DE Anatomy: chapter 12, 13, and 14 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the functions of the blood?
A
it helps maintain the stability of the interstitial fluid, distributes heat, and transports substances between body cells and the external environment thereby promoting homeostasis.
2
Q
liquid portion of blood
A
plasma
3
Q
what percent of red blood cells are in the body?
A
45%
4
Q
what percent of white blood cells are in the body?
A
1%
5
Q
what percent of plasma is in the body?
A
55%
6
Q
plasma is a mixture of…
A
water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes.
7
Q
an average size adult has a blood volume of…
A
5 liters (5.3 quarts)
8
Q
what are red blood cells?
A
they are biconcave discs and have nuclei in early development
9
Q
what is the RBC count range for adult males?
A
4,700,000 - 6,100,000 cells per microliter
10
Q
What is the RBC count range for adult women?
A
4,200,000 - 5,400,000 cells per microliter
11
Q
what is polycythermic ?
A
too many RBC’s
12
Q
what is the average life span of an RBC?
A
120 days
13
Q
hormones that control RBC formation through negative feedback
A
erythropoietin
14
Q
what is anemia?
A
RBC deficiency
15
Q
what destroys red blood cells?
A
macrophages (wandering cells)
16
Q
what is the cycle of a red blood cell?
A
- small intestine absorbs nutrients
- blood transports absorbs nutrients
- RBC’s are produced in red bone marrow
- RBC’s circulate in blood stream for 120 days
- macrophages destroy RBC’s
- hepatocytes break down hemoglobin
- iron is recycled
- bile is secreted in small intestine
17
Q
what do white blood cells (leukocytes) protect against?
A
diseases
18
Q
what transports white blood cells to sites of infection?
A
blood
19
Q
white blood cells with granular cytoplasm
A
grandylocytes
20
Q
white blood cells without granular cytoplasm
A
agrandulocytes
21
Q
what are the 5 types of white blood cells ?
A
- neutrophils: granulocytes that destroy small particles
- eosinophils: granulocytes that kills parasites and moderates allergic reactions
- basophils: granulocytes that releases heparin and histamine
- monocytes: agrandulocytes that destroys large particles
- lymphocytes: agrandulocytes that provides immunity (b and t cells educated in thymus)
22
Q
what do blood platelets arise from?
A
megakaryocytes
23
Q
what are the 3 types of plasma proteins?
A
- alburnins: help maintain colloid osmotic pressure
- globulin: alpha and beta transports lipids and fat soluble vitamins and gamma constitutes the antibodies of immunity
- fibrinogen: plays a key role in blood regulation
24
Q
refers to the process that stops bleeding
A
hemostasis
25
forms blood clot
blood coagulation
26
what are the steps in blood platelet plug formation?
1. break in blood vessel
2. blood escaping through break
3. platelets adhere to each other to end of the blood vessel and to exposed collagen
4. platelet plug helps control blood loss
27
what is the major event in blood clot formation?
the conversion of the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble threads of fibrin
28
the clear, yellow liquid that remains after the clot forms
serum
29
a blood clot of abnormally forming a vessel
thrombus
30
a clot that breaks loose and earned along blood flow
embolus
31
clumping of RBC's
aggutination
32
what do antigens trigger?
immune response
33
what do antibodies attack?
unknown antigen
34
what are the antigens and antibodies for blood type A?
antigen: A
antibody: anti-b
35
what are the antigens and antibodies for blood type B?
antigen: B
antibody: anti-A
36
what are the antigens and antibodies for blood type AB?
antigen: A & B
antibody: neither anti-A or B
37
what are the antigens and antibodies for blood type O?
antigen: neither A nor B
antibody: both anti- A & B
38
what can blood type A receive and what are its alternatives?
can receive: A
| alternative: O
39
what can blood type B receive and what are its alternatives?
can receive: B
| alternative: O
40
what can blood type AB receive and what are its alternatives?
can receive: AB
| alternative: A, B, O
41
what can blood type O receive and what are its alternatives?
can receive: O
| alternatives: none
42
what is Rh factors prevalent in?
Antigen D
43
Rh antigens present of RBC membrane
Rh-positive
44
Rh antigen not present
Rh-negative
45
what are the types of anemia
1. normocytic normachrome
2. microyotic hypercromic
3. macroyotic
46
what are the causes of normocytic normachrome anemia?
aplastic anemia and acute blood loss
47
what are the causes of microyotic hypercromic anemia?
iron deficiency (nutritional, chronic disease, chronic blood loss) and lead toxicity
48
what are the causes of macroyotic anemia?
B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia, boriatric surgery) and folate acid deficiency
49
what are the layers of the heart?
1. pericardium : covers the heart
2. epicardium
3. myocardium
4. endocardium
50
what are the four valves of the heart?
1. tricuspid valve
2. pulmonary valve
3. mitral valve
4. aortic valve
51
upper 2 chambers of the heart
atria
52
lower 2 chambers of the heart
ventricles
53
the right atrium receives blood from ...
the venal, caval, and coronary sinus
54
separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
55
the right ventricle pumps blood where?
into the pulmonary trunk
56
guards base of pulmonary trunk
pulmonary valve and in the right side of the heart
57
the left atrium receives blood from where?
the pulmonary veins
58
guards the base of the aorta and connects the left ventricle and aorta
aortic valve
59
path of a drop of blood through the heart
1. deoxygenated blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM through the VENAE CAVAL
2. as the RIGHT ATRIAL wall contracts, blood passes through the tricuspid valve and enters the RIGH VENTRICLE
3. when the RIGHT VENTRICULAR wall contracts, the TRICUSPID VALVE closes, and blood follows to the PULMONARY VALVE into the PULMONARY TRUNK to the PULMONARY ARTERIES
4. then blood enters the CAPILLARIES
5. oxygen rich blood returns to the heart through the PULMONARY VEINS that lead the the LEFT ATRIUM.
6. the LEFT ATRIUM wall contracts and blood moves through the MITRAL VALVE into the LEFT VENTRICLE
7. when the LEFT VENTRICLE contracts, the mitral valve closes and blood passes through the AORTIC VALVE and into the AORTA and it branches.
60
the first 2 branches of the aorta
left and right coronary artery (superior to the aortic valve)
61
atria contracting
systiole
62
ventricle contracting
diastole
63
during a cardiac cycle, the pressure in the heart chambers...
rises and falls which often open and closes the valves.
64
the pressure differences between the atria and ventricles opens what?
AV valve
65
Lubb-dubb
lubb: systole
dubb: diastole
66
coordinates the events if the cardiac cycle
cardiac conduction system
67
what is the key portion of CCS?
the SA node (pacemaker) which is located in the right atrium near the opening of the superior venal caval
68
what is the path of cardiac output?
1. SA node
2. atrial syncytium
3. junctional fibers
4. AV node
5. AV bundles (bundles of his)
6. bundle branches
7. purkinjie fibers
8. ventricular syncytium
69
electrical pathway to heart
1. SA node
2. AV node
3. bundles of his
4. heart muscle
70
atrial contraction
P wave
71
depolarization of ventricles
QRS wave
72
ventricular repolarization
T wave
73
what 2 things affect the T wave?
calcium and potassium
74
detects change in blood pressure
baroreceptors
75
an excess of potassium ions in the blood
hyperkalemia
76
a decrease of potassium in the blood
hypokalcemia
77
an excess of calcium ions
hypercalcimia
78
a decrease in calcium ions
hypocalcemia
79
arteries connect the...
atriole walls
80
simple squamous epithelium
tunica interna
81
muscular (smooth muscle)
tunica media
82
connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
tunica externa
83
normal blood pressure is...
120 systolic
| 80 diastolic
84
high blood pressure is...
140 systolic
| 90 diastolic
85
factors that affect blood pressure
1. blood volume increases
2. increased heart rate
3. stroke volume increase
4. blood viscosity increases
86
what is starlings law?
stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output
87
blood pressure =
cardiac output x perephial resistance
88
what are the branches of the aorta?
1. carotid
2. subclavian
3. brachial
4. heptic portal
5. renal
6. two iliac
7. femoral
8. anterior tibealis
9. posterior tibealis
10. doralis peplis
89
plexus of blood vessels at the base of the brain where the carotid feeds onto the posterior vertebral baslar artery
circle of willis
90
2 types of lymphocytes
b cells and t cells (causes HIV)
91
what are the layers of immunity?
1. mechanical (skin)
2. chemical (saliva, stomach acid, nose hairs)
3. t cells and immunoglobins
92
what are the types of immunity?
1. species immunity
2. active natural immunity
3. active aquined immunity
4. passive acquired immunity
93
immunoglobins
* 1g A => human secretions (saliva, tears)
* 1g D => activated B cells
* 1g E => allergies
* 1g G => acute disease
* 1g M => memory
94
when do you develop hemoglobin?
when you're a baby
95
bilirubin can cause
jaindice
96
the movement / passage of blood cells, especially white blood cells, through intact capillary walls into surrounding body tissue.
diapedesis
