Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology Online > December Midterm Review > Flashcards

December Midterm Review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Memory was much better for the words process

A

processed semantically (when participants thought about their meaning) than for the words processed structurally (when participants thought about their appearance), with sound (acoustic) processing in between.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to measure intensity

A

decibels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

homunculus

A

Latin for “little man”, is used to refer to the somatotopic map of the body in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sound is

A

• vibration causes adjacent air molecules to become compressed into local regions of increased pressure, and rarefied in local regions of decreased pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are stages that are refereed to as slow wave sleep

A

Steps three and four are collectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

• a type of learning in which a substance is avoided because its flavour has been associated with illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Polygenic

A

• a trait that is influenced by more than one pair of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phenotype

A

the outward expression of an organism’s genotype; an organism’s physical characteristics and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stretch detectors

A

• Muscles contain stretch detectors, which tell the brain about the degree of contraction or extension of the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do sensory systems register changes in stimuli rahter than porcess ongoing, unchanged stimuli

A

more efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dualism

A

• the philosophical belief that reality consists of two distinct entities: mind and matter (body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which brain function is is essential for balance and for performing actions that require precise timing and coordination

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • a component of the PNS that receives information from and sends commands to the heart and other organs
  • divided into the sympathetic division, which promotes “fight or flight” response, and the parasympathetic division, which promotes the “rest and digest” response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Developmental psychology

A

is concerned with the environmental variance component, that is, the prenatal and postnatal environmental influences that affect individuals during their lifetimes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Variable schedule of reinforcement

A

• reinforcement that is delivered after a variable number of behaviours or to the first behaviour exhibited after a variable amount of time has elapsed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chemical senses include

A

gustation and olfaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stimuli from these receptors are relayed through

A

the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

skin surface across the body is projected to

A

• primary somatosensory cortex – the region of the somatosensory cortex that receives information directly from the somatosensory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

• Three other monocular cues to depth are

A

partial occlusion (if one object is blocking out another, the first one is closer), relative height (for objects on a surface, the lower base of the object is on the retinal image, the closer the object is to the observer), and familiar size (if an object appears smaller than you expect, it is usually further away)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Each receptor varies its responses to stimuli that differ quantitatively and qualitatively

A
  • Quantitative changes refer to changes in the magnitude of a stimulus (loudness or brightness)
  • Qualitative changes refer to changes in the type of stimulus energy (different pitches/colours)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

• If you are around a scent for a long time, you tend to stop noticing it as you become accustomed to it

A

due to sensory adaptation (a change, usually a decrease, in sensitivity that occurs when a sensory system is repeatedly stimulated in exactly the same way) and habituation (a decrease in perception or behaviour in response to a stimulus when an organism has learned that that stimulus is irrelevant (neither good nor bad))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Inattentional blindness

A
  • the failure to perceive an event when attention is diverted elsewhere
  • Functional neuroimaging is a type of brain scan showing the areas of the brain that are active when the subject performs certain tasks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Role of neurotransmitters by functions

A

• Dendrites receive information,

cell body analyzes it,

axon transmits it.

` The information is passed on to the next neuron at the axon terminal until it reaches the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of physical energy into electrical potentials – happens in sensory receptor cells, which are specialized neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Colour brightness change

A

• during the middle of the day, we find yellows and reds to be most brilliant, whereas blues and greens become most brilliant during twilight hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

lens

A

• transparent structure located behind the pupil. As it changes, this is called accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe how your sensitivity to touch is reflected in the homunculus

A

Skin

Touch receptors

Stretch detectors

Pressure receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Explain how the chemical senses work together and the relationship among the olfactory system, our emotions and our memories

A

• Things that look less appetizing tend to be tasted that way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

• long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

4 criteria of adaptation

A
  • designed to accomplish some biological purpose
  • operates in a similar manner over cultures and time
  • plausibly related to reproductive and survival success in ancestral environments
  • not more simply examples on other grounds. ie. abnormality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Discrimination training

A

training the animal or subject to response selectively to only one stimulus and not others that are similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sensation

A

process by which our sensory systems gather information about the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

photopigments,

A

• complex molecules found in photoreceptors that generate electrical signals in the photoreceptor when they are exposed to light

are in rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Two type of aphasia

A

Broca’s and Wernicke’s, were found to be associated with damage to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Acquisition

A

• time during which a CR first appears and increases in frequency and intensity, becoming more and more like the UCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

ventral stream

A

(the “what” stream) involves areas at the bottom of the temporal lobe and allows us to see form, colour, and motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Types of memory damage

A

Anterograde Amnesia:

Retrgarde Amnesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Long term memories

A
  1. implicit: cannot be put into words

2. explicit: can talk about in words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the scientific method focus on?

A
  • Verifiability
    • can be verified
  • reliability
    • can be replicated
  • objectivity
    • not biased
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Sensory Memory

A

holds sensory information for a brief time after the stimulus causing the sensation is removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Subtractive colour mixing

A

occurs when you mix different paint pigments together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The lateralization of function

A

left and right hemispheres of the brain are specialized for different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Epigamy

A

form of sexual selection based on the alteration of appearance in some way that provides greater attraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

mating opportunity cost

A

• missed additional mating opportunities as a result of investing in offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Convergence

A

potent mechanism for combining information from many different cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Partial reinforcement effect

A

• extinction occurs slowly as there have been many trials without reinforcement followed by trials with reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Timbre

A

what allows us to distinguish the different qualities of different instruments when playing the same note

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

loudness

A

intensity of a waveform is related to our perception of a sound’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

A cochlear implant (CI)

A

• microphone and processor outside the head given to people with hearing loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

• reinforcement of a desired behaviour is provided each time the desired behaviour is shown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

• Nativist vs Interactionist

A

o Interactionist: A person who believes that language development results from interaction among multiple biological and social influences.
o Nativism: The philosophical view that we are born with knowledge already present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Antagonists

A

drugs that inhibit neurotransmissions by blocking the receptors for or the synthesis of the neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

• The skin conveys three general classes of sensations:

A

touch, temperature, and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

visual search

A

• common task of looking for something in a cluttered visual environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Polygyny

A

sexual behaviour in which one male mate with more than one female, while each female mates with only one male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Declarative memory

A

conscious forms of memory, such as retrieving memory for facts and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Bad consequence

A

punishment of behvaiour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Adaptationist view

A

what is the function of a particular feature? what are the benefits?
* george C williams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

characteristics of consciousness

A

• Subjectivity, change, intentionality, selectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

deep processing

A

processing involves elaboration rehearsal, and leads to better recall (linking words with previous knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Lateralized means

A
  • to be located primarily on one side of the brain

* Language tends to be dependent on the left hemisphere and motor and sensory functions are crossed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

the principles of good experimental

A

determine whether change in one variable influences change in another variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

equipotential

A

• Theories suggest that every bit of the brain does the same sort of thing in the same way without specialization

this theory is likely wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

When is an action potential generated

A

• if a neuron is sufficiently depolarized (i.e., if it reaches the threshold of activation), it will generate an action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Place or labeled-line coding

A

depends on the location of the neurons firing (i.e., which neurons are firing) to determine perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Which form of operant conditioning produces the best knowledge retention

A

• Intermittent reinforcement produces slower acquisition and slower extinction than continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

define learning

A

a more-or-less permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential that results from experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Explain the five principal steps of the scientific method

A
  1. Formulate hypothesis
  2. Design a study
  3. Collect the data
  4. Analyze the data and obtain results
  5. Draw conclusions from the results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

independence of sensitivity and bias

A

shown in receiver-operated characteristic (ROC) plots – a graph of hits and false alarms of participants under different motivational conditions; indicates people’s ability to detect a particular stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Fechner, Von Helmholtz

A

Structural school:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Describe how neurons communicate with each other using neurotransmitters

A

through synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Variability of data

A

• is the degree to which scores are dispersed in a distribution, also referred to as the spread or scatter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Cell assembly

A

neurons that fire together, wire together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Stevens’ Power Law

A

proposed relationship between the magnitude of a stimulus and its perceived intensity or strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Motion parallax

A

• monocular depth cue makes us perceive objects that are closer to us to be moving faster than objects that are further away from us helps with depth perception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

the inability to recognize familiar faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Dendrites

A

receive information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

A prototypical neuron has several features:

A

: cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axons, myelin sheath, axon terminal or synaptic terminal, and synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

evolutionary role of emotions, specifically jealousy in females

A
  • Women’s limitations: demands of gestation, birth, lactation, as well as access to male status and wealth to raise children
  • Women competed: by being young, healthy, and more fertile
  • Women’s jealousy focuses more on her partner’s emotional commitment to her, whereas a man’s jealously focuses more on his partner’s sexual fidelity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Classical conditioning

A

• a form of learning in which the animal learns an association between two stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

dorsal stream

A

where” and “how” stream) involves the parietal cortex and enables us to perceive the location of objects such that we can direct appropriate actions to those objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

shallow processing

A

involves maintenance rehearsal, and leads to short-term retention of information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Observational learning

A

learning through seeing the kinds of consequences others (called models) experience as a result of their behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

3 ways to change the nature of the neurotrasmitter activity at the synapse

A

: block or enhance neurotransmitter synthesis and release in the presynaptic neuron,

block or enhance binding at the postsynaptic receptors, or block

enhance neurotransmitter reuptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Size constancy

A

mechanism that maintains the perception of a particular object as being of one size, in spite of the fact that the size of the image on the retina varies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Describe the spinal reflex arc

A

controlled entirely at the level of the spinal cord; the brain is not directly involved in producing a spinal reflex

the sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons cooperate to move the body away from pain, they are involved in a very primitive but highly functional behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Components of the eye

A

Cornea

Pupil

Lens

Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Source memory:

A

recalling where the information that you remember came from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Unconscious inferences

A

• perception most compatible with all the evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Materialism

A

Also known as
• physicalism or monism) is a different philosophical belief that reality can be known only through an understanding of the physical world of which the mind is a part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

When do the best results occur in conditioning

A
  • the new stimulus comes both before and at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus
  • Delay conditioning is the most effective – occurs when there is a delay between onset of the CS and onset of the UCS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Change blindness

A

failure to detect a change when vision is interrupted by a saccade (rapid eye movement) or an artificially produced obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

contingency

A

a causal link between events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Proponenets of the Gestalt School

A

Wetherimer, Kohler and Koffka

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Brain plasticity

A

• brain’s ability to change throughout life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

3 distinct groups of neurons

A
  1. sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
  2. motor neurons (efferent neurons)
  3. interneurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Extinction

A

• a gradual weakening and loss of the conditioned response that results in the behaviour decreasing or disappearing as a result of the UCS being withheld after presentation of the CS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

resolution of our sight varies

A

varies by orders of magnitude across the visual field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Which brain strucutures have more than one component

A

• two of each of the thalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cortex – one in each cerebral hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Prospective memory:

A

ability to remember the actives and plans one has to perform in the future

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Naturalistic fallacy

A

determination of what should be based on what is natural; whatever is natural cannot be wrong and we must accept things as they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

How many different types of photoreceptors are there in humans

A

4 wiht 4 different photo pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

A temporal code

A

uses the rate at which the neurons are firing to determine the perception (i.e., frequency, loudness, or brightness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Cognitive map

A

• mental representation of a set of physical features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

What stage are you least responsive to stimuli in sleep

A

stage 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Infant-Directed Talk

A

• Exaggerated expressive verbal and nonverbal communication used with infants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

hemifield is

A

one of two halves of a sensory field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

preservation and protection theory

A

• that sleep serves an adaptive function. It protects the animal during that portion of the 24-hour day in which being awake, and hence roaming around, would place the individual at greatest risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Attention

A

the selection of some information at the expense of other information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

• concerned with the partition of individual differences into genetic and environmental variance components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Brainstem i

A

• is at the bottom and connects to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Elaborative encoding:

A

actively relating new knowledge to knowledge already stored in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Shaping

A

• reinforce behaviours that are successively closer and closer to the desired operant response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Flashbulb memory:

A

type of memory is highly emotional and remembered vividly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Cognitive approach to learning

A

focuses on the understanding of information and concepts separate from the behaviour itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

We get our information about depth, the third dimension, from two sources

A

our knowledge of the world combined with visual cues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Perception

A

selection
organization
interpretation

of sensations as meaningful objects and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

depth cues include

A

• monocular depth cues (cues to distance that depend on input from only one eye) and binocular cues (cues to distance that depend on input from both eyes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Colour sensitivity

A

in dim conditions, we lose most colour information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

We sense temperature through

A

thermoreceptors in the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

The amplitude of a sound wave

A

determines the sound’s intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Describe how behaviours are acquired (and extinguished) through classical conditioning

A
  • Repeated experiences of particular kinds could lead to more-or-less permanent changes in behaviour (learning)
  • A response is a behavioural reaction to stimulus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

REM atonia

A

body paralyzes itself to prevent itself from acting out its dreams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Overdoses can occur when

A

• a regular amount is administered but in an unusual setting/unfamiliar place, as the conditioned response does not occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

ethical issues involved in psychological research

A
  • Safety for participants
  • Benefits outweigh risks
  • Informed consent is obtained
  • A lack of coercion
  • Privacy

-Self-selection bias
• Halo Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Inner ear detection of movements

A
  • the two detectors in the vestibule (bony chamber attached to the cochlea) are oriented to inform about forward/backward movement and upward/downward movement
  • The three semicircular canals are oriented at 90 degrees to each other and indicate rotational movement in each of three dimensions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

sensory adaptation

A

• a change, usually a decrease, in sensitivity that occurs when a sensory system is repeatedly stimulated in exactly the same way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Coarticulation:

A

Speech sounds for words are not produced in a discrete sequence. Instead, the articulators are effectively shaping multiple sounds at any moment in time, so that different instances of a particular phonem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

reproductive success of those who share common genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

frequency resolution

A

ability to hear two frequencies that are very close to each other as different sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Questions to ask when analyzing research

A
  • Does this relationship make any sense?
  • Is this relationship large enough to be meaningful?
  • Could this relationship have been cause by random variation in the sample? Is it significant?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Which gland is known as the “master gland”

A

the pituitary gland,

whole endocrine system (controls many behaviours through the release of hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

Types of visual search

A
  • In a parallel search, all the items on display are examined at the same time
  • If the search is serial, then items have to be examined one at a time

• conjunction search is when you have to look for a conjunction of features (colour and tilt)

A singleton search is when only one feature is the target and can be conducted in parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

A cell increases its firing when

A

• a) light shines on the area of space corresponding to the centre of the receptive field (excitation) or b) light stops shining on the surrounding grey area (inhibition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

For conditioning to occur

A

contiguity and contingency are necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

temporal code

A

the brain knows which pitch has been heard based on the firing rate of nerve fibres (usually used for lower-frequency sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

memory trace

A

• the degree to which it is encoded so as to be stored and retrieved later) depends on how extensively the information is processed at encoding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

storage

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

139
Q

operant conditioning

A

B.F. Skinner

• the organism learns the contingency between a particular behaviour (operant) and the consequence (good or bad)

140
Q

Describe how sound waves are translated by our auditory system into psychological characteristics

A
  • In the middle ear, soundwaves vibrate the ear drum, which cause these three ossicles to vibrate
  • Ossicles overcome the reflection of sound (like when you’re underwater and you can’t hear people outside because of the reflection off of the liquid)
  • Hair cells inside the cochlea have cilia which sway back and forth like the ocean
141
Q

Types of memory

A

Short-term, long-term, and active working memory

142
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability of a person in whom elementary sensory processing is intact to recognize what he/she is seeing as a meaningful, recognizable object

143
Q

Learning is most efficient if the CS is biologically relevant to the anima

A

drifting toward an intrinsic behaviour is not uncommon and are difficult to overcome

144
Q

, long-termmemoriesarestored

A

• throughout the brain as groups of neurons that are primed to fire together in the same pattern that created the original experience, and each component of a memory isstoredin the brain area that initiated it

145
Q

subcortical structures

A

lie under the cortex

146
Q

CNS is composed

A

• or glia cells (serve supportive/protective functions – help neurons to do their work)

147
Q

Outer ear parts

A
  • pinna/auricle
  • ear canal
  • ear drum
148
Q

States of unconciousness

A

Coma

Locked in-syndrome

Vegetative state

       - minimally conscious state
         - permanent vegetative state

Permanent coma

Brain death

149
Q

Methods to identiufy brain structure-function relationships

A

electronically stimulate the brain

Lesions (destruction of certain brain parts)

150
Q

Schema:

A
  • mental framework of body of knowledge that organizes and sythensize information about a person, place or thing
  • better memory for narrative than for lists of facts
151
Q

two types of sensory memory

A
  • auditory (echoic)
    • for sounds that have just been perceived
  • Visual: iconic memory
    • brief visual image of a scene that has just been perceived
152
Q

Backward conditioning

A

• presentation of the USC occurs before the presentation of the CS

153
Q

encoding

A

The process by which perceptions, thoughts, and feelings are transformed into memory.

154
Q

At what point do dreams occur

A

final stage is the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep

155
Q

Why can smell oftenr evoke strong memories

A

olfactory tract goes to the primary olfactory cortex, between amygdala and hipppocampus

156
Q

back portion of the frontal cortex

A

• cortex is the primary motor cortex and the rest of the frontal lobe is called the prefrontal cortex, which is essential for interpreting social cues and for behaving in a socially appropriate manner

157
Q

Contiguity

A

• a continuous series of frequent pairings – CS and US must have this in classical conditioning

158
Q

Who are psychologists that specialize in the relationship between genetics and behaviour:

A
  • John Scott, John Fuller, William Thompson
159
Q

Elevation:

A

characteristics of a sound source based on whether a sound is coming form above, below, in front etc the listener

160
Q

For many sense, information travels

A

• along cranial nerves to the brain – twelve pairs of nerve that travel into and out of the skull and carry all sensory information (except for somatosenses) from parts of the body below the neck to the brain

161
Q

Gestalt view

A

that we have predispositions to see things in a certain way – as coherent, familiar objects, set against a background – and that sometimes our perceptions of a while image cannot be understood as merely the aggregate of our perceptions of all the parts of the image

162
Q

• Overextending + Under extending words

A

o OE: generalizing words they know to a wider variety of contexts than is appropriate.
o UE: for example, the word “ball” may mean specifically their ball and not refer to any other spherical toys.

163
Q

hypothalamus

A

• is responsible for things like eating, sex, and maintaining things through homeostasis

164
Q

Bleaching:

A

change in photopigments of rods and cones so that they gradually become white

165
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

a response that is similar, but often not identical, to the unconditioned response that is evoked by the conditioned stimulus

166
Q

Trace conditioning

A

• occurs when the CS is presented and removed just before the UCS is presented

167
Q

Illusory contours

A

lines that are perceived but do not exist when presented with this kind of visual ambiguity, we tend to assume that the whole object is there

168
Q

Examples of Descriptive statistics

A

• . Examples include the mean, median, and mode of a distribution

169
Q

Mechanical pressure is registered by

A

Mechanical pressure is registered by

170
Q

Amines

A

dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine

171
Q

orbitofrontal cortex, rhinal cortex

A

involved with emotional value to events. this is why smells can trigger long term, emotional memories

172
Q

Neural correlates

A

• minimal neuronal mechanisms required to produce a specific conscious precept

173
Q

Lightness constancy

A

refers to the fact that the brain will perceive a surface as equally light regardless of illumination

174
Q

visual processing system could be thought of as

A

two interconnected “streams” of processing:

175
Q

Taste receptor cells are found

A

on taste buds

176
Q

Genotype

A

an organism’s genetic makeup

177
Q

behaviour

A

• any action that can be observed, recorded, and measured

178
Q

retrieval

A

The process by which information that was previously encoded and stored is brought to mind.

179
Q

Describe the divisions of the nervous system:

A

CNS

PNS

180
Q

Generativity

A

The ability to combine words or symbols of a language using rules of composition and syntax to communicate an almost infinite variety of ideas using a relatively small vocabulary

181
Q

The constructivist approach

A

that perceptions are constructed from degraded, bare-bones sensory input, plus guesswork based on knowledge and experience

182
Q

gustation

A

• signals from the tongue and mouth are sent to the brainstem and thalamus

183
Q

Fechner’s Law

A

, in every sensory domain, each just-noticeable difference represents an equal step in the psychological magnitude of a sensation. This means that changes in stimulus can be compared across sensory domains, for example, between vision and touch, although each different domain could have a different JND

184
Q

wavelength

A

• distance the sound travels in one cycle

185
Q

The structuralist approach

A

• perception is built up from elemental sensations, like bricks in a wall

186
Q

limbic system

A

motivation, emotion and some types of memory , includes amygdala

187
Q

adequate stimulus for vision

A

• light (a type of physical energy to which a sensory receptor is especially tuned)

188
Q

thalamus

A

gateway to the cerebral cortex

regulate wakefulness and sleep,

shuts down during sleep

189
Q

Fechner, Von Helmholtz

A

Structural school:

190
Q

Bistable stimuli

A

are ambiguous stimuli with more than one possible interpretation

191
Q

Who are considered to be the found fathers of psychology?

A
  • Wilhelm Wundt
    • focus on smaller elements
  • William James
    • focus on advantages resulting from different human attributes
192
Q

what contributes to determining where a sound is coming from

A

Timbre, loudness, and pitch

193
Q

Bias is calculated by

A

adding together the true- and false- positive rates

194
Q

Different languages use different phonemes

A

• Different people have different voices and different ways of pronouncing speech sounds. Accents are also different and have a large effect

195
Q

Define rationalism

A

• how we generate hypotheses that we can then empirically test

196
Q

Contingency

A

degree to which a conditioned response can predict the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus

197
Q

Describe the role of variability in heritability

A
  • Heritability is the amount of variability in a given trait in a given population at a given time due to genetic factors
  • It is a population measure, not an individual measure
  • It also depends on the population studied
198
Q

working memory

A

memory for new information and information retrieved from long-term memory

199
Q

Generalizaiton

A

refers to the fact that the CS doesn’t have to be exactly the same slight things could be different (dog food) but may not produce the same intensity of response

200
Q

Timbre perception

A

like colour perception, is a kind of pattern recognition (identification of particular sound sources by the auditory system

201
Q

Two types of synapses

A

Excitatory (excites postsynaptic neurons and makes it more likely that the postsynaptic neuron will fire) and inhibitory (less likely)

202
Q

Who propose the Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

A
  • 1835
  • Johannes Muller
    “ sensory receptors are uniquely sensitive to mechanical pressures”
203
Q

Phonological Short-Term:

A

♣ : memory short-term memory for verbal information

204
Q

PNS

A
  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes cranial nerves and spinal nerves, which transmit sensory information from the body to the CNS and transmit motor and other commands in the other direction, from the CNS to muscles, glands, and internal organs
  • divided into skeletal portion that controls muscles and the Autonomous which controls involuntary muscles and is important in maintaining homeostasis
205
Q

pupil

A

• the opening in the middle of your iris that admits light, allowing it to hit the back of the eye

206
Q

How are memories retireved

A

• refers to the subsequent re-accessing of events or information from the past, which have been previously encoded and stored in the brain. In common parlance, it is known as remembering.

207
Q

Which brain strucutures have just one component

A

• The brainstem, cerebellum, and hypothalamus are in the middle of the brain and there is only one of each of those major components

208
Q

What stage are you least responsive to stimuli in sleept

A

stage 4

209
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

• concerned with the evolutionary underpinnings of behaviour – understanding the adaptive significance and utility of behaviours exhibited by modern humans

210
Q

fitness

A

refers to • the ability to survive and reproduce

211
Q

constructivist account examines

A

• to what extent these principles of perceptual organization depend on our knowledge and experience in the world

eg. • People tend to choose the image interpretation most consistent with a scenario where light is coming from above

212
Q

Consciousness beliefs

A

Dualism

Materialism

213
Q

Taste information is conveyed

A

along a variety of cranial nerves from the tongue and mouth to the brainstem and thalamus, and then to the primary gustatory cortex in the brain

214
Q

synapse

A

• conjunction of a terminal button of one neuron and the membrane of another

215
Q

destination memory:

A

recalling to whom you have given information

216
Q

UCS

A

• unconditioned stimulus (UCS - food) produces an unconditioned response (UCR - salivation)
:

eg. Pavlov

217
Q

longer the period, the longer the wavelength

A

the lower the frequency

218
Q

Latent learning

A

something is learned but does not manifest as behaviour until later on

219
Q

Three components of memory

A

: encoding, storage, retrieval

220
Q

difference threshold:

A

JND between 2 stimuli

221
Q

Types of data collection

A

Naturalistic observation

Case Study

Surveys

222
Q

Avoidance conditioning

A

• form of learning in which the organism learns a response to avoid an aversive stimulus

223
Q

A period

A

a wavelength goes from a trough to a peak and back to a trough

224
Q

Global Workspace theory of consciousness

A

brain’s working memory is a global workspace that serves to integrate, access, and coordinate the functioning of large

• working memory as the site of consciousness

225
Q

Vocabulary Spurt

A

Period of strong language growth in children in which they are able to learn and use a large number of words

226
Q

Gestalt grouping rules

A

• a set of rules that describe when elements in an image will appear to group together

227
Q

Akinetopsia

A

motion blindness

228
Q

Satisfaction-of-search

A

• the finding of one stimulus interferes with the finding of subsequent stimuli

229
Q

adequate stimulus

A

type of physical energy to which a sensory receptor is especially tuned

230
Q

The restoration theory

A

sleep is essential for revitalizing and restoring the physiological processes/stresses that keep the body and mind healthy and properly functioning

231
Q

photons

A

light particles

232
Q

Escape conditioning

A

form of learning in which the organism learns to perform a behaviour to escape from an aversive stimulus

233
Q

Two schools of thoughts about learning

A

Nativist: Rene Descartes: behaviour was reflexive, due to inborn ideas, experiences play little role in shaping behaviour

Empiricist: Thomas Hobbes and John Locke,
no knowledge is inborn, learning results from repeated experience

234
Q

Additive colour mixing

A

• theory that states that new colours are created by adding together coloured lights

235
Q

An absolute threshold

A

a minimum value of a stimulus that can be detected

Defnied as stimulus level where observers say they detected the stimulus on about 50% of the trials

236
Q

Modern theory

A

by Ronald Fisher

  • parental investment should be equal between both parents. Therefore the rarer sex will produce more offspring.
237
Q

cerebral cortex

A

• the grey matter and white matter that in humans sits on top of the other parts of the brain

238
Q

Somatotopic representation

A

how the spatial organization of body parts is maintained in the brain, such that each body part is represented next to adjacent areas

239
Q

Evolution selects for the

A

gene

240
Q

possible functions of sleep

A

Restoration theory

Preservation and protection theory

important for the consolidation (conversion of information from short-term memory to long-term memory)

241
Q

Retreival cue

A

, contextual variable (physical object or stimulus) that improves the ability to recall information from memory

242
Q

Internal vs. external noise

A
  • External noise is noise coming from outside a person’s body
  • Internal (neural) noise is the spontaneous random firing of neurons
243
Q

cell’s receptive field

A

The area of visual space in which a light flashing on or flashing off causes a change in the activity of a cell

244
Q

What make language different from other forms of animal communication

A

semanticity, generativity, displacement

245
Q

Vestibular senses

A

detect changes in movement and also the force of gravity

246
Q

UCR

A

unconditioned response

the reflexive response to the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus

247
Q

Imprinting

A

• a rapid form of learning, typically occurring in a restricted time window after birth, that allows an animal to recognize another animal, person, or thing as an object to be emulated and followed

248
Q

Displacement

A

ability to use language to convey messages that are not tied to the immediate context (time and place) but instead communicate information about events in the past or future, or at some other location.

249
Q

Cones are sensitve to

A

bright light

250
Q

Forms of constancy

A

size

perceptual constancies of colour, form, and brightness

251
Q

retina

A

• inner surface at the back of the eye, where photoreceptors (rods and cones) are located

252
Q

Semanticity

A

extent to which a form of communication can meaningfully represent ideas, events, and objects symbolically

253
Q

Cognitive factors

A

(changes in attention, expectation, alertness) can affect the brain’s decision about whether or not a sound is heard

254
Q

Chaining

A

refers to the idea that animals can be trained to produce many different operant responses one after another, like links in a chain

255
Q

Sensory thresholds

A

• the point at which a stimulus triggers the start of an afferent nerve impulse

256
Q

2 streams and their uses in vision

A
  • The ventral stream enables you to see motion, colour, and form
  • The dorsal stream enables you to see location
257
Q

CNS

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.

258
Q

Which structure is divided into 4 lobes. Also name the lobes

A

• Cerebral cortex

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

259
Q

Simultaneous conditioning

A

appear at the same time

260
Q

Mirror neurons

A

are neurons that fire when an individual performs a particular action or observes another individual performing a similar action

believed to be essential for representing actions in the brain and play an essential role in observational learning

261
Q

Signal detection theory

A

perception of a stimulus is dependent upon both the judgement of the subject as well as sensory experience

262
Q

What does the basal ganglia control

A

movement

263
Q

Agonists

A

• drugs that enhance or mimic the effects of neurotransmission

264
Q

fovea

A

Most of the light is focused onto an area directly behind the pupi

265
Q

rods are senstive to

A

dim light

266
Q

Blindsight

A

phenomenon in which individuals with damage to the visual cortex or visual pathways report no visual experience, despite being able to still accurately perform some tasks involving vision

267
Q

What is it called when the body paralyzes itself to prevent itself from acting out its dreams

A

REM Atonia

268
Q

Aphasia

A

loss of the ability to speak

269
Q

Habituation

A

• when you get used to something (train passing by your house)

270
Q

which structure relays all sensory information t the cerebral cortex

A

thalamus

271
Q

Describe common misunderstandings about evolution

A

• It is the environmental differences that predict intelligence and personality, not the ones they share

Naturalistic fallacy

Genetic Determinist fallacy

272
Q

What is a confounding factor

A

A confound is present whenever a factor that is not controlled for might influence the subjects’ behaviour (the dependent variable) in systematic ways

273
Q

Which sex takes more risks and why

A

Because of the greater reproductive variance (or stakes) in male mammals, males would be expected to take more risks than females

274
Q

Adaptation

A

evolution of traits in terms of their survival value

275
Q

Law of Effect

A

• – Thorndike’s idea that the consequences of a behaviour determine whether it is likely to be repeated

276
Q

tonotopic organization

A

that frequencies are anatomically separated and organized in the ear

piutch may be represented by a place code

277
Q

Most perception is multisensory

A

relating to or involving more than one physiological sense

278
Q

Classical conditioning is usually associated

A

with a reflexive response

279
Q

Two characteristics of light waves

A

• are wavelength (colour) and amplitude (brightness)

280
Q

Superstitious behaviour

A

operant behaviours that have been accidentally reinforced – the organism has learned an association between the behaviour and a positive consequence even though none really exists

281
Q

Neurotransmitters can be classified into three families

A

• : amines, amino acids, and peptides

282
Q

Action potential

A

• an ‘all or none event’

283
Q

pressure detectors

A

in the joints

284
Q

filter model of attention

A

states that attention is a filter on incoming sensory information. Only sensory signals that pass through the filter go on to be processed further

285
Q

Dark adaptation

A

• when we move from bright to dark conditions, our eyes adjust gradually to become more sensitive

286
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

mathematical theory of the detection of stimulation in which every stimulus event requires discrimination between signal (stimulus) and noise (consisting of both background stimuli and random activity of the nervous system

287
Q

Amino acids

A

• glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

288
Q

evolutionary role of emotions, specifically jealousy in males

A

reproductive success was limited by the number of fertile partners and those partners’ reproductive capacity

-men competed: acquiring status and wealth. More attractive as they have more resources to commit

289
Q

lower part of the brain that connects to spinal cord, important for consciousness, sleep and life maintaining functions, oldesst part of the brain

A

brainstem

290
Q

Construction

A
  • creation of a new story from an original story

* elaboration, the degree to which information is specified, described and/or related to other information in memory

291
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of heritable changes that occur without a change in the DNA sequence

Can occur because of environmental experience

can later be inherited by offspring

292
Q

Genetic deterministic fallacy

A

• the mistaken belief that if an organism evolves, that evolution is determined by genes rather than an interaction of genes and environment

293
Q

Smallest JNDs are on

A

• face and hands (most receptive to touch) and the largest are on the trunk and legs

294
Q

lateral inhibition

A

reduction in activity that neighbouring neurons in the retina cause in each other – and as a result, edges or boundaries become more intensified

allows us to derterine the edge of objects

295
Q

The volley principle

A

auditory nerve as a whole produces volleys of impulses for sounds up to about 5,000 per second, even though no individual axon can fire that fast

296
Q

into seven major components of the brain

A

: brain-stem, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus,
basal ganglia,
limbic system,
cerebral cortex

297
Q

cornea

A

transparent covering of the eye

298
Q

Psychographics

A

• the study of how sensation relates to perception

299
Q

Dysregulation

A

impairment of a physiological mechanism used in regulation; e.g., organ function, immune response

300
Q

Trichromatic theory of colour vision

A

• colour vision is the result of the activity of three different colour receptors in the retina

301
Q

Types of visual impariments

A

Akinetopsia

Prosopagnosia

visual agnosia

302
Q

Rapid, Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)

A

• a technique of displaying information rapidly and sequentially for identification of a target object) displays to investigate how visual identification occurs over time

303
Q

What is concordance

A
  • degree of similarity between twins
  • Identical twins: monozygotic , one fertilized egg
  • Fraternal twins: dizygotic: two different eggs
304
Q

Sensitivity is calculated by

A

• comparing the true-positive rate to the false-positive rate

305
Q

occipital cortex is devoted

A

seeing

306
Q

Weber’s Law

A

size of the just-noticeable difference of a stimulus divided by its initial intensity is a constant

307
Q

Method of Loci

A

method of memory enhancement that uses visual information to organize and recall information

Memory palace

308
Q

corpus callosum

A

large bundle of axons that connects the cortex of two cerebral hemispheres. This is where severed brain studies arise

309
Q

sociobiological approach to altruism

A
  • Game theory is the mathematical approach used to study and predict the evolution of social interactions
  • Altruism = unselfishness
  • A society with stable social situations is more likely to have lower costs of identifying defectors
  • In a stable society, cheaters would be run out of the society
310
Q

Role of cochlea

A

• essentially analyzes complex sounds into components

311
Q

hemispatial neglect

A

a lack of awareness of the other side of space

resulting from damage to the right hemisphere

312
Q

Five senses (but seven classes) are

A

vision, hearing, taste (gustation) and smell (olfaction) (the chemical senses), and touch (somatosenses) includes proprioception and vestibular senses

313
Q

Inner ear detection of movements

A
  • the two detectors in the vestibule (bony chamber attached to the cochlea) are oriented to inform about forward/backward movement and upward/downward movement
  • The three semicircular canals are oriented at 90 degrees to each other and indicate rotational movement in each of three dimensions
314
Q

the corpus callosum is severed

A

• difficult to escape the conclusion that inside the head of the patient are two conscious individuals, each with its own experiences and intentions

315
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

• the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform

316
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

• reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or period of lessened response

317
Q

Scalloping

A

• effect produced as reinforcement in a fixed interval schedule is anticipated – rat only paying attention to the lever every 10 minutes

318
Q

Best-known group of peptides

A

opioids

319
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

• occasional reinforcement of a particular behaviour; produces responding that is more resistant to extinction

320
Q

a good consequence

A

reinforcement of behaviour

321
Q

• spectrum

A

various frequencies can be shown in a graph

322
Q

Cerebellum function

A

essential for balance and for performing actions that require precise timing and coordination

323
Q

Light energy is transduced by

A

• photoreceptors and passed back to the ganglion cells, which receive information by means of bipolar cells

324
Q

Neural convergence

A

• retina to thalamus to cortex results in the formation of the receptive fields of neurons

325
Q

Expectation

A

the anticipation that produces behaviour and overrides stimuli

326
Q

Types of coding

A

Pattern/popluation code

Temporal Code

Place or labeled line coding

327
Q

short term moemy

A

Phonological Short-Term (Or Phonological Working)

Working memory

328
Q

Parental investment theory

A

the energy, time, resources, and opportunity cost associated with producing offspring

329
Q

Vestibular senses

A

detect changes in movement and also the force of gravity

330
Q

olfactory tract goes first to the

A

• primary olfactory cortex, between the base of the frontal lobes and the amygdala and hippocampus, which is involved in emotion, motivation, and association of emotions with memories this could explain why smells often evoke emotion and memories

331
Q

Instrumental learning

A

method of learning in which the reinforcement is made contingent on the learner’s response

332
Q

The front part of the parietal lobe

A

the primary somatosensory cortex, which is the first cortical relay for touch information coming from the thalamus

333
Q

Correlation does not equal causality because:

A

• We cannot know the direction of cause and effect – which variable is causing which

334
Q

Response bias

A

a person’s tendency to say “yes” or “no” when he is not sure whether he detected the stimulus

335
Q

5 stages of sleep

A

transition stage (brain rhythms slow to show theta activity), through to step 4, the deepest stage, where it exhibits delta activity and you are least responsive to stimuli

336
Q

Dichotic listening

A

• two different auditory stimuli (usually speech) are presented to the participant simultaneously, one to each ear

337
Q

A common operational definition of consciousness

A

• person is conscious when he or she is able to report his/her own mental state

338
Q

pheromones

A

• Related to the emotional dimension of smell, the olfactory system also processes special chemicals called pheromones, which are important for communication between parents and children

339
Q

olfaction,

A

• receptors in the olfactory mucosa project their axons into the olfactory bulbs in the brain

340
Q

The range of human hearing is

A

• 20-20,000Hz but drops to 10,000-15,000Hz by adulthood

341
Q

A pattern (population) code

A

• instead of information being conveyed by single nerves cells or a small group of cells, it is conveyed in the activity across a whole population – a lot of cells

342
Q

what are the evolutionary underpinnings of behaviour?

A

Ultimate vs. proximate causes.

* proximate: behavours of more immediate factors

343
Q

Timing cue

A

brain’s inference to locate sound sources based off which ear hears the sound first

344
Q

What do photo receptions detect

A

Dark adaptation

Colour sensivity

Colour brightness change

Psychology Online (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions