Decision Making in Value Issue Flashcards
similar to the two faces of a coin
Ethical dilemma
importance needs to be given to two equally desirable and undesirable outcomes
Ethical dilemma
a situation in which an individual is compelled to choose between two actions that will affect the welfare of a sentient being
Ethical dilemma
identify actions to choose from in an ethical dilemma
- both actions are reasonably justified as being good,
- neither action is readily justified as being good,
- or the goodness of the actions is uncertain
discusses an ethical issue to bring out solutions and check the pros and cons, where each alternative action is justified according to the view of ethical practice
Ethical dilemma
give Quick tests in resolving an ethical dilemma
Legal test Stench test Frontpage test Mom (parent) test
The Five Rs Approach to Ethical Nursing Practice
Read Reflect Recognize Resolve Respond
a philosophical-normative, prescriptive theory
Ethical Egoism
“everyone ought to act in my self-interest”
Individual form
“I ought to act in my own self-interest, but make no claims about what anyone else ought to do
Personal form
“everyone should always act in their own self-interest”
universal form
most commonly held version of ethical egoism
Universal form
similarities of 3 forms of Ethical Egoism
person acts to their own self interest
no moral obligation for anyone else
self
=egoism
everyone concerned
Utilitarianism
maintains that everyone should perform that act or follow that moral rule which will bring about the greatest good (or happiness) for everyone concerned
Utilitarianism
everyone should perform that act which will bring about the greatest good over bad for everyone affected by the act
ACT UTILITARIANISM
everyone should follow the rule/s that will bring about the greatest number of good consequences for all concerned
RULE UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism principal architects were
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
General challenge for utilitarianism
The end justifies the means.
Problems with consequentialist theories
demand that we discover and determine all of the consequences of our actions or rules
demand that we discover and determine all of the consequences of our actions or rules
virtually impossible to accomplish.
true or false
true
Do consequences or ends constitute all of morality?
Problems with consequentialist theories
Care ethics aka
“feminist ethics”
established by?
Carol Gilligan
what was her book?
In a Different Voice
what does feminist ethics indicate
Men and women think quite differently when it comes to ethics.
Men’s moral attitudes have to do with
- justice,
- rights,
- competition,
- being independent,
- living by rules.
Women’s moral attitudes have to do with
- generosity,
- harmony,
- reconciliation,
- working to maintain close relationships.
Kohlberg agrees but concludes that
women’s ethical reasoning is inferior to men’s.
Heinz dilemma
how did Kohlberg interpret the situation?
- The boy had a clear understanding of the situation.
- The girl’s understanding of the situation was weak.
Heinz dilemma
how did Gilligan interpret the situation?
- The boy and girl were answering different questions.
- The girl thought in terms of caring.
=Men and women should consider both views of ethics.
what are you going to Read about?
ethical philosophies, approaches, and the Code of Ethics for Nurses.
what are you going to Reflect on?
one’s egocentric attachments— values, intentions, motivations, and attitudes.
what should you recognize?
ethical bifurcation (decision) points, whether they are obvious or obscure.
what should be your resolve?
develop and practice intellectual and moral virtues.
how should you respond to persons and situations?
deliberately and habitually with intellectual and moral virtues.
pinaglalaban ng ACT UTILITARIANISM
one cannot establish rules in advance to cover all situations and people because they are all different
give 3 difficulties with ACT UTILITARIANISM
- It is very hard to ascertain what would be good consequences for others
- impractical to have to begin anew with each situation, to decide what would be moral in that situation.
- nearly impossible to educate the young or the uninitiated to act morally if they can be given no rules or guides to follow.
pinaglalaban ng RULE UTILITARIANISM
there are enough similar human motives, actions, and situations to justify setting up rules that will apply to human beings and situations.
give 3 difficulties with RULE UTILITARIANISM
- It is difficult to determine what would be good consequences for others.
- It is difficult to see how rule utilitarians can be sure that they can create a rule that will truly and always bring about the greatest good for all concerned.
- It is difficult to avoid making so many exceptions to rules that the rules cannot really function effectively.
Heinz Dilemma
Gilligan posed that
=men and women’s views of ethical values are considered different but are equally valid
each individual must access the situation to figure out which act would bring about the greatest good or amount of consequences and the least amount of consequences
act utilitarianism
give example of act utilitarianism
deciding whether telling the truth is the right thing to do at this situation at this time
give example of rule utilitarianism
rather than discerning wether or not to kill someone you form a rule
“never kill unless for self defense”
