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History year 1 > : Ddemocracy and Dictatorships in Germany 1919–1963 > Flashcards

: Ddemocracy and Dictatorships in Germany 1919–1963 Flashcards

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1
Q

describe the impacts of WW1

A
  • new gov
  • death + causalities
  • mass starvation
  • financial problems
  • losing the war
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2
Q

how many German causalities were there from WW1?

A

over 7 million (dead or injured)

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3
Q

how many people died of mass starvation after ww1?

A

50,000

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4
Q

how was the weimar republic formed?

A
  • treaty of versailles stated germany had to become a democracy
  • elections held in 1919
  • SPD won (led by Friedrich Ebert)
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5
Q

describe the weimar constitution

A
  • everyone had freedom of speech, religion and meetings
  • personal freedom + equality
  • all men + women over 30 could vote
  • Reichstag voted for by people + made laws
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6
Q

what was the voting system in the weimar republic?

A
  • percentage of votes = percentage of seats in Reichstag
  • 421 seats in reichstag
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7
Q

what was article 48?

A

in an emergency/crisis the president can use article 48 to rule themselves meaning they can pass laws freely

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8
Q

describe the political system of the weimar republic

A
  • head of state (president) head of weimar republic, army. Elected by the people. chose the chancellor. could use article 48
  • the gov ➜ chancellor - head of gov, chose by president ➜ cabinet - main decision makers of gov
  • parliament ➜ members voted through proportional representation ➜ Reichstag - most powerful part, members voted every 4 years ➜ Reichsrat - represented religions of Germany, members voted every 4 years
  • the people - men + women 30+
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9
Q

what are strengths of weimar constitution?

A
  • proportional representation made sure small parties had a fair share of seats in the gov
  • this system meant that not 1 group/person could have too much power it hoped to end dictatorship
  • in 1919 germany was the most democratic in Europe, by giving equal rights + votes to women, more than Britain
  • elections for both Reichstag + president
  • free speech, freedom of religions
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10
Q

what are limitations of weimar constitution

A
  • proportional representation often led to coalition govs who found it difficult to get along + agree so often collapsed
  • 1920s ➜ 29 political parties which meant less chance of 1 getting majority
  • army, judges, civil servants wanted kaiser to return
  • article 48 could lead to dictatorship
  • weimar republic widely opposed
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11
Q

describe the political spectum

A

RIGHT
- National Socialist Party (NSDAP) ➜ opposed weimar republic, supported by middle-class, wealthy, ex-soldiers
- German People’s Party (DVP) ➜ accepted weimar republic, supported by upper-middle class
CENTRE
Centre Party ➜ supported weimar republic, supported by catholics, conservatives
LEFT
Social Democrats (SPD) ➜ supported weimar republic, supported by workers, middle-class
Communists (KPD) ➜ opposed weimar republic, supported by workers

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12
Q

when was the treaty of versailles signed?

A

28th June 1919

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13
Q

what were notable terms of the treaty of versailles?

A
  • war guilt clause ➜ germany had to accept full blame for starting the war
  • germany wasn’t allowed in league of nations
  • had to pay £6.6 billion to allies, germany lost its merchant army, France was given the Saar coalfields for 15 years
  • army limited to 100,000 men, conscription was banned, no tanks or artillery, navy only had 6 battleships, air force banned, rhineland demilitarised
  • lost 13% of its land + 6 million germans, 48% of coal production lost, colonies given to britain + france, union with Austria was forbidden, territory in west Prussia + upper silesia given to poland to create polish corridor
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14
Q

what was the Diktat?

A

diktat = dictated peace
- germans given no say in the treaty
- Ebert + weimar gov called november criminals who stabbed germany in the back to take power from kaiser + army

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15
Q

how did germans feel abt article 231 (guilt clause)?

A
  • hated it ➜ shouldnt be blamed for kaiser + other countries actions. felt disgraced/humilated.
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16
Q

why did unrest spread across germany?

A
  • many hated republic for signing treaty
  • high taxes (reparations)
  • others fought for political reasons whilst many were unhappy at social problems
  • communist revolution in Russia spread ideas of a revolution to germany
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17
Q

describe the threat from the left (group + background)

A

sparticists ➜ communists. wanted everyone to be equal, people own business, profits shared out
background ➜ 1918 - revolution popular idea many workers set up council. worried army + republic because they didnt want a communist revolution

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18
Q

describe the sparticist uprising

A
  • led by Karl Liebknecht + Rosa Luxemberg
  • January 1919 ➜ 50,000 Sparticists attempted to overthrow republic
  • captured a gov newspaper (failed to take any others or get any support)
  • ebert used army + freikorps to stop them
  • defeat ➜ both leaders killed
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19
Q

describe the threat from the right (group + background)

A

friekorps
background ➜ right wing groups (army) hated the weimar republic for signing the treaty. Wanted to set up military right wing dictatorship

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20
Q

describe the kapp putsch

A
  • 1920 ➜ Ebert tried to reduce the size of the army + disband Freikorps
  • Leader of the Friekorp Wolfgang Kapp then seized gov buildings + declared a new gov
  • weimar gov fled to Dresden + ordered army to stop the putsch but they refused
  • Ebert encouraged workers of Berlin to strike which workers agreed with
  • new gov collapsed in days putsch failed
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21
Q

what was the background of the Ruhr crisis?

A
  • 1923 ➜ germany was struggling to pay reparations
  • Jan 1923 ➜ germany didnt pay france
  • france needed to pay USA
  • france took raw materials e.g. coal and steel by taking the Ruhr (80% of Germany’s steel was produced there)

-

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22
Q

describe the ruhr crisis (including year)

A
  • 11th January 1923 ➜ 60,000 French + Belgian troops march into Ruhr, seize control of all mines factories railways
  • french thought germans would work for them
  • people support weimar’s idea of a strike (most people stop working some burn factories)
  • french brought their own workers
  • resistance leaders were arrested imprisoned and deported
  • huge protests over french treatment of workers
  • french shoot a number of strikers (some french soldiers are killed too)
  • german industrial production fell dramatically
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23
Q

what were the results of the ruhr crisis?

A
  • invasion united german people against french and impact of treaty
  • to support workers gov prints out more money
  • however gov had no money as a result value of the mark began to drop
  • hyperinflation
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24
Q

what is inflation?

A

when money loses its value so you need more money to pay for the same thing

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25
Q

what is hyperinflation?

A

when out of control inflation happens very quickly over weeks + months

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26
Q

what were the causes of hyperinflation?

A
  • reparations ➜ £6.6 billion reparations almost bankrupted germany
  • occupation of the ruhr ➜ gov didn’t have enough money to pay reparations with french taking the ruhr so they printed more money. When a gov prints money (that it doesnt have) the value of money decreases but prices increase
27
Q

what were the costs of bread between 1918 and 1923?

A

Nov 1918 ➜ 1 mark
Nov 1922 ➜ 163 marks
Sep 1923 ➜ 1.5 million marks
Nov 1923 ➜200 billion marks

28
Q

what were the effects of hyperinflation?

A
  • mark became worthless ➜ millions faced starvation + poverty
  • prices increased extremely quickly ➜ workers when paid had to rush into shops as prices increased by the hour
  • money used a cheap alternative for fuel
29
Q

how did hyperinflation impact german people?

A

✖ pensioners ➜ their pensions + savings became worthless as prices rose. They could not work either so faced starvation or couldn’t afford to heat their homes
✖ middle-class ➜ savings became worthless. Business men couldn’t buy goods from abroad (german money worthless). Many became bankrupt. However debts were now easy to pay off
✔ workers ➜ they did well, had few savings, those emploed were paid higher wages
✔ farmers ➜ could grow + eat their own food, could trade food
✔ the rich ➜ had land, possessions, foreign currency. Possessions could be traded

30
Q

how did the weimar republic recover?

A
  • Dawes plan
  • Young plan
  • solving the ruhr crisis
  • international respect
31
Q

when did stresemann become chancellor?

A

August 1923

32
Q

what was the Dawes plan?

A
  • stresemann gained help from US banker Charles Dawes
  • All currency to be destroyed
  • introduced temp currency (rentenmark)
  • more time to pay reparations ➜ 2.5 billion marks a year
  • Us banks agreed to loan germany money ➜ over 6 years 53 billion was given
33
Q

how was the Ruhr crisis solved?

A
  • stresemann ordered the strike to end
  • French + Belgium troops left as Germany was now able to pay
  • German industry began again
34
Q

how did Germany gain international respect?

A
  • 1925 ➜ signed Locarno treaty
  • this treaty agreed countries borders should stay the same
  • this improved international relationships
  • Germany joined Leeague of Nations in 1925
  • also signed the kellog-briand pact
35
Q

what was the Kellogg-Briand pact and what year was it signed?

A

64 countires agreed to keep armies but solve future issues peacefully
1928

36
Q

how did stresemann achieve political stability?

A
  • introduced a coalition gov that agreed and could work together
  • decisions could now be made in the Reichstag
37
Q

did germany recover thanks to stresemann in 1924-29 (yes)?

A
  • Stresemann successful ended the Ruhr Crisis and Hyperinflation - Germany’s most serious crises in 1923 Stresemann had hugely improved Germanys
    international reputation with the Locarno Treaty, entry to the League of Nations and Kellogg Briand Pact.
  • The ending of hyperinflation meant that people could
    buy goods again, workers could be paid and families no
    longer risked starvation
  • As a result of the loans and ending hyperinflation,
    industry grew between 1924-29 by 40%
  • Wages increased, working hours did not increase and as a
    result workers were happier. There was less striking.
38
Q

did germany recover thanks to stresemann in 1924-29 (no)?

A
  • Germany was very reliant on the loans from America – if
    they were to go, Germany would fall into crisis (This
    happened in 1929 after the Wall Street Crash)
  • Unemployment still remained a problem, it peaked at
    10% in 1927
  • The middle classes never recovered from hyperinflation
    and the economic crises, they felt they were ignored by
    the Weimar Republic and hated them.
  • Farmers continued to struggle in the 1920s, their profits
    drooped and production never
  • Hatred towards the Weimar Republic never went away,
    some like the Nazis thought that Stresemann had given in
    to the French in the Ruhr
39
Q

how did wages + employment change in the weimar Republic?

A
  • wages increased every year from 1924 ➜ german workers best paid in europe
  • middle-class didnt have a pay raise and unemployment was high
40
Q

how did housing change in the weimar republic?

A
  • 1942-1931 ➜ 2 million+ houses were built
  • 1928 ➜ homelessness reduced by 60%
41
Q

how did unemployment insurance change in the weimar republic?

A
  • unemployment insurance law 1927 ➜ workers + employers make contributions for unemployment welfare
  • benefits + assistance to war vets, wives + dependents of dead, single mothers and disabled
42
Q

how did politics change in the weimar republic?

A
  • 1919 ➜ women voting
  • constitution introduced equality in education, work
  • 1926 ➜ 26 women working in Reichstag
43
Q

how had womens leisure changed in the weimar republic?

A
  • more social freedom
  • drank, smoke in public
  • wore makeup, short skirts etc
44
Q

how had womens employment changed in the weimar republic

A
  • increase in employment ➜ teaching, social work, assembly line
  • equal pay
  • 1933 ➜ 100,000 women teachers
  • still hostility to women working
45
Q

who were the DAP?

A

German Workers Party set up in Munich 1919

46
Q

describe Hitler and the birth of the Nazi party 1919-21?

A
  • hitler invited to DAP in 1919
  • hitler becomes Drexler’s right hand man
  • 1920 ➜ announce 25 point programme
  • Membership grew because of hitler
  • 1920 ➜ 3000 members
  • hitler suggests Dap changes its name to NSDAP (Nazis for short)
  • choose swastika as symbol
  • July 1921 ➜ hitler becomes the leader
47
Q

when did hitler become head of DAP/NSDAP/nazis?

A

July 1921

48
Q

what were the key points of the 25 point programme?

A
  • creation of strong central gov
  • union of all germans in a greater germany
  • increase pensions for elderly
  • nationalise industries (gov control)
  • everyone should have a job
  • build up army
  • only germans should be members of the nation (Jews etc had to leave)
  • expand germany to feed people + settle surplus (Lebensraum)
  • all citizens should have equal rights + duties
  • every hard-working german have the chance of higher education
  • state must protect mothers + infants ➜ stop children working
49
Q

how did hitler organise his party?

A
  • office in Munich
  • brought 2 newspapers that allowed them to spread their message
  • Carefully picked political leaders ➜ Rudolf Hess (Hitler’s deputy), Hermann Goering (ww1 hero), Julius Streicher (publisher), Ernest Rohm (popular ex army officer)
  • also made powerful allies (leader of army during ww1)
50
Q

what was the role of the SA?

A
  • H used to control the party
  • set up in August 1921
  • many were ex-soldiers
  • paraded in streets as a show of force
  • August 1922 ➜ 800 members
  • control crowd meetings (often using violence)
  • attack opposition
  • SA strengthened NSDAP and made H more powerful
51
Q

describe how hitler had control over NSDAP?

A
  • by January 1922 ➜ H had complete control
  • he persuaded members to give up their power and elect a leader
  • This was the Fuhrerprinzip ➜ hitler the Furher (leader) had complete power + authority
  • H’s leadership made membership grow from 1,100 in June 1920 to 55,000 in November 1923
52
Q

what was the munich putsch?

A
  • November 1923 ➜ H launched Munich putsch to overthrow weimar republic
  • failed with 14 dead Nazis + H in prison
  • until 1928 Nazi party struggled to gain support.
53
Q

describe the events of the munich putsch?

A

8th November 1923 ➜ H with 600 SA entered a beer hall in Munich where Bavarian gov were meeting. At gunpoint H forced leaders (Von Kahr, Lossow and Von Seisser) to support him.
- Rohm + the Sa took over local police + army headquarters.
- When H left Ludendorf then other leaders go they refused to support the putsch
9th November 1923 ➜ H gathered with 1000 SA + 2000 Volunteers supporters + marched on Munich town centre to declare himself the president of germany
- he hoped local people would support him but they didnt neither did the army. H was met by state police, there was a shoot out, Ludendorf, Rohm + Streicher were arrested.
11th November 1923 ➜ H was captured + arrested. 14 Nazis dead, H injured, allied imprisoned, putsch failed

54
Q

what were the causes for the munich putsch?

A

long term causes
- stab in the back theory, reparations, loss of war, loss of colonies.
- resentment of weimar republic
medium term causes
- heavily influenced by facists in Italy led by Mussolini
short term causes
- hyperinflation
- Ruhr crisis
- weimar republic seen as weak

55
Q

what were the consequences of the Munich Putsch?

A

short term
- Ludendorff was found innocent as a respected soldier of ww1
- H sentenced to 5 years in prison
- Nazis banned
Long term
- H only served 9 months ➜ national publicity for nazis, spent testimony attacking weimar republic and Jews
- H used time in prison to write mein kampf
- H realised he needed a new strategy ➜ violence didn’t work so democracy
- ban on nazis lifted in 1925

56
Q

what were the lean years of 1924-28?

A
  • Munich Putsch ➜ political disaster for Nazis
  • H wrote mein kampf and plan reorginasiation
  • H released December 1924
57
Q

what ideas did mein kampf include?

A
  • Nationalism ➜ he wanted to make germany great again ➜ reversing treaty of versailles, building up army, invading russia
  • H believed Aryan race was destined to rule the world but Jews tried to weaken them
  • Socialism ➜ using wealth of germany to benefit working class
  • totalitarianism ➜ removing democracy
  • traditional values ➜ strong christian family values with clear gender roles
58
Q

describe the relaunch of the nazi party

A
  • 27th feb 1925 H re-launched the Nazi party at Munich Beer Hall. 4000 people came.
  • H began to change structure of Nazi party
59
Q

how did H reorganise the Nazi organisation?

A
  • based in munich with departments for finance, education and industry. Raised money for businessmen who supported nazis
  • germany was split into 35 regions each with a local leader. H used these to keep control over the party
  • set up hitler youth + womens order to gain more members
  • by 1929 ➜ 100,000 members
60
Q

how did H reogranise leadership of the Nazis?

A
  • 1926 ➜ Bamburg conference, H won leadership of party but Goebbels was made Gauleiter of Berlin as a reward
  • Bamburg ➜ H squashed splits between nationalist and socialist parts of party
  • Ernest Rohm was removed as leader of SA (seen as a threat)
  • H set up SS which were H’s bodyguards
61
Q

how did H reorganise to develop support for the nazis?

A
  • Goebbels put in charge of propaganda ➜ tried to appeal to people’s feelings
  • targeted businessmen, farmers, women, soldiers, haters of weimar republic treaty of versailles Jews,
  • waged a propaganda campaign
62
Q

why did the Nazis fail to secure more votes?

A
  • golden years ➜ stresemann made germany more economically stable, people had more money + jobs. People supported Nazis less because of this. Stresemann also improved international relations pleasing citizens
  • ex army general Hindenburg became president making more people support the weimar republic
  • Nazis struggled to get any support from working classes (who were the majority)
63
Q

how did a depression occur in germany?

A

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History year 1 (6 decks)

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