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NPLEX 2 - Pb > DDX > Flashcards

DDX Flashcards

1
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for hepatitis?

A

Ceanothus americanus

Ganoderma lucidum

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Curcuma longa

Arctium lappa

Leptandra virginica

Scutellaria baicalensis

Taraxacum officinale (root)

Silybum marianum

Schisandra chinensis

“Constantly Gulping Gin Causes ALT/AST to Suddenly Skyrocket”

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2
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for proteinuria?

A

Physiologic causes:
Fever
Congestive heart failure

Tubulointerstitial causes:
Franconi’s syndrome

Primary glomerular dysfunction:
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Interstitial nephritis
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy

Secondary glomerular dysfunction:
Systemic disease (SLE, diabetes, sickle cell anemia, polycystic kidney disease)
Infectious disease (UTI, HIV, hepatitis B/C, bacterial endocarditis)
Medications (NSAIDs,, heavy metals)
Cryoglobulinemia

Vascular causes:
Hypertension
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Medium or small vessels vasculitis*

Overflow:
Multiple myeloma
Amyloidosis
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

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3
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for hemorrhage?

A

Capsella bursa-pastoris

Cinnamomum zelynicum

Geranium maculatum

Hamamelis virginiana

“Cuts Cause Great Hemorrhage

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4
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for gastroenteritis?

A

Berberis aquifolium/vulgare

Commiphora myrrh

Hydrastis canadensis

Matricaria recutita

Thymus vulgaris

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5
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for tracheal deviation?

A

Pneumothorax and atelectasis

Pneumothorax is a space occupying lesion, which pushes the trachea away (contralateral deviation) and causes decreased breath sounds and hyperresonance.

Atelectasis is lung collapse, which allows the trachea to fall towards the empty space (ipsilateral deviation) and has absent breath sounds.

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6
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for sensorineural hearing loss?

A

With sensorineural hearing loss, there is a defect in the conversion of sound into neural signals, such the air conduction is > bone conduction (Rinnie), and sound lateralizes to the unaffected side (Weber).

Congenital:
Intrauterine infections (TORCH diseases)
Teratogens
Perinatal hypoxia
Hyperbilirubinemia

Acquired:
Presbycusis
Meniere’s disease
CNS disease
Cranial nerve VII damage
Labyrinthitis*
Autoimmune disease of the inner ear
Infection (post meningitis, syphilis, mumps, CMV, HSV)
Neoplasms (acoustic neuroma)
Ototoxic drugs

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7
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for female infertility?

A

Ovulatory dysfunction:
Hypothalamic dysfunction
Hypopituitarism
Prolactinoma
Premature ovarian failure
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Systemic disease (thyroid disease, Cushing’s syndrome, renal or hepatic failure)
Congenital (Turner’s syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis, gonadotropin deficiency)
Lifestyle factors (stress, poor nutrition, excessive exercise)

Outflow tract abnormalities:
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Adhesions
Tubal ligation
Congenital abnormalities
Endometriosis
Leiomyoma (fibroids)
Hostile or acidic cervical mucus
Antisperm antibodies
Structural defects

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8
Q

What is the homeopathic differential diagnosis for suicidal ideation?

A

Aurum (< cold)

Nat-sulph (< music)

Psorinum (< cold)

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9
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for cholelithiasis?

A

Cholelithiasis:
Chelidonium majus
Mentha piperita

Cholelithiasis prevention:
Curcuma longa
Silybum marianum

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10
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Prunus africanum

Urtica dioica (root)

Serenoa repens

Hydrangea arborescens

“Cock PUSH”

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11
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for seizures?

A

Epilepsy, status epilepticus

Migraine variant

Syncope

Panic attack

Transient ischemic attack

Movement disorder

Narcolepsy

Cataplexy

Viral encephalitis

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12
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for hay fever (allergic conjunctivitis, rhinitis or sinusitis)?

A

Euphrasia officinalis

Larrea tridentata

Sambucus nigra

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13
Q

What is the homeopathic differential diagnosis for fever without thirst?

A

Belladonna (< motion)

Gelsemium (> continued motion)

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14
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Aloe vera

Boswellia serrata

Glycyrrhiza glabra/ DGL

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15
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for elevated liver enzymes?

A

Drastically elevated AST and ALT (> 1000):
Acute viral hepatitis (most common)
Autoimmune hepatitis
Hepatic ischemia
Drugs and toxins

ALT > AST:
Chronic hepatitis
Fatty liver

ALT < AST:
Alcoholic liver disease
Cirrhosis

Elevated ALP and GGT:
Cholestasis

Increased AST and ALT indicate hepatocellular damage. ALLT is more specific for the liver, whereas AST can be elevated by multiple sources (especially muscle).

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16
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for general infections?

A

Astragalus membranaceus

Baptisia tinctoria

Bryonia alba

Commiphora myrrha

Echinacea spp.

Eleutherococcus senticosus

Eucalyptus globulus

Eupatorium perfoliatum

Glycyrrhiza glabra

Hydrastis canadensis

Juniperus communis

Larrea tridentata

Ligusticum porteri

Ligustrum lucidum

Panax spp.

Rosmarinus officinalis

Salvia officinalis

Sambucus nigra

Scutellaria baicalensis

Thymus vulgaris

Withania somnifera

Zingiber officinale

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17
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for secondary amenorrhea?

A

Functional causes:
Pregnancy
Prolonged, intense exercise
Excessive dieting

Endocrine causes:
Hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism
Hypothalamic dysfunction
Prolactinoma

Ovarian causes:
Menopause
Premature ovarian failure
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Gonadal dysgenesis

Structural causes:
Atrophy
Imperforate hymen
Mullerian agenesis

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18
Q

What are the red flags for emergent abdominal pain?

A

Extremes of age

Unstable vital signs

Fever

Signs and symptoms of shock

Rapid onset severe pain

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19
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for emergent dyspnea?

A

Respiratory causes:
Bronchospasm
Pulmonary embolism
Pneumothorax
Infection (bronchitis, pneumonia)
Upper airway obstruction (aspiration, anaphylaxis)

Cardiac causes:
Acute MI
Congestive heart failure
Cardiac tamponade

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20
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for casts on urinalysis?

A

Hyaline casts:
Physiologic (concentrated urine, dehydration, fever, exercise)

Red blood cell casts:
Glomerular bleeding (glomerulonephritis, vasculitis)

White blood cell casts:
Infection (pyelonephritis)
Inflammation (interstitial nephritis)

Pigmented granular casts:
Acute tubular necrosis
Glomerulonephritis
Interstitial nephritis

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21
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for non-articular joint pain?

A

Localized:
Bursitis
Tendonitis
Capsulitis
Muscle sprain

Generalized:
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Fibromyalgia
Myofascial pain syndrome

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22
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for uterine prolapse?

A

Chamaelirium luteum

Caulophyllum thalictroides

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23
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for otalgia?

A

Local causes:
Infection (AOE, AOM, herpes simplex/zoster, auricular cellulitis, mastoiditis)
Trauma (burns, hematoma, lacerations, traumatic perforation, barotrauma)
Obstruction (neoplasms, foreign body, cerumen impaction, cholesteatoma)

Referred pain (from CN V, IX, X):
Eustachian tube
TMJ syndrome
Trismus
Dental conditions
Tonsils (tonsillitis, tonsillar cancer)
Thyroiditis
Bell’s palsy (CN VII palsy)

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24
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for diabetes?

A

Allium cepa/sativum

Panax spp.

Theobroma cacao

Linum usitatissimum

Momordica charantia

Gymnema sylvestre

“Ate Protein To Lower My Glucose”

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25
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for headache?

A

Piscidia erythrina

Tanacetum parthenium

Vinca major/minor

26
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for azotemia (elevated levels of urea and nitrogen)?

A

Prerenal causes:
Hypovolemia
Fluid losses (hemorrhage, gastrointestinal, urine)
Sepsis
Hepatorenal syndrome

Renal causes:
Renal failure
Glomerulonephritis
Renal tubular necrosis
Acute interstitial nephritis
Pyelonephritis
Renal artery obstruction (thrombosis, embolism, aortic dissection)

Postrenal causes:
Obstruction (stones, tumor, BPH)
Neurogenic

27
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for diplopia (double vision)?

A

Monocular diplopia (persists when good eye covered):
Cataracts
Dislocated lens

Binocular diplopia (resolves with either eye covered):
Strabismus
Cranial nerve palsy (CN III, IV, VI)
Diabetes
Myasthenia gravis
Multiple sclerosis

28
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for Kussmaul’s sign?

A

Kussmaul’s sign is a paradoxical rise in jugular venous pressure (JVP) on inspiration. It can be seen in some forms of heart disease and is usually indicative of limited right ventricular filling due to right heart failure.

Constrictive pericarditis

Right ventricular myocardial infarction

Tricuspid stenosis

Cardiac tamponade

29
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for headaches?

A

Intracranial pressure causes:
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Brain tumor
Preeclampsia, eclampsia

Vascular causes:
Migraine
Temporal arteritis
Cerebrovascular accident
Pituitary apoplexy
Hematoma
Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Musculoskeletal causes:
Tension type
Temporomandibular joint syndrome

Infectious causes:
Meningitis
Brain abscess

Other causes:
Cluster headaches
Trigeminal neuralgia
Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Medication overuse or withdrawal

Red flags of serious headaches include sudden onset of severe pain, accompanying symptoms (impaired mental status, fever, seizures, focal neurological deficits) and new headaches beginning > 50 yo.

30
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for acute diarrhea?

A

Diarrhea is the production of >200g of feces per day along with a change in stool consistency. Acute onset diarrhea is usually infectious and self-limiting. The causes of acute diarrhea can be inflammatory (which present with small volume, high frequency, often bloody diarrhea, with urgency, fecal WBC and RBC, and possible fever) or non-inflammatory (which present with high volume, watery diarrhea that is negative for fecal WBC). The most common cause of pediatric diarrhea is rotavirus infection.

Inflammatory causes:
Invasive bacteria (Salmonella, Campylobacter, C. difficile, E. coli, Shigella, Yersinia)
Protozoal (E. histolytica, amoebiasis)
Drugs (NSAIDs)
Inflammatory bowel disease

Non-inflammatory causes:
Non-invasive bacteria (S. aureus, B. cereus, C. perfringens, V. cholera)
Protozoal (Giardia)
Viral (Rotavirus, Norwalk virus, CMV)
Drugs (antacids, antibiotics, laxatives, Colchicine)
Sugars (lactose, sorbitol, mannitol)

31
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for amenorrhea?

A

Angelica sinensis

Chamaelirium luteum

Caulophyllum thalictroides

Verbena officinalis

Vitex agnus-castus

32
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for tremors?

A

Intention tumors:
Benign essential tremor
Hypoglycemia
Brainstem lesion
Cerebellar lesion (MS, stroke, trauma)
Wilson’s disease
Sedative or alcohol withdrawal
Thyrotoxicosis
Pheochromocytoma
Anticonvulsant use

Resting tremors:
Parkinson’s disease
Wilson’s disease
Lewy body disease
Mercury poisoning

33
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for hematuria?

A

Pre-renal causes:
Hematologic (coagulopathy, sickle cell disease, thromboembolism)
Leukemia
Neoplasms
Drugs (anticoagulants)

Renal causes:
Trauma
Infarct
Obstruction (renal colic, urolithiasis)
Neoplasms (renal cell carcinoma, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, Wilms tumor)
Inflammation (pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis)
Connective tissue disorders (Wegner’s, Goodpasture’s disease, SLE, Churg-Strauss, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, polyarteritis nodosa)
Hereditary (polycystic kidneys, Alport’s syndrome, arteriovenous malformation)

Post-renal causes:
Obstruction (nephrolithiasis, polyps, tumor, urethral stricture)
Inflammation (prostatitis, cystitis, urethritis)

Pseudohematuria:
Vaginal bleeding
Dyes (beets, rhodamine B)
Hemoglobin (hemolytic anemia)
Myoglobin (rhabdomyolysis)
Drugs (rifampin, phenazopyridine, pyridium, phenytoin)
Porphyria
Laxatives (phenolphthalein)

Gross painless hematuria is bladder cancer until proven otherwise.

34
Q

What is the homeopathic differential diagnosis for diarrhea?

A

Arsenicum (< cold)

Gelsemium (from fright, > continued motion)

Podophyllum (< heat, morning)

Sulphur (< heat, morning)

Veratrum (< cold, motion)

35
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for hematemesis?

A

Hematemesis is passage of dark brown, partially digested blood by mouth. It usually presents with coffee-grounds consistency, and may be accompanied by melema, hematochezia and symptoms of blood loss including shock, dizziness and dyspnea.

Upper gastrointestinal causes:
Oral laceration
Pharyngeal lesion
Esophageal varices or laceration

Gastric causes:
Bleeding gastric ulcer
Bleeding duodenal ulcer
Stress ulcer
Gastric laceration

Non-gastrointestinal causes:
Aspirin or NSAID use
Caustic toxic ingestion

36
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for chronic dyspnea?

A

Cardiac causes:
Valvular disease
Decreased cardiac output (CHF)

Respiratory causes:
Upper airway obstruction (tumor)
Airway disease (asthma, COPD)
Parenchymal lung disease (interstitial disease, fibrosis, bronchiectasis, sarcoidosis)
Pulmonary vascular disease (pulmonary hypertension, vasculitis)
Pleural disease (effusion, mesothelioma)

Gastrointestinal causes:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Hematologic causes:
Severe anemia

Neuromuscular causes:
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis

37
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for sore throat?

A

Streptococcal or viral pharyngitis

Infectious mononucleosis

Tonsillitis

Peritonsillar abscess

Leukemia

Hodgkin’s disease

38
Q

What is the homeopathic differential diagnosis for hypertension?

A

Belladonna (< heat, motion, lying down)

Glonoine (< heat, especially around the head)

39
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for restrictive lung disease?

A

Pneumonia

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Interstitial lung disease

Pulmonary fibrosis

Scleroderma

Pulmonary edema

Effusion

Neuromuscular disease (myasthenia gravis, poliomyelitis)

Chest wall disease (scoliosis)

40
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for loss of vision?

A

Transient vision loss:
Transient ischemic attack
Migraine with aura

Acute vision loss:
Trauma/foreign body
Cerebrovascular accident
Occipital infarction
Retinal artery or vein occlusion
Retinal detachment
Uveitis
Optic neuritis

Chronic vision loss:
Cataracts
Corneal dystrophy
Corneal ulcer
Macular degeneration
Glaucoma
Diabetic retinopathy
Compressive optic neuropathy (intracranial mass, pituitary tumor, orbital mass)
Pituitary adenoma
Nutritional deficiency

41
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for constipation?

A

Constipation is defined as infrequent bowel movements (typically less three times per week), often with difficulty or straining during defecation. The most common cause is inadequate fiber or fluid intake.

Obstructive causes:
Colorectal cancer
Stricture
Extrinsic compression
Rectocele

Metabolic causes:
Diabetes
Thyroid dysfunction
Hypercalcemia, hypokalemia

Neurological causes:
Parkinson’s disease
Multiple sclerosis
Stroke

Collagen vascular disease:
Scleroderma
Dermatomyositis

Iatrogenic causes:
Narcotics
Antidepressants
Calcium channel blockers

42
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for syncope?

A

Syncope is a sudden, transient loss of consciousness and postural tone secondary to abrupt drops in cerebral perfusion.

Cardiac causes:
Acute coronary syndrome
Ventricular arrhythmia
Acute atrial fibrillation
Tachycardia
Heart block
Myocardial infarction
Aortic dissection
Congestive heart failure
Valvular disease (aortic or mitral stenosis)
Outflow obstruction (pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, pulmonary hypertension)

Neurologic causes:
Vasovagal
Orthostatic hypotension
Epilepsy, seizure
Dysfunctional brainstem
Cerebrovascular disorders

Metabolic causes:
Hypoglycemia
Addison’s disease
Hypoxemia
Alcohol intoxication

Psychogenic causes:
Anxiety

43
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for lower GI bleeds?

A

Common causes:
Diverticulosis
Ischemia
Angiodysplasia
Infection
Anorectal (hemorrhoids, fissures, ulcers)

Uncommon causes:
Post-polypectomy
Radiation colitis
Irritable bowel disease
Upper GI bleed

44
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for abnormal uterine bleeding?

A

Gynecological causes:
Cervical cancer
Endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma
Leiomyoma (fibroids)
Adenomyosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Copper IUD
Infection (endometritis*, cervicitis, vaginitis, STI)

Obstetric causes:
Miscarriage
Ectopic pregnancy
Placenta previa

Endocrine causes:
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Hyper or hypothyroidism
Adrenal insufficiency
Insulin resistance
Prolactinoma
Estrogen producing tumor
Weight loss

Hematological causes:
Coagulopathy (von Willebrand’s disease)
Platelet abnormalities (immune thrombocytopenic purpura)
Hematologic malignancy (leukemia, lymphoma)

Renal causes:
Impaired estrogen excretion

Hepatic causes:
Decreased coagulation factors
Impaired estrogen metabolism

Drug causes:
Anticoagulants
Danazol
OCP, HRT
Spironolactone
Steroids
Neuroleptics

45
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for dysphagia?

A

Dysphagia is difficult swallowing.

Mechanical dysfunction (symptoms primarily with solids):
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Stricture
Schatzki ring/esophageal web
Zenker’s diverticulum
Extrinsic compression (thyromegaly, tumor)

Mobility dysfunction (symptoms with solids and liquids):
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Achalasia
Scleroderma
Neurological dysfunction* (cortical, bulbar, peripheral)
Muscular dysfunction (muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, polymyositis)

46
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for dyspareunia?

A

Introital pain:
Inadequate lubrication
Rigid or intact hymen
Bartolin’s or Skene’s gland infection, abscess*
Lichen sclerosus
Vulvovaginitis (atrophic, chemical, infectious)
Herpes simplex

Midvaginal pain:
Urethritis
Short vagina
Trigonitis
Vaginal atrophy
Congenital abnormality of the vagina

Deep pain:
Endometriosis
Endometritis
Cervicitis
Adenomyosis
Leiomyoma (fibroids)
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Hydrosalpinx
Tubo-ovarian abscess
Uterine retroversion
Ovarian cyst

47
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for claudication?

A

Vascular causes:
Atherosclerotic disease
Vasculitis (Buerger’s disease, Takayasu’s arteritis)
Diabetic neuropathy
Venous disease (deep vein thrombosis, varicose veins)

Neurologic causes:
Neuro Spinal disease (spinal stenosis)
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Musculoskeletal causes:
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Connective tissue disease

48
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for jaundice with conjugated (direct) hyperbilirubinemia?

A

Serum bilirubin is a maker of RBC metabolism and hepatic excretion. Unconjugated bilirubin is a breakdown product of hemoglobin destruction, which travels to the liver where it becomes conjugated before being excreted.Thus, elevation of conjugated bilirubin in the serum is indicative of a pathology downstream of the liver.

Impaired hepatic secretion:
Hepatic disease (hepatitis,, cirrhosis)
Metabolic disease (Wilson’s disease, hemochromatosis)
Drug-induced cholestasis (OCP, chlorpromazine)
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Sepsis

Extrahepatic, intraductal biliary obstruction:
Gallstone
Biliary stricture
Parasites
Malignancy (cholangiocarcinoma)
Sclerosing cholangitis

Extrahepatic, extratraductal biliary obstruction:
Malignancy (pan occlusion, pancreatic cancer)
Inflammation (pancreatitis)

49
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for hypertension?

A

Adrenergics:
Rauwolfia serpentina

Circulatory stimulants:
Allium cepa/sativum
Theobroma cacao
Camellia sinensis

Inotropics:
Crataegus oxycantha

Vasodilators:
Coleus forskohlii
Ganoderma lucidum
Tilia europaea
Veratrum alba/viride
Vinca minor/major
Viscum flavescens

50
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for varicose veins and hemorrhoids?

A

Centella asiatica

Hamamelis virginiana

Aesculus hippocastanum

Geranium maculatum

Vaccinium myrtillus

“Curse My Hemorrhoids And Giant Veins”

51
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for dermatitis?

A

Calendula officinalis

Quercus alba

Symphytum officinale

52
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for emergent coma?

A

Primary CNS disease:
Epilepsy
Diffuse trauma or ischemia
Compression (tumor, hematoma)
Brainstem infarct or hemorrhage

Metabolic causes:
Acid or base disorders
Hypo- or hyperglycemia
Endocrine disorders
Electrolyte disturbances
Hypoxia
Lactate

Toxic causes:
Alcohol
Infection, sepsis
Rapid or abrupt onset suggests CNS hemorrhage, ischemic or cardiac causes. Gradual progression suggests CNS lesion, toxic or metabolic causes.

53
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for threatened miscarriage and premature labor?

A

Uterine tonics
Angelica sinensis
Chamaelirium luteum
Caulophyllum thalictroides
Mitchella repens

Spasmolytics:
Cimicifuga racemosa
Dioscorea villosa
Viburnum opulus

54
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for emergent headache?

A

Meningitis

Increased intracranial pressure

Temporal arteritis

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Red flags of serious headaches include sudden onset of severe pain, accompanying symptoms (impaired mental status, fever, seizures, focal neurological deficits) and new headaches beginning > 50 yo.

55
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for GI bleeds?

A

Common causes:
Ulcers
Esophageal varices
Mallory-Weiss tears
Erosive esophagitis
Erosive gastritis

Uncommon causes:
Tumors
Arteriovenous malformation
Gastric antral vascular gastropathy
Portal hypertensive gastropathy

56
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for wet cough?

A

Stimulating expectorants:
Asclepias tuberosa
Aspidosperma quebracho
Lobelia inflata
Sanguinaria canadensis

Mixed expectorants
Inula helenium

Anticatarrals
Solidago odora

57
Q

What is the differential diagnosis for infective diarrhea?

A

Watery diarrhea with minimal abdominal pain and no fever:
Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium perfringens
Vibrio cholera
Enterotoxigenic E. coli

Watery diarrhea with moderate abdominal pain and variable fever:
E. coli
Giardia

Bloody diarrhea with severe abdominal pain and mild fever:
Hemorrhagic E. coli
Clostridium difficile

Bloody diarrhea with severe abdominal pain and high fever:
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Shigella
Enterovasive E. coli
Entamoeba histolytica

58
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for symptoms of menopause?

A

Humulus lupulus

Angelica sinensis

Linum usitatissimum

Trifolium pratense

Salvia officinalis

Medicago sativa

“HALTS Menopause”

59
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for hypoadrenocorticism (adrenal fatigue)?

A

Eleutherococcus senticosus

Glycyrrhiza glabra

60
Q

What is the botanical differential diagnosis for urinary tract infections?

A

Antimicrobials
Arctostaphylos uva ursi
Barosma betulina
Berberis aquifolium/vulgaris
Juniperus communis
Glycyrrhiza glabra

Antiadhesions
Vaccinium macrocarpon

Alteratives:
Equisetum arvense
Galium aparine

Diuretics:
Hydrangea arborescens
Urtica dioica (leaf)
Solidago odora
Taraxacum officinle (leaf)

Anodynes:
Salix alba

Demulcent:
Ulmus rubra

NPLEX 2 - Pb (9 decks)

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