Debt Instruments Flashcards
Risk that an issuer may become unable to meet interest or principal payments
Also known as business or default risk
Credit Risk
Order from lowest to highest risk of bond issuers
- Corporate
- Government
- Municipal
- Government
- Municipal
- Corporate
Identify the credit rating issuer
AAA
AA
A
S&P
Identify the credit rating issuer
Aaa
Aa
A
Moody’s
What is the threat of suffering a loss due to a chanige in interest rate? All fixed income securities are subject to this.
Interest Rate Risk
Risk that in a falling interest rate environment, bond proceeds must be reinvested at lower rates
Reinvestment Risk
Risk that a callable bond will be redeemed by the issuer before maturity, which is usually when interest rates have fallen.
Call Risk
All of the bonds are issued at once and all mature at once.
Example quote: 98, 101 1/2
Term Bonds
All bonds are issued at once and mature in increments over several years.
Example quotes: 6.10%
Serial Bonds
Rate which the issuing corporation has contracted to pay interest through the life of the bond
Stated Rate
Nominal Rate
Coupon Rate
(Annual Dollar Interest Paid) x 100%
____________________________________
(Current Market Price)
Current Yield
Discount Bond yields from lowest to highest
- Current Yield
- Nominal Yield
- Yield to Maturity
- Yield to Call
- Nominal
- Current Yield
- Yield to Maturity
- Yield to Call
Premium Bond Yields from lowest to highest
- Yield to Maturity
- Nominal Yield
- Current Yield
- Yield to Call
- YTC
- YTM
- Current Yield
- Nominal Yield
The measure of current net market yields on a mutual funds portfolio.
Standardized Yield (SEC Yield)
If the issuer of the bonds has transferred title to specific assets to the custody of a trustee, what kind of bonds are being sold?
Secured Bonds
What are some assets that back secured bonds?
- Real estate mortgages
- Equipment owned by issuer
- Collateral Trust Certificates
Most common secured bond collateralized by lien or mortgage against real estate property
Mortgage Bond
Bond that allows the corporation to issue subsequent bonds secured by the same property at a later time
Open-End Bonds
Bonds that specify the maximum indebtedness the corporation can issue against the same lien, which also offers the greatest protection
Closed-End Bonds
List of covenants that serves as a contract between issuer and trustee that states whether bond issue is open or closed ended. Found in revenue bonds.
Bond Trust Indenture
Bonds issued by railroads and airlines that are secured by the railroad cars and airplanes
Equipment Trust Certificate
Bonds secured by the securities of a different issuer
Collateral Trust Certificate
Bonds issued by well established corporations that are backed by the full faith and credit of the issuer, which carry more risk and pay a higher coupon rate
Unsecured Bonds or Debentures
Bond issue that is guaranteed by the full faith and credit of an issuer, but is also cosigned by another entity
Guaranteed Bond
Bonds that are convertible into common stock of the issuer at the bondholder’s discretion
Convertible Bond
Bond that has initial nominal rate which increases to a prespecified higher rate
Step Up Bond
When a corporation cannot honor the terms of a bond issue, this is the product of the debt renegotiation or bankruptcy proceedings.
Income Bond
Highly liquid and very safe investments that are guaranteed by the full faith and credit of the US Government and issued in book entry form
Treasury Securities
Treasury security taxation for interest and capital gains
Interest subject to federal tax but not state or local taxes
Capital gains fully taxable
What are securities that must be redeemed by the treasury through banks and do not trade investor to investor?
Ex. Series EE, Series HH
Non-Marketable Securities
Treasury issue securities that can be traded for value on the secondary market
Marketable Securities
When securities are issued and exist only as electronic records in computers without physical certificates of ownership
Book-Entry Form
Government security that is an Original Issue Discount instrument (OID), has maximum 1 year maturity, is quoted on a discount yield basis, has no stated interest rate and does not pay semiannual interest
Example Quote:
Bid - 7.45
Ask - 7.30
Treasury Bill
What are the T-Bill maturities and how are they auctioned?
- 4 weeks
- 13 weeks (auctioned every week)
- 26 weeks (every week)
- 52 weeks (every month)
Government Security that has maximum 10 year maturity, has stated interest rate, quoted in points as a percentage of par, pays semi-annual interest and known as interest bearing security
Example Quote: 102.20
T-Notes
Government security that has maturity greater than 10 years, stated interest rate, semiannual interest and is known as an interest bearing security
Example Quote: 102.20
T-Bond
Treasury Issued Security whose principal is adjusted for inflation using consumer price index (CPI), has constant stated interest rate, and fluctuating semiannual interest payments
Treasury Inflation Protection Security (TIPS)
TIPS Maturities
- 5 Years
- 10 Years
- 30 Years
What are zero coupon bonds issued directly from the US Treasury at a deep discount that gain value every year and the gain is considered interest income?
Separately Traded Registered Interest and Principal Securities (STRIPS)
Zero coupon bonds issued by broker/dealers at a deep discount but are not backed by the full faith and credit of the US government
It is an escrow receipt of escrowed US Treasury securities
Treasury Receipts
Derivative securities that derive their value from an underlying pool of GNMA, FNMA or FHLMC mortage-backed securities
Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMO)
Risk that if interest rates fall, CMO maturity will shorten due to homeowners refinancing and paying of their mortgages quicker, which returns principal to investors sooner rather than later.
Prepayment Risk
Risk that if interest rates rise, CMO maturity would lengthen due to homeowners not wanting to refinance and the investor would receive principal later than anticipated
Extension Risk
Government agency that provides money for student loans
Student Loan Mortgage Corporation (Sallie Mae)
Government agency that buys government mortgages, conventional mortgages and insured mortgages
Conventional and short term $10k Par Bond, Semiannual Interest
Federal National Mortgage Assocation (Fannie Mae)
Government Agency that buys FHA, VA and Farmer’s Home Administration insured mortgages
$25k modified mortage backed pass throughs, monthly interest
Government National Mortgage Association (GNMA)
Government Agency that buys conventional mortgages from financial institutions
$25k participation certificate pass through securities, semi-annual interest
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Asssocation (Freddie Mac)
Slice of a CMO that functions as its own bond with its own characteristics
Tranche
Safest tranche that has the more certain maturity date with less prepayment and extension risk
Planned Amortization Class (PAC)
Tranche with a higher yield that has more prepayment and extension risk
Targeted Amortization Class (TAC)
The riskiest and highest yielding CMO class that receives no principal or interest until all other tranches are paid
Z-Tranche
Type of collateralized security that is backed by short term loans on assets rather than real estate
Examples: Auto, Credit Loans
Asset Backed Security (ABS)
Notes, bonds, or CDs that are based on US dollars in foreign repositories, mainly in Europe, that can be issued by foreign corporations, domestic corporations or municipalities.
Cannot be issued by US Government
Eurodollar Securities