Deck 6c - Tectonics: Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami Flashcards

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1
Q

What year was the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami?

A

2004, Boxing Day

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2
Q

What hazards were caused by the Sumatra, Indonesia earthquake?

A

Ground shaking in nearby areas and a large scale tsunami

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3
Q

What type of plate boundary is Indonesia on and which tectonic plates are involved?

A

Destructive plate boundary- Indian and Eurasian plates

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4
Q

Why is Indonesia prone to earthquakes and tsunamis?

(FREQUENCY)

A

The Indian plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate off the coast of Sumatra. This caused an earthquake with a sub-marine epicentre which triggered a tsunami. Tsunamis are infrequent in this area.

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5
Q

What magnitude was the Indonesian earthquake and what depth did it occur at?

(MAGNITUDE)

A

9.1 MMS, shallow focus

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6
Q

What was the duration of the Indonesian earthquake?

(DURATION)

A

The earthquake lasted around 10 minutes.

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7
Q

What signs were there before the Indonesian earthquake and tsunami occurred?

(PREDICTABILITY)

A

There was no tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean so they were unable to predict it.

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8
Q

What area did the Indonesian earthquake and tsunami impact?

(AREAL EXTENT)

A

14 countries were affected.

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9
Q

How quickly did the Indonesian earthquake occur?
(SPEED OF ONSET)

A

It took 15 to 30 minutes for the tsunami to reach the shore.

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10
Q

What was the GNI of Indonesia during the earthquake?

(ECONOMIC vulnerability)

A

$5,490 in 2004. Indonesia was categorised as lower middle-income countries.

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11
Q

What was the level of technology available in Indonesia during the earthquake and tsunami?

(ECONOMIC vulnerability)

A

Limited technology to monitor for the threat of tsunamis and to deliver warning systems.

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12
Q

How educated were the Indonesian population about the risks of earthquakes prior to the earthquake and tsunami?

(SOCIO-ECONOMIC vulnerability)

A

12 years compulsory education. Literacy rate was 90% in 2004. Schools and universities remain plagued by corruption, poor quality teaching and staff absenteeism. This lead to a low awareness of risks in the general population.

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13
Q

What was the population structure of Indonesia before the earthquake and tsunami?

(SOCIAL vulnerability)

A

-Youthful population (26.22% under 15 years)
-The areas affected by the tsunami had a very high population density

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14
Q

What time and date did the Indonesian earthquake take place?

(SOCIAL vulnerability)

A

7:59am on the 25th December 2004 and is commonly referred to as the Boxing Day tsunami.

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15
Q

What was the infrastructure like in Indonesia and how did this impact on the risk posed by the earthquake?

A

Poor infrastructure meant rural areas were difficult to access to provide aid it. The problem was worsened as Indonesia is a group of islands.

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16
Q

How stable is Indonesia’s government?

(POLTICAL vulnerability)

A

Indonesia is the 3rd largest democracy and the only members of ASEAN in the G20. Indonesia has a presidential system of democracy and a push for decentralisation has seen much power transferred to regions.

17
Q

What were the economic impacts of the Indonesian earthquake?

A

-Up to $10bn damages
-Ports destroyed leaving fishing industries in the region ruined
-Loss of valuable farmland
-Hugh impacts on tourism in region including Thailand

18
Q

What were the social/demographic impacts of the Indonesian earthquake?

A

-275,000 dead including 45,000 more women than men
-1.7 million homeless with 141,000 homes destroyed
-Water borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid spread through contaminated water
-Millions lost their livelihoods particularly in fisheries and agriculture

19
Q

What are the environmental impacts of the Indonesian earthquake?

A

-8 million litres of oil leaked into coastal areas
-Coral reefs destroyed and damaged
-Pollution of waterways and ecosystems with saltwater
-Impacts on coastal ecosystems including mangroves

20
Q

How prepared was Indonesia for the earthquake?

A

-No prior education or training about how to respond to a tsunami
-No warning systems in place so no messages were passed to individuals under threat

21
Q

What was the response (short term) to the Indonesia earthquake?

A

-UN provided food and water for more than 1.3million people
-Rescue services were overwhelmed by scale of impact leaving thousands for days without assistance
-Bodies piled up in streets before mass burials
-5 million people provided with emergency shelter

22
Q

What was the recovery (long term) to the Indonesia earthquake?

A

-$7billion donated worldwide
-Home building a major focus with 140,000 new homes built
-Counselling provided
-Schools rebuilt

23
Q

What was the mitigation after the Indonesian earthquake?

A

-Tsunami Warning System was set up with formal warnings now passed to people via text, email, TV and radio
-Mangrove forests were restored as part of the Great Green Coast project as these provide a natural barrier to tsunamis.