Deck 12 Flashcards
What is the Stanford-Binet Scale (1905) of intelligence?
o Developed by Binet and modified at Stanford University
o Compared 1000s of children to produce age level norms of intelligence o Still used, especially in the USA
How is IQ calculated?
IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100
What is the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale?
o Most commonly used scale today
o David Wechsler felt that S-B was inappropriate for adults as it relied too much on
language ability
o Includes verbal and performance subscales
How does IQ affect intelligence?
What is the medical model of disability?
Impariment - an abnormality of a structure or function (e.g. an abnormality of the ear)
Disability - the functional consequence of impairment (e.g. inability to hear certain sounds).
Handicab - the social consequence of impairment (e.g. isolation, loss of job due to communication difficulties).
What is the social model of disability?
Disability seen as a function of society.
What are broadly the main causes of learning disabilities?
Pre/Peri/Postnatal:
Trauma
Toxin
Tumour
Genetic (Chromosomal or Gene)
Metabolic
Infection
Give an example of infectious cause of learning disability.
50% of individuals with tuberous sclerosis also have LD. Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant disorder. 80% are new mutations, affecting one of two genes that contribute to the production of tuberin. Tuberin is responsible for halting the growth of tumours. Causes growth of hamartomas across the body – affecting brain, skin, kidneys and heart. Also associated with epilepsy and autism.
Give an example of a genetic cause of disability.
An example of a genetic cause would be Down’s syndrome. 95% is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. 15% of sufferers develop hypothyroidism, and 50% have cardiac defects. Leukaemia affects 1%. People with DS are living longer, with 45% over 45 likely to develop Alzheimer’s Dementia. A feature of Alzheimer’s is cerebral atrophy.
Give an example of metabolic cause of learning disability.
A metabolic cause of learning disability would be Phenylketonuria (PKU), which affects 1/10000 births. It is caused by an autosomal recessive gene. PKU is the absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Build up of phenylalanine (an amino acid) causes microcephaly, epilepsy, over activity, autism, albinism and a musty odour (due to the ketones produced). People with PKU can’t produce tyrosine – an amino acid involved in melanin production. For this reason they are blue eyed and fair skinned. Babies are tested for PKU by analysing the levels of phenylalanine in a blood sample from their foot. This is referred to as the Guthrie test.
Infection in the developing foetus (TOxoplamosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes TORCH)
Exmplain changes in morbidity/mortality of those with learning disabilities.
Significant physical health needs – 74% needed specialist care (Beange et al)
Life expectancy markedly reduced – directly proportional to level of disability
Death by Indifference
Significant increase in mental disorder compared to general population
Some of the deaths are by indifference: neglect; discrimination; delayed diagnosis and treatment; lack of reasonable adjustment; capacity decisions.
Do not let the developmental condition overshadow what could be a diagnosable condition.
Services Available
• Equal access to Health services o GP
o General Hospital
o Liaison nurse
o Community LD team o Inpatient services
Independent organisations such as Wilf Ward Family Trust and Mencap
Advocacy
Respite
What is the process of producing stigma?
- Labelling – Distinguishing and labelling human difference
- Stereotyping – Differences are linked to characteristics which form a stereotype, resulting in the development of cultural images that characterise a group (BBC)
- Othering – Using labels to separate oneself from social groups
- Stigmatisation – Devaluing people based on an attribute or behaviour which is considered
different or undesirable
- Discrimination – Acting differently towards people based on a characteristic or behaviour,
can be individual, institutional or structural.
What is Stigma in terms of ‘our social bodies’
- The construction of bodily based difference is based upon visibility
- Bodies considered inferior become a spectacle of otherness. They are highly visible e.g a person in a wheelchair, face with a scar…
- ‘Normality’ is invisible as unmarked bodies are sheltered within the neutral space of normality
What is Behaviour in terms of Stigma?
Behaviour may be seen as ‘different’ or inappropriate based on the social context
- We learn what is ‘normal’ behaviour
- Observing deviant behaviour helps us to behave ‘normally’
- Goffman (1963) showed that inmates in asylums had nuanced ways of behaving ‘normally’= (ie ‘mad’) in the context of life in the total institution
What are the types of stigma?
-
Discreditable Stigma – keeping stigmatised conditions hidden except to close friends, family etc. For example, HIV/AIDS.
Discrediting Stigma – When a stigmatising condition cannot be hidden, e.g. wheelchair users, asperger syndrome, tourettes.
- Felt Stigma – a sense of fear and shame due to ones condition (e.g. Albinos in Africa)
- Enacted Stigma – discrimination by others (e.g. removing schizophrenic from a bus)
- Courtesy Stigma – stigma felt by someone who is with a person open to stigma, e.g. carer or parent of someone with Alzheimer’s.