Deck 2 Flashcards
What is the correct order of filtration in the nephron?
A. collecting duct to proximal tubule to loop of henle
B. Proximal tubule to loop of henle to collecting duct
C. Loop of Henle to collecting duct to proximal tubule
D. Loop of henle to proximal tubule to collecting duct
B. Proximal tubule to loop of henle to collecting duct
which are neurons that transmit signals from the CNS to the effector tissues and organs?
A. Motor
B. Sensory
C. Interneuron
D. Reflex
A. Motor
-sensory neurons carry impulses from receptors to the extremities to the CNS
- Interneurons relay impulses from neuron to neuron
Which statement about white blood cells is true?
A. B cells are responsible for antibody production
B. White blood cells are made in the white/yellow cartilage before they enter the bloodstream
C. Platelets, a special class of white blood cell, function to clot blood and stop bleeding
D. The majority of white blood cells only activate during the age of puberty, which explains why children and the elderly are particularly susceptible to disease
A. B cells are responsible for antibody production
- WBCs are made in yellow bone marrow not cartilage
- platelets are not a type of WBC
- WBCs are active throughout your whole life
Which is NOT a function of the pancreas?
A. Secretes the hormone insulin in response to growth hormone stimulation
B. Secretes bicarbonate into the small intestine to raise the pH from stomach secretions
C. Secretes enzymes used by the small intestine to digest fats, sugars, and proteins
D. Secretes hormones from its endocrine portion in order to regulate blood sugar levels
A. Secretes the hormone insulin in response to growth hormone stimulation
Which organ is not a component of the lymphatic system?
A. Thymus
B. Spleen
C. Tonsil
D. Gall Bladder
D. Gall Bladder
-organs of lymphatic system: Lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils
-Lymph nodes: which remove debris from lymph and forms lymphocytes
- thymus: develops lymphocytes
- the spleen: removes pathogens from blood and makes lymphocytes
- Tonsils: collect debris
Which action is unrelated to blood pH?
A. exhalation of carbon dioxide
B. Kidney reabsorption of bicarbonate
C. ADH secretion
D. Nephron secretion of ammonia
C. ADH secretion
- ADH controls water reabsorption, in its presence water is reabsorbed and urine is concentrated. When absent, water is excreted and urine is dilute
- it is a regulator of blood volume, not pH
Which gland regulates blood calcium levels?
A. Thyroid
B. Pineal
C. Adrenal
D. Parathyroid
D. Parathyroid
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What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
I. Regulate body temperature
II. Send stimulatory and inhibitory instructions to the pituitary gland
III. Receives sensory info from the brain
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. I, II, and III
D. I, II, and III
- hypothalamus is link between nervous and endocrine system
- controls body temp, hunger, sleep circadian rhythms and and is part of limbic system
Which muscle system is unlike the others?
A. Bicep: Tricep
B. Quadricep: Hamstring
C. Gluteus Maximus: Gluteus Minimus
D. Trapezius/Rhomboids: Pectoralis Major
C. Gluteus Maximus: Gluteus Minimus
- When muscles contract, they pull bones together. They cannot push apart though, so they work in antagonistic pairs on opposite side of the bone
- bicep contracts, tricep relaxes
- quadriceps on the thigh straighten the knee; the hamstrings behind the thigh bend the knee
- trapezius, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor are muscles on the upper back that pull the shoulders back. The pectoralis major and minor (pecs) are on the chest and allow movement of the shoulder (throwing, lifting, rotating)
- The antagonistic muscle to the gluteus maximus is the iliopsoas, the flexor muscle
How do muscle fibers shorten during contraction?
A. Actin filaments attach to the myosin, forming, cross bridges, and pull the fibers closer together
B. Calcium enters the sarcoplasmic reticulum, initiating an action potential
C. Myosin cross bridges attach, rotate, and detach from actin filaments causing the ends of the sarcomere to be pulled closer together
D. The t tubule system allows the fibers to physically shorten during contraction
C. Myosin cross bridges attach, rotate, and detach from actin filaments causing the ends of the sarcomere to be pulled closer together
- B is wrong because action potential is initiated when calcium leaves
- D is incorrect because fibers do not physically shorten
In what way does the skeletal system support the immune system?
A. Bones support and protect the spleen
B. Calcium is stored in the bones
C. bone marrow is the site of WBC production
D. osteoclasts make new bone cells when necessary
C. bone marrow is the site of WBC production
The human anatomy is divided into geographical planes for the purpose of identifying structures. Which are the following definitions is correct?
A. sagittal plane is a horizontal line that divides the core of the body into the right and left sides
B. The caudal plane is a vertical line that divides the body into the right and left sides
C. The transverse plane is a horizontal line that divides the body into upper and lower sections
D. coronal plane is a horizontal line that divides the body into upper or superior and lower or inferior sections
C. The transverse plane is a horizontal line that divides the body into upper and lower sections
- sagittal plane is a vertical line, not horizontal that divides into right and left sections
- caudal plane does not exist
- coronal plane is a vertical line that divides the body into dorsal and ventral halves
After assessing a patient’s passive range of motion in the knee, the therapist determines there is limitation in flexion. Which of the following list of structures may be responsible for the restricted range of motion?
A. Quadriceps, ligaments, knee joint, capsule, fascia
B. Hamstrings, ligaments, knee joint, capsule, fascia
C. Gastrocnemius, ligaments, knee joint, capsule, fascia
D. ligaments, knee joint, capsule, fascia
D. ligaments, knee joint, capsule, fascia
-passive range of motion assesses the non-contractile joint structures such as ligaments, capsules, and fascia
- active range of motion would also assess the contractile elements such as muscles and tendons, in addition to non contractile elements
Which of the following structures acts like a funnel by delivering urine from the millions of collecting tubules to the ureters?
A. renal pelvis
B. renal cortex
C. renal medulla
D. bowman’s capsule
A. renal pelvis
- renal cortex is outer layer of the kidney
- renal medulla is the inner layer and contains functional units of the kidneys-nephrons- which function to filter blood
- bowman’s capsule : name of structure that covers the glomeruli
Which of the following is NOT a component of a sarcomere?
A. Actin
B. D-line
C. A-band
D. I-band
B. D-line
