Deception

Question 1

Def./Criteria

Answer 1

• Providing false information

- Benefits sender, costs for receiver

Question 2

Constraints

Answer 2

• Ability to control signal production
• Individual recognition and iterated interactions
• Punishment

Question 3

Methods/Evidence

Answer 3

• Intentional deception:
  Chimps learn to deceive competitive experimenter
  -> After role reversal learn to choose other cup than pointed at by experimenter.
• Misleading:
  Ravens respond to visibility of others
  -> Selectively conceal cache location and provide false lead.

Question 4

Tactical deception

Answer 4

• Flexible use of behaviours/signals of species’ repertoire (contrast to genetically fixed strategies like mimicry)
• Not/hardly stimulus-bound
• Proactive use of social knowledge

Question 5

Intentionality of sender (orders)

Answer 5

1st-order: Direct manipulation of others’ behaviour

2nd-order: Creating false belief in receiver