykład)
clear-cut
It made recommendations to viewers based on their previous choices. It also had a **clear-cut** vision.
238
to pull an all-nighter
zarwać noc
No investment banker worth his salt shows up with-out a spiral-bound pitch book put together by lowly associates **pulling all-nighters**, with strategy ideas and suggested transactions (investment bankers’ payday!) to solve the company’s future problems.
239
to pore over something
ślęczeć nad czymś, studiować coś uważnie (np. mapę)
All this might appear to fit the script Mr Bezos has written over the years in his letters to shareholders, which are now **pored over** by investors as meticulously as those of Mr Buffett.
240
święta księga
scripture
The marriage of Hebrew **scripture** and Greek philosophy that begat Christianity and subsequently Europe is not mere coincidence, nor is Greek philosophy some adulteration of an otherwise pure Gospel.
241
excruciating
nieznośny, potworny (np. ból)
Day 2, which Mr Bezos characterises as Stasis. Followed by irrelevance. Followed by **excruciating**, painful decline, has not yet dawned. But it is well past noon on Day 1.
242
punkt zaczepienia (do startu)
foothold
To win, Mr. Duda tacked hard to the right, warning that his defeat would pave the way for LGBT rights to gain a **foothold** in devoutly Catholic Poland.
243
zostać na zawsze; zadomowić się na dobre
to be here to stay
The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago adds: Debt—public and private—**is here to stay**. It plays an essential role in economic processes. What is required is not the abolition of debt, but its prudent use and intelligent management.
244
to make it through
przetrwać
If it is unable to **make it through** and complete its transition into a major financial institution, investors will question whether any fintech can survive.
245
dopey
głupkowaty
Over the past decade PE lending has shifted away from **dopey**, distracted banks towards specialist private-credit firms.
246
foothold
punkt zaczepienia (do startu)
To win, Mr. Duda tacked hard to the right, warning that his defeat would pave the way for LGBT rights to gain a **foothold** in devoutly Catholic Poland.
247
rozcieńczać
to dilute
China’s economy is simply too large and too well integrated into global trade networks. Chinese exports end up elsewhere, **diluting** tariffs’ impact.
248
dictum
powiedzenie; opinia
Machine learning is full of examples of Mr Knuth’s **dictum**, in which machines have followed the letter of the law precisely, while being oblivious to its spirit.
249
powiedzenie; opinia
dictum
Machine learning is full of examples of Mr Knuth’s **dictum**, in which machines have followed the letter of the law precisely, while being oblivious to its spirit.
250
zrobić, co do kogoś należy, zrobić swoje
to do one's part
Books have been written, reports published and scattered abroad, statistics skillfully set forth for the purpose of showing that the Jew **does his part** for the country in which he resides; and yet the fact remains that in spite of these most zealous and highly sponsored campaigns, the opposite assertion is stronger and lives longer.
251
to commemorate
upamiętnić, uczcić pamięć
Hence it suspended Zoom meetings with users in China and beyond **commemorating** the 21st anniversary of the massacre around Tiananmen Square on June 4th, which the Chinese government, hearing about them on social media, considered illegal.
252
up-and-coming
o rosnącym znaczeniu
And while denim isn’t an **up-and-coming** growth category like athletic wear, Euromonitor still predicts the market will grow 2% to 3% a year in the U.S.
253
feisty
zadziorny
Amazon, he has insisted since its founding in 1994, must forever behave like a **feisty** startup: innovate aggressively and expand relentlessly.
254
wymienny; zamienny
interchangeable
With the exception of JPMorgan, which is inextricably linked to Jamie Dimon, its charismatic and long-serving chief executive, most lenders style themselves as institutions in which high-ranking executives are **interchangeable** cogs in a larger machine.
255
zgadzać się (na uczestnictwo)
to opt in
We will continue to **opt in** to private digital surveillance because of the benefits and conveniences that result.
256
to subside
ustępować (o bólu), opadać (o emocjach), uspokajać się (o burzy), słabnąć (o wietrze)
Apple and Google have told critics that their partnership will end once the pandemic **subsides**.
257
uniwersalny
general-purpose
As Mr Pichai’s comparison with electricity and fire suggests, machine learning is a **general-purpose** technology—one capable of affecting entire economies.
258
and the like
i tym podobne; itp. (skrót)
Teaching the machines required showing them a lot of training data in the form of videos of customers browsing shelves, picking up items, putting them back **and the like**.
259
również
for that matter
Unlike Christianity, Islam is not docile to Logos, nor **for that matter** is Islam's God; God's will is arbitrary, inscrutable.
260
niedobitki czegoś
rump of something
If the e-commerce **rump** were to inherit a hefty chunk of the company’s $59bn cash pile it might be able to keep spending—but not for long, at its recent rates.
261
łączyć
conflate
People seem to **conflate** spending with creating money in successful businesses, he said: In recent years, billionaire has become… a pejorative, like that’s a bad thing, which I don’t think makes a lot of sense in most cases.
262
sturdy
wytrzymały (o rzeczy); silny
On April 21st it became clear just how **sturdy** the ladder is.
263
filing
pozew; zgłoszenie
Last year, Mr. Musk’s ability to access cash came up again during a defamation lawsuit over comments he made about a man involved in the rescue of a Thai soccer team from a flooded cave in 2018. A lawyer in the case said in a **filing** that Mr. Musk had described himself as financially illiquid.
264
na progu czegoś (np. dorosłego życia), na przełomie czegoś (np. lat)
on the cusp of something
**On the cusp of** a stock-option grant that promises to make him nearly $1 billion richer, at least on paper, Elon Musk made a surprising announcement.
265
wybić coś, wytłuc coś, wytępić coś
to kill off something
Their debt-laden parents may be forced once more to license shows to Netflix. Disney, its most formidable nemesis, will lack the financial muscle to **kill it off** completely.
266
to sidestep
omijać; unikać
Mr Hastings believed from the start that films would eventually be downloaded from the internet. But instead of taking on the media incumbents, be they TV networks or film studios, he **sidestepped** them with novel approaches to distribution and filmmaking.
267
faultline
podział (np. w zespole), czynnik mogący spowodować rozłam
The country’s **faultlines** are familiar for Europe.
268
świętej pamięci, zmarły
late
The head of this great firm was the **late** Jacob Schiff, whose associates were his son Mortimer, Otto H. Kahn, Paul M. Warburg, and others, who have taken prominent parts both in public life and giant financial operations.
269
to get back on one's feet
stanąć na nogi (po problemach)
Disney is likely to be the first of the covid-stricken media titans to **get back on its feet** when lockdowns end. But right now it is ailing.
270
zwyżkujący, rosnący, prężny (np. zyski, gospodarka)
buoyant
Mr Bezos, who has added $54bn to his net worth thanks to his company’s **buoyant** share price while low-paid warehouse workers toil through the pandemic, "needs to lean over backwards to make sure workers are properly treated", cautions a leading Silicon Valley venture capitalist.
271
wypaść z łask, popaść w niełaskę
to fall from grace
Wirecard’s **fall from grace**.
272
clear-cut
wyraźny, jednoznaczny (np. zasada, przykład)
It made recommendations to viewers based on their previous choices. It also had a **clear-cut** vision.
273
mizerny
puny
As a result, returns excluding aws are **puny** and the pandemic is squeezing margins in e-commerce further.
274
outage
przestój, przerwa w dostawie (np. prądu); brakujący towar
The AWS cloud is considered superior to the others in terms of reliability and speed. Azure experiences more service **outages**, for example.
275
walczyć rozpaczliwie
to scramble
Milan, Paris or New York this time of year would usually be teeming with fashionistas **scrambling** to get from the Balenciaga show to the Chanel party.
276
to exhilarate
ożywić
Think instead of the bearded El Profesor and the other rogues who populate Money Heist, the streaming firm’s **exhilarating** Spanish-language crime drama about stealing €2.4bn ($2.6bn) from the national mint in Madrid.
277
to think the world of somebody
darzyć kogoś dużym szacunkiem; nie widzieć poza kimś świata
He’s doing a terrific job, the people of Poland **think the world of** him, Mr. Trump said.
278
wysyłać
to dispatch
Even in its early, dvd-**dispatching** days Netflix won its subscribers’ hearts and minds—and so their wallets—with plentiful content and great customer service.
279
overblown
przesadzony
Existential worries about clever computers making radiologists or lorry drivers obsolete—let alone, as some doom-mongers suggest, posing a threat to humanity’s survival—seem **overblown**.
280
wkradać się
to creep in
Elements of unproductive bureaucracy and politicking are **creeping in**, they report. A lot of high-level Amazon meetings these days are about lobbying for promotion rather than innovation or operational excellence, says a former executive.
281
whatsoever
w ogóle, absolutnie, zupełnie
The first fact that needs to be considered is that our money today has no gold or silver behind it **whatsoever**.
282
kłopotliwy, wprawiający w zakłopotanie
perplexing
One of the most **perplexing** questions associated with this process is Where does the money come from to pay the interest?
283
skunk-works
termin określający grupę działającą wewnątrz dużej organizacji, w dużym stopniu autonomiczną, nieskrępowaną przez procesy biurokratyczne, pracującą nad zaawansowanymi lub tajnymi projektami
A leading engineer inside Amazon’s Grand Challenge team, a secretive **skunk-works** unit working on ambitious projects, says morale is rock-bottom. He plans to leave.
284
what goes around comes around
historia lubi się powtarzać; jak Kuba bogu, tak bóg Kubie; kto pod kim dołki kopie, ten sam w nie wpada
Well, **what goes around comes around**. At last week’s Worldwide Developer Conference, Apple announced Apple Silicon, its own line of processors.
285
renoma, pozycja (społeczna), ranga
stature
China’s **stature** is growing along with its contributions—it now pays 12% of the un budget compared with 1% in 2000.
286
to creep in
wkradać się
Elements of unproductive bureaucracy and politicking are **creeping in**, they report. A lot of high-level Amazon meetings these days are about lobbying for promotion rather than innovation or operational excellence, says a former executive.
287
wyświadczyć przysługę; inne: zobowiązywać, obowiązywać
to oblige
Attendees are asked to spread the word and Lally, who regularly recommends the service to others, is only too happy to **oblige**.
288
in this regard
pod tym względem
Christianity is different from Islam **in this regard**: The Christian God acts with Logos.
289
wyciąganie wniosków
reasoning
They struggle with **reasoning**, generalising from the rules they discover, and with the general-purpose savoir faire that researchers, for want of a more precise description, dub common sense.
290
proca
slingshot
Apple has become IBM, it’s become AT&T—a vertical giant waiting for a future David to come along with a horizontal **slingshot**.
291
pogarszać (np. sytuację), utrudniać (zrobienie czegoś)
to aggravate
The virus not only calls for global solutions, like treatments and vaccines, but it also **aggravates** local insecurity.
292
scaremonger
osoba siejąca panikę
He said his family background was irrelevant, denied any suggestion Revolut was funded by the Kremlin and cautioned that **scaremongering** campaigns could deter foreign investment.
293
to hold the advantage
utrzymać przewagę
2015 analysis of a theoretical Taiwan conflict by think tank Rand Corp. found that while the U.S. still **holds the advantage**, the balance of power has shifted rapidly.
294
bez mojej wiedzy
unbeknownst to me
Behind the scenes, and **unbeknownst to** most Americans, data brokers have developed algorithmic scores for each one of us—scores that rate us on reliability, propensity to repay loans, and likelihood to commit a crime.
295
przestój, przerwa w dostawie (np. prądu); brakujący towar
outage
The AWS cloud is considered superior to the others in terms of reliability and speed. Azure experiences more service **outages**, for example.
296
redukcja wartości aktywów przy ustanawianiu kredytów
haircut
These may be more hard-nosed about accepting a **haircut** on their debt in order to keep a PE-run business afloat.
297
żarliwie
fervently
These and similar developments are the private functional equivalent of China’s social-credit ratings, which critics in the West so **fervently** decry.
298
podstawić nogę; podciąć kogoś
to trip
Even when data do exist, they can contain hidden assumptions that can **trip** the unwary.
299
to roić się od czegoś, obfitować w coś
to teem with something
Bars were **teeming with** locals and tourists sipping Guinness to live music, while the Irish National Opera was performing Engelbert Humperdinck’s Hansel and Gretel, at the nearby Abbey Theatre.
300
nierozerwalnie
inextricably
With the exception of JPMorgan, which is **inextricably** linked to Jamie Dimon, its charismatic and long-serving chief executive, most lenders style themselves as institutions in which high-ranking executives are interchangeable cogs in a larger machine.
301
zator
gridlock
One threat is antagonism between America and China, which could create **gridlock** in global bodies, exacerbated by competing parallel financial and security arrangements.
302
pod tym względem
in this regard
Christianity is different from Islam **in this regard**: The Christian God acts with Logos.
303
historia lubi się powtarzać; jak Kuba bogu, tak bóg Kubie; kto pod kim dołki kopie, ten sam w nie wpada
what goes around comes around
Well, **what goes around comes around**. At last week’s Worldwide Developer Conference, Apple announced Apple Silicon, its own line of processors.
304
cisza, okres względnego spokoju
lull
The new burst of public intrigue follows a relative **lull** for the longtime Twitter maverick. Since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, he has blasted authorities over shelter-in-place rules, talked down Tesla’s stock price and announced the birth of a son with experimental-pop star Claire Boucher, known as Grimes.
305
to take on
zająć się kimś; zacząć konkurować
Storonsky’s ambitions have grown exponentially since his first interview with the FT in May 2016, when he talked about **taking on** supermarkets and the UK Post Office to win a foothold in the market for foreign exchange services.
306
średni, przeciętny
middling
But if the United States pulls back, then everyone must step forward, and none more so than the **middling** powers like Japan and Germany, and the rising ones like India and Indonesia, which have all become accustomed to America doing the heavy lifting.
307
by extension
zatem
In using the term Logos, the Pope situates Christianity and, **by extension**, the European culture which grew up under its influence, in the tradition of Greek philosophy.
308
fallacy
błędne przekonanie, błędne rozumowanie; błąd logiczny
It is true that there is not enough money created to include the interest, but it is a **fallacy** that the only way to pay it back is to borrow still more.
309
upływ czasu
passage of time
Mr Bezos has managed to keep Amazon from ageing beyond Day 1 for longer than most companies can dream of. But not even the best magician can stop the **passage of time**.
310
namiastka; sztuczny
ersatz
The company used graphics software to create virtual shoppers. Those **ersatz** humans were used to train the machines on many hard or unusual situations that had not arisen in the real training data, but might when the system was deployed in the real world.
311
tęga głowa
brainbox
The risk of Amazon’s labour practices inviting more regulatory scrutiny—and, possibly worse, alienating **brainboxes**—is not lost on investors.
312
to oblige
wyświadczyć przysługę; inne: zobowiązywać, obowiązywać
Attendees are asked to spread the word and Lally, who regularly recommends the service to others, is only too happy to **oblige**.
313
tu: mennica
mint
Think instead of the bearded El Profesor and the other rogues who populate Money Heist, the streaming firm’s exhilarating Spanish-language crime drama about stealing €2.4bn ($2.6bn) from the national **mint** in Madrid.
314
rozdzielać na kawałki
to sunder
Elizabeth Warren, a Democratic senator and scourge of big tech, has proposed **sundering** Amazon’s private-label business—which produces goods for sale on the site—from that of third-party sellers on its platform.
315
warty pieniędzy, które dostają (zazwyczaj dużych)
worth one's salt
No investment banker **worth his salt** shows up with-out a spiral-bound pitch book put together by lowly associates pulling all-nighters, with strategy ideas and suggested transactions (investment bankers’ payday!) to solve the company’s future problems.
316
hard-nosed
pragmatyczny
These may be more **hard-nosed** about accepting a haircut on their debt in order to keep a PE-run business afloat.
317
shoe leather
tradycyjne metody
Contact tracing has been done with **shoe leather** and telephone calls.
318
stricken
dotknięty
Disney is likely to be the first of the covid-**stricken** media titans to get back on its feet when lockdowns end. But right now it is ailing.
319
nieufny
leery
It needed cash from the rest of the group, as well as technology and data. But Mr Bezos’s habit of moving into new industries means that there are now ever more rivals **leery** of giving their data to it.
320
to decry
potępiać
These and similar developments are the private functional equivalent of China’s social-credit ratings, which critics in the West so fervently **decry**.
321
to ravage
dewastować
Sure, it might seem like minor stuff—especially against the backdrop of, you know, an economy and society **ravaged** by a pandemic—but there are people who have been anxiously awaiting this very iPhone for years.
322
to steal a march on somebody
uprzedzać kogoś (w robieniu czegoś)
Fanatical customers, a hardcharging work culture and huge growth: the company founded by Nikolay Storonsky and Vladyslav Yatsenko has **stolen a march on** many established rivals.
323
o rosnącym znaczeniu
up-and-coming
And while denim isn’t an **up-and-coming** growth category like athletic wear, Euromonitor still predicts the market will grow 2% to 3% a year in the U.S.
324
goer
osboba uczęszczająca, osoba bywająca gdzieś
After an hour of chat, the RevRally-**goers** in Dublin took their seats to hear presentations from company executives.
325
degradować (pracownika)
to demote
Facebook has deployed a multipronged strategy that includes removing fake accounts and eliminating or **demoting** inauthentic behavior.
326
to roil
zakłócać
The stock is up 96% this year through Friday, even as the markets have been **roiled** by concerns about a global recession from the Covid-19 pandemic.
327
wziąć coś pod uwagę
to factor something in
But most analysts so far don’t seem to be **factoring in** a delay.
328
wytrzymały (o rzeczy); silny
sturdy
On April 21st it became clear just how **sturdy** the ladder is.
329
uległy
docile
Unlike Christianity, Islam is not **docile** to Logos, nor for that matter is Islam's God; God's will is arbitrary, inscrutable.
330
ample
tu: wystarczająco duży
Someone has to borrow every dollar we have in circulation, cash, or credit. If the banks create **ample** synthetic money we are prosperous; if not, we starve.
331
niepotrafiący trzymać języka za zębami, niepotrafiący dochować tajemnicy
loose-lipped
Storonsky tends to avoid the gossip traded by other executives in London’s **loose-lipped** fintech industry, although he enjoys an intensive debate on the future of banking.
332
razzle-dazzle
blichtr; balanga
But lockdown restrictions mean it must forgo the **razzle-dazzle** reunion of "Friends" cast members.
333
zrozumieć coś
to make out something
To many of us, a natural life is something we can just **make out** in the rear-view mirror—and ought to go back and embrace. But it’s a fool’s errand.
334
lepszy, ponadprzeciętny, o wysokiej jakości
superior
The AWS cloud is considered **superior** to the others in terms of reliability and speed.
335
scourge
utrapienie (o osobie)
Elizabeth Warren, a Democratic senator and **scourge** of big tech, has proposed sundering Amazon’s private-label business—which produces goods for sale on the site—from that of third-party sellers on its platform.
336
to be lost on somebody
nie zostać zrozumianym lub zauważonym przez kogoś
The risk of Amazon’s labour practices inviting more regulatory scrutiny—and, possibly worse, alienating brainboxes—is not **lost on** investors.
337
haircut
redukcja wartości aktywów przy ustanawianiu kredytów
These may be more hard-nosed about accepting a **haircut** on their debt in order to keep a PE-run business afloat.
338
be they
czy to
Mr Hastings believed from the start that films would eventually be downloaded from the internet. But instead of taking on the media incumbents, **be they** TV networks or film studios, he sidestepped them with novel approaches to distribution and filmmaking.
339
genialny głupiec
idiot savant
The result is an artificial **idiot savant** that can excel at well-bounded tasks, but can get things very wrong if faced with unexpected input.
340
zysk
lucre
Zoom’s achievements go beyond mere **lucre**. Its videoconferencing tools have the intuitive simplicity of an Apple product. It has made working from home feel not clunky, but chic.
341
wierność; dokładność
fidelity
Self-driving car firms do a lot of training in high-**fidelity** simulations of reality, where no real damage can be done when something goes wrong.
342
heist
napad; skok
And like the **heist’s** perpetrators, it has always had one golden rule: stick to the plan.
343
fidelity
wierność; dokładność
Self-driving car firms do a lot of training in high-**fidelity** simulations of reality, where no real damage can be done when something goes wrong.
344
uprzedzać kogoś (w robieniu czegoś)
to steal a march on somebody
Fanatical customers, a hardcharging work culture and huge growth: the company founded by Nikolay Storonsky and Vladyslav Yatsenko has **stolen a march on** many established rivals.
345
ustępować (o bólu), opadać (o emocjach), uspokajać się (o burzy), słabnąć (o wietrze)
to subside
Apple and Google have told critics that their partnership will end once the pandemic **subsides**.
346
rozrzutny
spendthrift
The company lost more than £55m between 2015 and 2018 – but it has not been particularly **spendthrift** by industry standards.
347
spate
natłok (ludzi), lawina (słów), nawał (pracy)
Revolut discovered a **spate** of attempted money laundering activity in 2018 and some former staff have criticised its past compliance practices, but it has never been publicly criticised by regulators, unlike some other banking start-ups.
348
prowadzić (np. wojnę przeciwko czemuś)
to wage
Fintech is prone to the same risks that the financial sector faces and the technology brings its own new risks, says Stasys Jakeliunas, a Lithuanian MEP who has **waged** a political campaign against Revolut.
349
middling
średni, przeciętny
But if the United States pulls back, then everyone must step forward, and none more so than the **middling** powers like Japan and Germany, and the rising ones like India and Indonesia, which have all become accustomed to America doing the heavy lifting.
350
umieszczać; instalować
to plant
While most fintechs have focused on one or two geographic markets or specific products, Revolut has followed the sometimes controversial approach of US-based start-ups like Uber and WeWork, quickly **planting** flags in as many places as possible.
351
savoir faire
ogłada
They struggle with reasoning, generalising from the rules they discover, and with the general-purpose **savoir faire** that researchers, for want of a more precise description, dub common sense.
352
przetrwać
to make it through
If it is unable to **make it through** and complete its transition into a major financial institution, investors will question whether any fintech can survive.
353
poprawiać się, polepszać się (o sytuacji)
to pick up
They have slowly **picked up** as Asia, then Europe and America, started reopening. Even so, the outlook for the luxury world is far from glittering.
354
to defuse
łagodzić (sytuację), zażegnać (kryzys)
That is because, left to themselves, countries drift into antagonism. Witness the fatal clash of Indian and Chinese forces this week over a border dispute both sides are too proud to **defuse**.
355
to lean over backwards for somebody
starać się ze wszystkich sił komuś pomóc
Mr Bezos, who has added $54bn to his net worth thanks to his company’s buoyant share price while low-paid warehouse workers toil through the pandemic, "needs to **lean over backwards** to make sure workers are properly treated", cautions a leading Silicon Valley venture capitalist.
356
czy to
be they
Mr Hastings believed from the start that films would eventually be downloaded from the internet. But instead of taking on the media incumbents, **be they** TV networks or film studios, he sidestepped them with novel approaches to distribution and filmmaking.
357
clunky
niezdarny, niezgrabny
Zoom’s achievements go beyond mere lucre. Its videoconferencing tools have the intuitive simplicity of an Apple product. It has made working from home feel not **clunky**, but chic.
358
run its course
dobiegać do końca
Sensing that Hellenistic hegemony over Palestine had **run its course**, Pompey played off the descendants of Alexander the Great's generals against each other as a prelude to seizing power and completing the ring of Roman rule around the Mediterranean.
359
from soup to nuts
od A do Z
IBM was a vertical giant and did everything **from soup to nuts**: chips, hardware, operating system, software, applications, services.
360
upamiętnić, uczcić pamięć
to commemorate
Hence it suspended Zoom meetings with users in China and beyond **commemorating** the 21st anniversary of the massacre around Tiananmen Square on June 4th, which the Chinese government, hearing about them on social media, considered illegal.
361
to consolidate
utrwalać, umacniać
Because of the pandemic, NBC Universal (which is part of Comcast, a cable operator) has staggered the start of its Peacock streaming service, giving Netflix more time to **consolidate** its lead.
362
dewastować
to ravage
Sure, it might seem like minor stuff—especially against the backdrop of, you know, an economy and society **ravaged** by a pandemic—but there are people who have been anxiously awaiting this very iPhone for years.
363
to plant
umieszczać; instalować
While most fintechs have focused on one or two geographic markets or specific products, Revolut has followed the sometimes controversial approach of US-based start-ups like Uber and WeWork, quickly **planting** flags in as many places as possible.
364
spendthrift
rozrzutny
The company lost more than £55m between 2015 and 2018 – but it has not been particularly **spendthrift** by industry standards.
365
nie zważać na coś
to be oblivious to something
Machine learning is full of examples of Mr Knuth’s dictum, in which machines have followed the letter of the law precisely, while **being oblivious to** its spirit.
366
darzyć kogoś dużym szacunkiem; nie widzieć poza kimś świata
to think the world of somebody
He’s doing a terrific job, the people of Poland **think the world of** him, Mr. Trump said.
367
at the earliest
najprędzej, najwcześniej
Sales are forecast to fall by a third in 2020, and recover only by 2022 **at the earliest**.
368
to clear a debt
spłacić dług
Anticipation of the need to **clear this debt** creates a demand for the pure fiat dollar.
369
ponury
drab
All this paints a **drab** financial picture.
370
łączyć
to fuse
Its $5.5bn valuation has cemented Revolut’s status as one of the most promising companies in fintech, a loosely defined group of businesses that are trying to **fuse** traditional financial products with more sophisticated technology, and stealing a march on established lenders struggling to modernise due to their ageing IT systems and costly bricks-and mortar branch networks.
371
lichwa
usury
Centuries ago, **usury** was defined as any interest charged for a loan. Modern usage has redefined it as excessive interest. Certainly, any amount of interest charged for a pretended loan is excessive. The dictionary, therefore, needs a new definition. Usury: The charging of any interest on a loan of fiat money.
372
pozew; zgłoszenie
filing
Last year, Mr. Musk’s ability to access cash came up again during a defamation lawsuit over comments he made about a man involved in the rescue of a Thai soccer team from a flooded cave in 2018. A lawyer in the case said in a **filing** that Mr. Musk had described himself as financially illiquid.
373
reasoning
wyciąganie wniosków
They struggle with **reasoning**, generalising from the rules they discover, and with the general-purpose savoir faire that researchers, for want of a more precise description, dub common sense.
374
dotknięty
stricken
Disney is likely to be the first of the covid-**stricken** media titans to get back on its feet when lockdowns end. But right now it is ailing.
375
perplexing
kłopotliwy, wprawiający w zakłopotanie
One of the most **perplexing** questions associated with this process is Where does the money come from to pay the interest?
376
grandiose
potężny
It is running up against limits of one kind or another, and has failed to deliver on some of its proponents’ more **grandiose** promises.
377
zderzenie z rzeczywistością; zejście na ziemię
reality check
She needs a **reality check** because she's living in her own world.
378
napad; skok
heist
And like the **heist’s** perpetrators, it has always had one golden rule: stick to the plan.
379
ersatz
namiastka; sztuczny
The company used graphics software to create virtual shoppers. Those **ersatz** humans were used to train the machines on many hard or unusual situations that had not arisen in the real training data, but might when the system was deployed in the real world.
380
natłok (ludzi), lawina (słów), nawał (pracy)
spate
Revolut discovered a **spate** of attempted money laundering activity in 2018 and some former staff have criticised its past compliance practices, but it has never been publicly criticised by regulators, unlike some other banking start-ups.
381
podrzędny, o niskim statusie i znaczeniu, mało znaczący
lowly
No investment banker worth his salt shows up with-out a spiral-bound pitch book put together by **lowly** associates pulling all-nighters, with strategy ideas and suggested transactions (investment bankers’ payday!) to solve the company’s future problems.
382
to abide by something
przestrzegać czegoś, stosować się do czegoś, respektować coś
It also hopes to increase sales to China. But its operations there force it to **abide by** Chinese law.
383
kontrowersyjny; kłótliwy
contentious
Before Tesla went public, Mr. Musk told a judge during a **contentious** divorce with his first wife that he had run out of cash and had taken on emergency loans from friends to support his family and pay living expenses.
384
to bang out
robić coś szybko (i niedokładnie)
Meanwhile, Netflix will try to entrench its global lead, not least by **banging out** more international smash hits like Money Heist. When El Profesor declares, prophetically, We are the Resistance, he could be channelling Mr Hastings.
385
margin call
wezwania do uzupełnienia depozytu zabezpieczającego
In 2016, as Mr. Musk was trying to persuade investors to approve his plans to have Tesla acquire a struggling SolarCity, his brother, Kimbal Musk, had faced **margin calls** on loans tied to SolarCity stock he owned, according to court records.
386
drab
ponury
All this paints a **drab** financial picture.
387
born into
urodzony w
The European, and by that term I include both North and South America and Australia, is traditionally **born into** a world that is radically reasonable, radically logical, because that world mirrors the mind of God, who behaves in ways that sometimes go beyond what human reason can comprehend but never in ways that contradict that reason.
388
potępiać
to decry
These and similar developments are the private functional equivalent of China’s social-credit ratings, which critics in the West so fervently **decry**.
389
statecraft
umiejętność rządzenia krajem
Is it even possible to effectively influence such a dominant trading power through economic **statecraft**?
390
to opt in
zgadzać się (na uczestnictwo)
We will continue to **opt in** to private digital surveillance because of the benefits and conveniences that result.
391
omijać; unikać
to sidestep
Mr Hastings believed from the start that films would eventually be downloaded from the internet. But instead of taking on the media incumbents, be they TV networks or film studios, he **sidestepped** them with novel approaches to distribution and filmmaking.
392
nadrobić; zrekompensować
to make up
If Tesla stocks fall below a certain level, financial institutions can call in the loans unless Mr. Musk **makes up** the difference.
393
to stay on top of something
mieć całkowitą kontrolę nad czymś, zdawać sobie z czegoś sprawę, być na bieżąco z czymś
Yet the majority of Storonsky’s critics are more concerned that Revolut has simply grown too fast to **stay on top of** the complexity of running a global financial services platform.
394
tu: użeranie się z czymś; inne: walka, kłótnia
wrangling
Data-**wrangling** of various sorts takes up about 80% of the time consumed in a typical ai project, says Cognilytica.
395
przestrzegać czegoś, stosować się do czegoś, respektować coś
to abide by something
It also hopes to increase sales to China. But its operations there force it to **abide by** Chinese law.
396
to make out something
zrozumieć coś
To many of us, a natural life is something we can just **make out** in the rear-view mirror—and ought to go back and embrace. But it’s a fool’s errand.
397
frekwencja
turnout
The quarter-century-record **turnout** and the knife-edge result it produced gave evidence to how deeply political and cultural polarization is now felt in Poland.
398
prolongata, karencja (okres zwolnienia z płacenia np. podatków)
grace period
The Economy Ministry said it would instead use a 30-day **grace period** on about $500 million in interest payments for three foreign bonds as it continues to seek a sustainable debt profile with creditors.
399
zniesławienie
defamation
Last year, Mr. Musk’s ability to access cash came up again during a **defamation** lawsuit over comments he made about a man involved in the rescue of a Thai soccer team from a flooded cave in 2018. A lawyer in the case said in a filing that Mr. Musk had described himself as financially illiquid.
400
late
świętej pamięci, zmarły
The head of this great firm was the **late** Jacob Schiff, whose associates were his son Mortimer, Otto H. Kahn, Paul M. Warburg, and others, who have taken prominent parts both in public life and giant financial operations.
