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Patho/Pharm > Deck 1 > Flashcards

Deck 1 Flashcards

1
Q
  • calci
A

Calcium and Vitamin D supplements

  • Calcifero
  • Calcitrol
  • ergocalciferol
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2
Q
  • ase, plase
A

Thrombolytics

  • alteplace ( Activase)
  • streptokinase (streptase)
  • reteplase (Retavase)
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3
Q

Antidote for thrombolytics such as alteplase ( activase)

A

Amicar ( Aminocaproic acid)

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4
Q

What should you watch for when giving Thrombolytics

A

preventing bleeding & watch for reperfusion arrhythmias if administered for myocardial infarction

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5
Q

When is streptokinase contraindicated?

A

if strep infections or previous streptoknnase in the last 6 months

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6
Q

What is Alteplase (Activase) used for?

what is an important thing to remember when giving this drug?

A

used in treatment of acute ischemic stroke in adults

needs to be started within 3 hours of on set

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7
Q

-fenac, -lac

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

  • diclofenac ( Cataflam, Voltaren)
  • etodolac ( Lodine)
  • nepafenac
  • Ketrolac ( Toradol)
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8
Q

Side effects of NSAIDS

A

GI irritation/ulcers/bleeding, nephrotoxicity.

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9
Q
  • profen
A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

  • Fenoprofen (Naprofen)
  • Ibuprofen ( Motrin, Advil)
  • Ketoprofen ( Actron, Orudis)
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10
Q

What is the difference between -fenac and - lac NSAIDS and -profen NSAIDS

A

-profen NSAIDS have low to intermediate analgesic potency and fenacs have the most potent analgesic effect, comparable with opioids

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11
Q

-afil

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors- PDE-5 inhibitors

  • sildenafil
  • tadalafil
  • vardenafil
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12
Q

What is the action and results of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

A

block 1 or more of the 5 PD enzyme ( PDE) subtypes, resulting in increased intracellular cAMP
Overall causing increased cardiac contactility, vasodilation and bronchodilation

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13
Q

-afil PDIs that selectively block PDE- 5 found where? What are they used for?

A

found in the corpus cavernosum in the penis. Can treat erectile dysfunction

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14
Q

-rinone

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors-PDE-3 inhibitors

  • amrinone
  • milrinone
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15
Q

what is the overall effect of phosphodiesterase inhibitors-PDE 3?

A

increased cardiac contractility and vasodilation

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16
Q

What are phosphodiesterase inhibitors-PDE 3 useful for?

A

the treatment of acute congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock because of the ability to increase contractility and vasodilation

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17
Q

-zepam

A

sedative/anxiolytics-Benzodiazepine

  • clonazepam
  • diazepam (Valium)
  • lorazepam ( Ativan)
  • temazepam
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18
Q

What is the mode of action of sedative/anxiolytics- Benzodiazepine?

A

Act on BZD receptors on chloride channel- increase chloride influx into neuronal cells to decrease excitability

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19
Q

What are Benzodiazepines used for?

A

anxiety agent, sedative and anti-convulsant

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20
Q

What drug is the first line for stopping seizure in progress in status epilepticus?

A

Benzodiazepine

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21
Q

-zolam

A

Sedatives/Anxiolytics- Benzodiazepine

  • alprazolam ( Xanax)
  • estazolam
  • midazolam ( Versed)
  • Oxazepam ( Serax
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22
Q

What is a precaution when giving Midazolam ( Versed)

A

It can cause Amnesia

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23
Q

-glinide, ide

A

hypoglycemic agents- secretogues

  • glipizide ( glucotrol)
  • glyburide ( Micronase, DiaBeta)
  • Nateglinide ( Starlix)
  • Repaglinide ( Prandin)
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24
Q

What are the therapeutic effects of hypoglycemia agents -glinide, ide

A

increase insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells

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25
Q

What re side effects/ adverse effect of sulfonylureas( glyburide, glipizide)

A

weight gain

glyburide increases sensitivity to sun

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26
Q

-glitazone

A

Hypoglycemic Agent- Thiazolidinediones

  • Pioglitazone* (Actos)
  • Rosiglitazone (Avandia)
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27
Q

What is the mode of action for Thiazolidinedione hypoglycemic Agents?

A

insulin sensitizers- increase insulin uptake and effectiveness by skeletal muscle cells and adipose tissue

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28
Q
  • limus
A

Immunosuppressant
-Pimecrolimus (Elidel)
-Sirolimus ( Rapamune)
Tacrolimus ( Prograf)

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29
Q

-mab, -monab

A

immuntherapy-Monoclonal Antibody ( MAB)

  • adalimumab (Humira)
  • alemtuzumab(campath)
  • daclizumab (zenapax)
  • infliximab (remicade)
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30
Q

What are Immunotherapy- Monoclonial Antibody (-mab, -monab) used for?

A

treatment or prevention of organ rejection or graft vs host disease: also for management of autoimmune disorders

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31
Q

Which MAB is used to inhibit cell proliferation in some type of cancers?

A

Alemtuzumab and transtuzumab

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32
Q

Which MAB are anti-necrosis factor? What are they used for?

A

adalimumab, Etanercept, golimumab. Used for rheumatoid arthritis

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33
Q

What are the possible side effects of MABs

A

Flu-like symptoms, aches, pain, fever and nausea

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34
Q
  • zoline
A

Nasal Decongestants

  • oxymetozoline
  • zylometazoline
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35
Q

What type of drugs are Nasal Decongestatns ( -zoline)? How do they work?

A

Alpha Adrenergic Agonists. Exert their effect by causing vasoconstriction of nasal blood vessels.

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36
Q

What are the possible side effects of Nasal Decongestants?

A

They can enter systemic circulation and produce CNS effects- tachycardia and hypertension

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37
Q

-nium

A

Neuromuscular blocking agents

-pancuroium

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38
Q

What are Neuromuscular Blocking agents ( -nium) used for?

A

skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery or other procedures. Also used for mechanically ventilated patients to avoid “ bucking” or resisting the vent.

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39
Q

-curium

A

Neuromuscular blocking agents-Muscle-relaxant

  • atracurium
  • mivacurium
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40
Q

-coxib

A

Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID) Cyclooxygenase -2 ( COX-2) selective inhibitor

  • valdecoxib ( bextra)
  • celecoxib ( celebrex)
  • rofecoxib ( Vioxx)
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41
Q

What is unique to the Cylooxygenase-2 ( COX-2) selective NSAIDS (-coxib)? Compared to other NSAIDS

A

Because this class of NSAIDS does not block the COX-1 pathway, it exerts an anti-inflammatory effect without the common side effects of GI irritation ulcers, bleeding and Nephrotoxicity.

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42
Q

What is a disadvantage of the Cyclooxygenase-2 NSAID group?

A

They do not have anti-platelet effect so there is an increased risk of thrombi and emboli formation- leading to higher risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolus and deep vein thrombosis. Contraindicated in pts at high risk for this

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43
Q

pred-

A

Corticosteroid

  • loteprednol
  • methylprednisolone* (Medrol, Depo-Medrol)
  • Prednicarbate
  • Prednisolone ( Orapred, Prelone)
  • Prednisone* ( Sterapred)
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44
Q

-sone

A

Corticosteroid

  • betamethasone ( Celestone)
  • cortisone ( Cortone Acetate)
  • dexamethasone ( Decardron)
  • prednisone
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45
Q

-tretin

A

Dermatogic Agent-Retinoid/Vitamin A

  • acitretin
  • alitretinoin
  • isotretinoin
  • tretinoin
46
Q

What are Dermatogic Agents Retinoid/ Vitamin A (-tretin) used for?

A

Topically for skin lesions such as acne, psoriasis, kaposi’s sarcome lesions

47
Q

What is a major contraindiction associated with Acitretin?

A

Contradicted in pregnancy due to tetratogenic effects. Should also not use if planning pregnancy within the next 3 years

48
Q

-lamide

A

Diuretics - Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

  • acetazolamide
  • brinzolamide
  • dorzolamide
  • methazolamide
49
Q

What are Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (-lamide) used for?

A

glaucoma ( decreases edema in eye) and metabolic alkalosis

50
Q

-semide

A

Diuretics-loop diuretic

  • furosemide
  • torsemide
51
Q

What is the mode of action in Loop diuretic (-semide)?

A

They block sodium, potassium, chloride and water reabsorption in ascending Loop of Henle

52
Q

What are the possible adverse effects of giving Loop Diuretics too quickly?

A

Ototoxicity and syncope

53
Q

-thiazide

A

Diuretics-Potassium losing

  • chlorthiazide ( Hygroton, Diuril)
  • hydrochlorothiazide(hydodiuril)
54
Q

-actone

A

Diuretics-Potassium sparing

  • aldactone
  • spironolactone
55
Q

What is the mode of action for potassium losing diuretics (-thiazide) ?

A

inhibits sodium, chloride, and water re-absorption to end portion of ascending LOH and distal tubule

56
Q

In addition to diuretics what else can Diuretic -Potassium losing (-thiazide) do?

A

Vasodilation- #1 drug for hypertension

57
Q

When should -thiazides not be given?

A

When a pt has sulfa allergy

58
Q

What are side effects of thiazides?

A

hypo- kalemia, magnesemia, natremia, tension, chloremia, academia
hyper- glycemia, uricemia

59
Q

What is the mode of action for -actone potassium sparing diuretics?

A

blocks the effects of aldoesterone- decreases sodium/chloride/water reabsorption and increases excretion. Increases potassium reabsorption

60
Q

What must be watched when taking potassium sparing diuretics

A

hyperkalemia

61
Q

-trel

A

female hormone-progestrin

  • desogestrel
  • etonogestrel
  • levonorgestrel
  • norgestrel
62
Q

What are female hormone progestrin ( -trel ) used for?

A

hormonal contraception

63
Q

-stim

A

Hematopoietic agent-colony stimulating factor

  • filgrastim
  • pegfilgrastim
  • sargramostim
64
Q

What are hematopoietic agents-colony stimulating facor ( -stim) used for?

A

used to off-set bone marrow suppressive effects of cancer chemotherapy, radiation and other treatments

65
Q

What are side effects of hematopoietic agents?

A

flu-like symptoms, fever, chills, aches, pains, malasie, fatigue, Nausea, Anorexia

66
Q

-phylline

A

Bronchodilators- xanthine derivative

  • Aminophylline (Phyllocontin)
  • dyphylline
  • oxytryphylline
  • theophylinne ( Theo-Dur, Slo-bid)
67
Q

What is the mode of action of bronchodilators-xanthine derivative ( -phylline )

A

Relaxes smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles by increasing intracellular cAMP –> increase bronchodilation

68
Q

What are possible side effects of Bronchodilators-xanthine derivative?

A

CNS stimulant effect- tachycardia, nervousness, tremors, visual hallucinations and seizures

69
Q

What is an important nursing consideration when giving Bronchodilators-xanthine derivative ( -phylline )

A

monitoring blood levels because of the narrow therapeutic window
10-20mcg/blood > 20=toxicity

70
Q

-tropium

A

Bronchodilators-anticholinergic

  • ipratropium (atrovent)
  • tiotropium* (spiriva)
71
Q

What is the mode of action for Anticholinergc- Bronchodilators ( -tropium )

A

block the bronchoconstrictive effect of acetylcholine from parasympathetic system, promotes SNS causing bronchodiation

72
Q

What are Anticholinergic-bronchodilators usuaully used for?

A

treatment of COPD

73
Q

-stigmine

A

cholinergic agonists

  • neostigmine
  • physostigmine
  • pyridostigmine
74
Q

What are cholinergic used for?

A

treats myasthenia gravis and overdoes of neuromuscular blocking agents like curare

75
Q

-ine

A

CNS stimulants

  • amphetamine
  • dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
  • caffeine (NoDox, Vivarin)
  • terbutaline
  • theophylline
  • epinephrine
  • lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
76
Q

What are catecholamines such as epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine used for?

A

to prolong the compensatory phase of shock

77
Q

-cort

A

corticosteroid

  • clocortolone
  • fludrocortisones
  • hydrocortisone
78
Q

What are the general uses for corticosteroids?

A

treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders ( arthritis, asthma, chronic pain disorders, autoimmune disorders) and prevention or treatment of acute or chronic organ rejection in transplantation

79
Q

What are the adverse effects of corticosteroids

A

cushings syndrome-hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, sodium and water rentention, hypertension, labile mood, stretch marks, muscle atrophy, increased suseptibility to infections, moon face, buffalp ump, masked signs of infection

80
Q

What should be avoided when on corticosteroids

A

avoid grapefruit and juice

81
Q

When should corticosteroids be taken?

A

in morning

82
Q

-onide, -sonide

A

corticosteroid

83
Q

-idone

A

Antipsychotic-atypical

  • paliperidone ( Invega)
  • resperidone ( Risperdal)
  • ziprasidone (geodon)
  • lloperidone (fanapt)
84
Q

What is the mode of action for antipsychotic-atypical drugs ( -idone )

A

blocks dopamine receptors and serotonin receptor 5HR2A

85
Q

What are the possible side effects

A

weight gain and changes in metabolism - risk of diabetes and hyperlipidemia

86
Q

-pine

A

antipsychotics-atypical

  • clozapine (clozaril)
  • olonazapine*
  • quetiapine* ( Seroquel)
87
Q

-prazole

A

Anti-ulcer- Gastric proton pump inhibitors

  • esomeprazole* (Nexium)
  • lansoprazole (Prevacid)
  • omeprazole* (Prilosec)
  • pantoprazole ( Prontonix)
88
Q

What is the mode of action for Anti-ulcer Gastric Proton Pump Inhibitors ( -prazole ) ?

A

inhibit gastric acid production by the parietal cells on the surface of the stomach

89
Q

What drugs could proton pump inhibitors effect and how?

A

they can increase bioavailability and risk of toxicity of anticoagulants, diazepam and dilantin

90
Q

-tidine

A

Anti-Ulcer–H2 receptor antagonists

  • Cimetidine ( Tagament)
  • Famotidine* (Pepcid)
  • Niazatidine ( Axid )
  • Ranitidine ( Zantac)
91
Q

What is the mode of action for Anti-Ulcer- H2 receptor antagonists (-tidine)

A

prevent histamine-induced gastric acid production

92
Q

What are possible side effects of H2- receptor antagonist (-tidine)

A

headache

may causes confusion in severly ill patients > 50 yrs old.

93
Q

Which H2- receptor antagonist may have more adverse effects? What effects are these?

A

Cimetidine is more prone to have hepatic/renal toxicity and bone marrow suppression

94
Q

When should H2 receptor antagonists be taken?

A

orally and at least 1-2 hours apart from antacids

95
Q

-dronate

A

Biphosphonates- Bone resorption inhibitor

96
Q

What is the mode of action for Biphosphoinates-bone resorption inhibitor? ( -dronate )

A

inhibits resorption of calcium from bone to blood.

97
Q

What are possible side effects of biphosphonates

A

irritating to esophagus and GI tract- if taken orally.

98
Q

How should Biphosphonates be taken?

A

should be taken 6-8 ounces of water on empty stomach. it upright or stand for at least 30 minutes after taking

99
Q

-terol

A

Bronchodilators- Beta-2 agonist

  • short acting: albuerol, levalbuterol, metaproteronolo, pirbuterol
  • long acting: Arformoterol, formoterol, salmeterol ( Serevent )
100
Q

What are the side effects of Bronchodilators-beta- 2 agonists

A

increase HR, increase SNS stimulation

101
Q

-adol

A

Analgesics – Opioid

Tapnetadol (Nucynta), tramadol*(Rybix, Ryzolt, Ultram)

102
Q

-one ,-done

A

Analgesics – Opioid

hydrocodone* (Norco,Vicodin), hydromorphone (Dilaudid, Exalgo), oxycodone* (OxyContin, Percocet), methadone

103
Q

hydrocodone* (Norco,Vicodin), hydromorphone (Dilaudid, Exalgo), oxycodone* (OxyContin, Percocet), methadone

A 
o Depressed respirations
o Dizziness
o Drowsiness
o Decreased peristalsis
o Decreased BP
o Dependency
 CNS depressant, everything SLOWS DOWN with opioids
104
Q

-ane

A

Anesthetics – General

cyclohexane, ethane, fluorane

105
Q

-caine

A

Anesthetics – Local/ Antiarrhythmics – Class I
bupivacaine, cocaine, lidocaine (local anesthetic plus Class I Antiarrhythmic), xylocaine (local anesthetic plus Class I Antiarrhythmic), procainamide (Pronestyl – Class I antiarrhythmic)

106
Q

All “caine” drugs work by

A

inhibiting or blocking the sodium channels. Sodium does not rush in as fast during an action potential, decreasing heart rate in the heart; decreased rate of pain transmission from the pain receptors
- CNS depressant effect

107
Q

-nitrate, nitro-

A 
Antianginals – Nitrates
Isorbid dinitrate (Isordil, Sorbitrate); isorbide mononitrate* (Monoket, Imdur); nitroglycerin (Nitro-Dur, Nitro-Bid, Nitrostate)
108
Q

Antianginals – Nitrates (-nitrate, nitro) work by

A

prevention or treatment of angina in patients with atherosclerosis
- Vasodilation (arteries) and -Venodilation (veins) effect

109
Q

Antianginals-Nitrates need replaced ..

A

Potency of NTG SL lost within 3 mos of opening bottle – needs replaced

110
Q

Side effects of Antianginals-Nitrates?

A

Headache, dizziness, hypotension

111
Q

Pts taken Viagra and Nitrates are at a high risk for what?

A

dangerous hypotension

Patho/Pharm (2 decks)

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