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NCM 108 Bioethics > Decision Making in Value Issue > Flashcards

Decision Making in Value Issue Flashcards

1
Q

similar to the two faces of a coin

A

Ethical dilemma

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2
Q

importance needs to be given to two equally desirable and undesirable outcomes

A

Ethical dilemma

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3
Q

a situation in which an individual is compelled to choose between two actions that will affect the welfare of a sentient being

A

Ethical dilemma

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4
Q

identify actions to choose from in an ethical dilemma

A
  • both actions are reasonably justified as being good,
  • neither action is readily justified as being good,
  • or the goodness of the actions is uncertain
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5
Q

discusses an ethical issue to bring out solutions and check the pros and cons, where each alternative action is justified according to the view of ethical practice

A

Ethical dilemma

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6
Q

give Quick tests in resolving an ethical dilemma

A

Legal test Stench test Frontpage test Mom (parent) test

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7
Q

The Five Rs Approach to Ethical Nursing Practice

A 
Read
Reflect
Recognize
Resolve
Respond
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8
Q

a philosophical-normative, prescriptive theory

A

Ethical Egoism

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9
Q

“everyone ought to act in my self-interest”

A

Individual form

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10
Q

“I ought to act in my own self-interest, but make no claims about what anyone else ought to do

A

Personal form

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11
Q

“everyone should always act in their own self-interest”

A

universal form

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12
Q

most commonly held version of ethical egoism

A

Universal form

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13
Q

similarities of 3 forms of Ethical Egoism

A

person acts to their own self interest

no moral obligation for anyone else

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14
Q

self

A

=egoism

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15
Q

everyone concerned

A

Utilitarianism

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16
Q

maintains that everyone should perform that act or follow that moral rule which will bring about the greatest good (or happiness) for everyone concerned

A

Utilitarianism

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17
Q

everyone should perform that act which will bring about the greatest good over bad for everyone affected by the act

A

ACT UTILITARIANISM

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18
Q

everyone should follow the rule/s that will bring about the greatest number of good consequences for all concerned

A

RULE UTILITARIANISM

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19
Q

Utilitarianism principal architects were

A

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

20
Q

General challenge for utilitarianism

A

The end justifies the means.

21
Q

Problems with consequentialist theories

A

demand that we discover and determine all of the consequences of our actions or rules

22
Q

demand that we discover and determine all of the consequences of our actions or rules

virtually impossible to accomplish.

true or false

A

true

23
Q

Do consequences or ends constitute all of morality?

A

Problems with consequentialist theories

24
Q

Care ethics aka

A

“feminist ethics”

25
Q

established by?

A

Carol Gilligan

26
Q

what was her book?

A

In a Different Voice

27
Q

what does feminist ethics indicate

A

Men and women think quite differently when it comes to ethics.

28
Q

Men’s moral attitudes have to do with

A
  • justice,
  • rights,
  • competition,
  • being independent,
  • living by rules.
29
Q

Women’s moral attitudes have to do with

A
  • generosity,
  • harmony,
  • reconciliation,
  • working to maintain close relationships.
30
Q

Kohlberg agrees but concludes that

A

women’s ethical reasoning is inferior to men’s.

31
Q

Heinz dilemma

how did Kohlberg interpret the situation?

A
  • The boy had a clear understanding of the situation.

- The girl’s understanding of the situation was weak.

32
Q

Heinz dilemma

how did Gilligan interpret the situation?

A
  • The boy and girl were answering different questions.
  • The girl thought in terms of caring.

=Men and women should consider both views of ethics.

33
Q

what are you going to Read about?

A

ethical philosophies, approaches, and the Code of Ethics for Nurses.

34
Q

what are you going to Reflect on?

A 
one’s egocentric attachments—
values,
intentions, 
motivations, 
and attitudes.
35
Q

what should you recognize?

A

ethical bifurcation (decision) points, whether they are obvious or obscure.

36
Q

what should be your resolve?

A

develop and practice intellectual and moral virtues.

37
Q

how should you respond to persons and situations?

A

deliberately and habitually with intellectual and moral virtues.

38
Q

pinaglalaban ng ACT UTILITARIANISM

A

one cannot establish rules in advance to cover all situations and people because they are all different

39
Q

give 3 difficulties with ACT UTILITARIANISM

A
  • It is very hard to ascertain what would be good consequences for others
  • impractical to have to begin anew with each situation, to decide what would be moral in that situation.
  • nearly impossible to educate the young or the uninitiated to act morally if they can be given no rules or guides to follow.
40
Q

pinaglalaban ng RULE UTILITARIANISM

A

there are enough similar human motives, actions, and situations to justify setting up rules that will apply to human beings and situations.

41
Q

give 3 difficulties with RULE UTILITARIANISM

A
  • It is difficult to determine what would be good consequences for others.
  • It is difficult to see how rule utilitarians can be sure that they can create a rule that will truly and always bring about the greatest good for all concerned.
  • It is difficult to avoid making so many exceptions to rules that the rules cannot really function effectively.
42
Q

Heinz Dilemma

Gilligan posed that

A

=men and women’s views of ethical values are considered different but are equally valid

43
Q

each individual must access the situation to figure out which act would bring about the greatest good or amount of consequences and the least amount of consequences

A

act utilitarianism

44
Q

give example of act utilitarianism

A

deciding whether telling the truth is the right thing to do at this situation at this time

45
Q

give example of rule utilitarianism

A

rather than discerning wether or not to kill someone you form a rule

“never kill unless for self defense”

NCM 108 Bioethics (3 decks)

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