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Alevel Chemistry > December Mocks - Reaction pathways/organic synthesis and qualitative analysis/identifying funtcional groups > Flashcards

December Mocks - Reaction pathways/organic synthesis and qualitative analysis/identifying funtcional groups Flashcards

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1
Q

alkane —> haloalkane

A

Cl2/Br2

uv light

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2
Q

alkene —> alcohol

A

steam

H3PO4 catalyst

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3
Q

alkene —> haloalkane

what mechanism is this?

A

gaseous hydrogen halide
gases mixed if alkene is gas
bubble through alkene if alkene is liquid

electrophilic addition mechanism

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4
Q

alkene —> dihaloalkane
observations?
what mechanism is this?

A

Cl2/Br2

observations:
orange to colourless

electrophilic addition mechanism

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5
Q

alkene —> alkane

A

mixed with H2
423K
Ni catalyst

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6
Q

alcohol —> alkene

A

alcohol heated under reflux

presence of a conc. acid catalyst (conc. H2SO4 or conc. H3PO4)

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7
Q

primary alcohol —> aldehyde

A

alcohol gently heated
acidified potassium dichromate
aldehyde distilled off immediately

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8
Q

primary alcohol/aldehyde —> carboxylic acid

A

alcohol heated strongly under reflux
excess acidified potassium dichromate

observations:
orange to green

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9
Q

secondary alcohol —> ketone

A

alcohol heated under reflux

oxidising mixture such as aqeous solution of acidified potassium dichromate

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10
Q

alcohol —> haloalkane

A

alcohol heated under reflux
sodium halide
presence of acid catalyst (eg H2SO4)

hydrogen halide forms reacts with alcohol to produce haloalkane + water

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11
Q

haloalkane —> alcohol

what mechanism is this?

what is this reaction used for?

A

heat under reflux with:
aqeous alkali (NaOH)
or
water in the presence of AgNO3 and ethanol
nucleophilic substitution mechanism
(used to compare the rates if hydrolysis of diff H-X bonds)

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12
Q

benzene —> halobenzene

what mechanism is this?

A

Cl2/Br2
halogen carrier catalyst

electrophilic substitution mechanism

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13
Q

benzene —> nitrobenzene

what mechanism is this?

A

conc. HNO3
presence of conc. H2SO4
50 degrees water bath - reacts slowly

electrophilic substitution mechanism

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14
Q

benzene —> alkyl benzene

what mechanism is this?

A

excess benzene
chloroalkane
AlCl3 - halogen carrier catalyst

electrophilic substitution mechanism

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15
Q

benzene —> phenylethanone

what mechanism is this?

A 
ethanoyl chloride
AlCl3 - halogen carrier catalyst
-60 degrees
anhydrous conditions
30 mins reflux

electrophilic substitution mechanism

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16
Q

phenol —> 2,4,6 - tribromophenol

observations?

A

aqeous solution of bromine
observations:
white precipitate formed (2,4,6-tribromophenol)
bromine goes orange to colourless

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17
Q

phenol —> 2/4-nitrophenol

A

dilute HNO3

mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol formed

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18
Q

acyl chloride + ammonia —> ?

A

primary amide + hydrochloric acid

19
Q

acyl chloride + primary amide —> ?

A

secondary amide + hydrochloric acid

20
Q

acyl chloride + alcohol —> ?

A

ester + hydrochloric acid

21
Q

acly chloride + phenol —> ?

A

phenyl -oate + hydrochloric acid

22
Q

acyl chloride + water —> ?

A

carboxylic acid + hydrogen chloride gas

23
Q

carboxylic acid —> acyl chloride

A

SOCl2
acyl chloride distilled off

+ SO2 + HCl

24
Q

acid anhydride + alcohol —> ?

conditions?

A

acid anyhdride + alcohol —> ester + carboxylic acid

gentle heating

25
Q

carboxylic acid + alcohol —> ?

conditions?

A

carboxylic acid + alcohol —> ester + water

alcohol warmed with carboxylic acid
conc. H2SO4 catalyst

26
Q

aldehyde/ketone —> primary/secondary alcohols

conditions?

what mechanism is this?

A

warmed with NaBH4
aqeous conditions

reduction
nucleophilic addition mechanism

27
Q

aldehyde/ketone —> hydroxynitriles

what mechanism is this?

(increasing the carbon chain)

A

KCN
dilute acid
aqeous conditions

nucleophilic addition mechanism

28
Q

alkaline hydrolysis of esters

A

ester + NaOH—> carboxylate salt + alcohol

heat ester under reflux with aqeous NaOH/KOH

29
Q

acid hydrolysis of esters

A

ester + H20 —-> carboxylic acid + alcohol

heat ester under reflux with dilute aqeous H2SO4 or dilute HCl
reversible

acid above reversible sign

30
Q

haloalkane —> (aliphatic) amines

preparation of aliphatic amines

A 
heated 
excess ethanolic ammonia
>mixture of amines and their salts is formed
aqeous alkali
>amines produced

haloalkane + ammonia —> primary amine
haloalkane + primary amine —> secondary amine
haloalkane + secondary amine —> tertiary amine
haloalkanr + tertiary amine —> quaternary ammonium salt

31
Q

nitrobenzene —> phenylamine

preparation of aromatic amines

A 
heated under reflux
tin + conc HCL(reducing agents)
>forms phenylammonium chloride
excess NaOH 
>forms phenylamine
32
Q

amino acid + acid —> ?

A

ammonium salt

33
Q

amino acid + alkali (NaOH/KOH) —> ?

A

carboxylate salt + water

34
Q

amino acid + alcohol —> ?

conditions?

A

ester + water
heated with alcohol
conc. H2SO4 present

35
Q

haloalkane —> nitrile

A

NaCN/KCN

ethanol

36
Q

nitrile —> carboxylic acid

acid hydrolysis of nitriles

A

heat nitrile under reflux
dilute aqeous acid catalyst (eg HCl)

RCN + 2H20 + HCl —> RCOOH + NH4Cl

37
Q

nitrile —> amine

reduction of nitriles

A

transition metal (eg Ni)
H2 (g)
150 degrees

38
Q

how do you identify an alkene

A

add bromine water dropwise
observation:
bromine water decolourises from orange to colourless

39
Q

how do you identify a haloalkane

A

add silver nitrate and ethanol and warm to 50 degrees in a water bath
observation:
chloroalkane - white precipitate forms slowly
bromoalkane - cream precipitate forms slower than iodo but faster than chloro
iodoalkane - yellow precipitate forms rapidly

40
Q

how do you identify phenols

A

phenols acts as weak acids and react with solutions of strong bases (eg NaOH aq)
phenols don’t react with carbonates

41
Q

how do you identify carbonyl compounds

A

add 2,4-dnp
observation:
orange/yellow precipitate forms

42
Q

how do you identify aldehydes

A 
Tollen's reagent
aldehydes are oxidised to carboxylic acids
silver ions reduced to silver solid
observation:
silver mirror forms
43
Q

how do you identify primary and seconday alcohols and aldehydes

A

add acidified potassium dichromate
warm in water bath
observation:
orange to green

44
Q

how do you identify carboxylic acids

A

add aqeous sodium carbonate
react to form carbon dioxide
observation:
effervescence

Alevel Chemistry (8 decks)

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