December- Gas Exchange 1/12/16uuj

Question 1

What two functions do the lungs allow?

Answer 1

OXYGEN to DIFFUSE into the bloodstream

CARBON DIOXIDE to DIFFUSE out of the bloodstream

Question 2

What is the process called in which oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream?

Answer 2

GASEOUS EXCHANGE

Question 3

What is the path which air goes through the respiratory system?

Answer 3

Mouth or nose
⬇️
Trachea
⬇️
Bronchus 
⬇️
Bronchioles
⬇️
Alveolus
⬇️
Blood

Question 4

What bones and muscles protects the lungs and what other organs does it protect?

Answer 4

Ribs
Intercostal muscle
Pleural Membrane

Heart
Diaphragm

Question 5

Trachea(wind pipe)

Answer 5

Where air enters and leaves the lungs

Question 6

Bronchus

Answer 6

When the trachea descends into the thorax it’s what it splits into

Question 7

Bronchioles

Answer 7

What the bronchi split to form

Question 8

Alveoli(air sacs)

Answer 8

The structures are at the end of bronchioles and is the point of gas exchange

Question 9

Ribs

Answer 9

Protect the lungs and help with ventilation

Question 10

Intercostal muscles

Answer 10

Contract to lift the ribs up and out to make the volume of the thorax bigger when breathing in

Question 11

Thorax

Answer 11

Area of the body which contains the lungs and heart

Question 12

Diaphragm

Answer 12

Sheet of muscle that’s domed when relaxed and flattened when contracted

Question 13

Pleural membranes

Answer 13

Allow lungs to fill with air and stop any friction between the lungs and ribs

Question 14

How does ventilation happen when breathing in?

Answer 14

• diaphragm contracts
• intercostal muscles contract
• ribs move up and out
• volume of thorax increases
• air pressure in lungs lower than outside the body
• the difference in air pressure causes air to rush into the lungs

Question 15

How does ventilation happen when breathing out?

Answer 15

• diaphragm relaxes
• intercostal muscles relax
• rib cage moves in and down
• volume of thorax decreases increasing air pressure inside the lungs compared to outside
• the difference in air pressure causes air to rush out of the lungs

Question 16

How does smoking affect the lungs?

Answer 16

• damages walls of the alveoli reducing the surface area so gas exchange is harder(causing diseases like emphysema)
• tar in cigarettes damages cilia(chest infections are more likely)
• tar irritates the bronchi and bronchioles encouraging mucus production which can’t be cleared very well by the cilia(causes smokers cough and chronic bronchitis)

Question 17

How does smoking affect the circulatory system?

Answer 17

• carbon monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood so your heart rate increases(leads to high blood pressure)
• high blood pressure damages artery walls causing blood clots(increases the risk of coronary heart disease(heart attacks))

Question 18

Tobacco smoke contains?

Answer 18

Carcinogens-chemicals that lead to cancer

Question 19

How is the Alveoli adapted?

Answer 19

• lots of them for a larger surface area for gas exchange
• the alveolus wall is only 1 cell thick for a short diffusion distance
• lots of capillaries transporting carbon dioxide to the lungs and absorbing oxygen
• steep diffusion gradients are maintained

Question 20

How does smoking cause bronchitis?

Answer 20

Tar in cigarettes damages the cilia in your lungs and trachea(so chest infections and chronic coughing(bronchitis)are more likely)

Question 21

How does smoking cause emphysema?

Answer 21

Chemicals in cigarettes cause the walls of the alveoli to break down this leads to a decrease in surface area for gas exchange.

Question 22

How does smoking cause lung cancer?

Answer 22

Tobacco smoke contains cancer causing chemicals(carcinogens)

Question 23

How does smoking cause heart disease?

Answer 23

The carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke binds irreversibly to haemoglobin in red blood cells. Which reduces the capacity of carrying oxygen in the blood. Which increases heart rate, increases blood pressure, which leads to damaged artery walls making blood clots more likely. Increases chances of heart attacks.

Question 24

What do you do when labelling carbon dioxide leaving the blood and oxygen entering?

Answer 24

Carbon dioxide comes from the blood plasma

Oxygen goes to the red blood cells

Question 25

How does exercise affect your body?

Answer 25

Breathing rate rises because your muscles need more oxygen so that your muscles can respire and you can get rid of carbon dioxide
Your breathing rate doesn’t change back straight away because it has to convert lactic acid and get rid of excess carbon dioxide since your muscles are still respiring at an increased rate