challenge of german nationalism mocks Flashcards
Between 1789 and 1862 trends in germany were generally against unification do you agree?
intro
While there were nationalist movements advocation for unification overall trends demonstrated resistance to unification because of factors such as political fragmentation
- Impact of French revolution
- 1789
- sparked nationalism and revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity. Idea of a nation state emerged encouraging people to think about a united German state
- In the period following the revolution german culture, literature and overall identity thrived e.g. Brothers Grimm
- The French revolution still inspired people long after it had ended e.g. revolutions across europe in 1848 - Napoleonic wars (1803-1815
- threat of France ignited widespread support for unity and nationalism however this was a mixed response as time went on
- Reorganised germany into 39 states
- Austria defeated at battle of Austerlitz (1805) following this defeat Napoleon formed Confederation of Rhine which brought an end to the holy roman empire
- opinion on confederation of Rhine was mixed. It brought about needed changes such as legal and administrative reforms e.g. abolition of feudal privileges and introduction of more centralised legal system. But was also see as a tool of French domination. - Congress of Vienna (1815)
- occurred in response to Napoleonic wars
- aimed to restore monarchies overthrown in the wars, balance power among major European states, redrawing map of Europe (including a buffer zone around France)
- Created German Confederation, a loose association of 39 German-speaking states including Prussia, Austria and smaller states.
- GC, cultivated shared language and culture of German states helping develop a sense of nationalism. Presence of confederation seen as a response to external threats many seeing nationalism as a means to assert their dominance. Laid groundwork for nationalism.
- Did not intend to unite all german states into a singular state
Revolutions of 1848
- fueled by economic hardships, food shortages and high unemployment rates
- revolutions began in Feb in France with abdication of King Louis-Phillippe and establishment of 2nd Republic
- Influenced Various German states to hold uprisings for national unity
- convening of franfurt assembly (representatives from various german states to create a unified german constitution)
- Frankfurt P was unable to enforce its ideas and spent too long not taking action
- movements lost momentum leading to a failure in their goal of nationalism
conclusion
- Overall against nationalism even though there was clear interest events showed a lack of overall desire necessary to unite germany seen in revolutions of 1848 where movements lost momentum resulting in a missed turning point for Germany
Development of German Nationalism highly dependent upon political factors
How far do you agree
intro
- Political factors
- role of German Confederation
Congress of Vienna created German Confederation, a loose association of 39 German-speaking states including Prussia, Austria and smaller states.
- GC, developed a sense of nationalism. Presence of confederation seen as a response to external threats many seeing nationalism as a means to assert their dominance. Laid groundwork for nationalism.
- GC allowed for cooperation between states while still maintaining independence. Existence of GC provided framework for political discussions of various nationalist movements
- highlighted need for a more cohesive German state
2 Political factors
Frankfurt P
- aimed to draft a german constitution that would establish a single unified German state. This goal reflected growing nationalist sentiment among Germans
- Sought to establish civil liberties, parlimentary system etc. These democratic principles resonated with liberals and nationalist movement which emphasised importance of a gov that reflected the people of the german nation
- even though it was dissolved before its goals were achieved the discussions and ideas within the parliment would inspire future generations to advocate for german unity/nationalism
- social and cultural factors
- influence of writers, philosophers
- emphasised unique cultural heritage of german people celebrating folklore, myths and language.
- Figures like Goethe
- Romantic movement gained momentum and celebrated emotion, nature and the individual. People like the Brothers Grimm used their works to evoke sense of national consciousness and pride unifying German people in a cultural identity - Economic Factors
- Zollverein
- created in 1834 a customs union among various german states (not Austria)
- promoted free trade and economic collaboration
- economic intergration helped a sense of unity amonst Germans thrive as it reduced tariffs allowing a more interconnected economy amongst German states
- helped cultivate a sense of German identity by emphasising common economic interests
conclusion
economic changes was the most important factor in the development of German nationalism in the period from 1789 to 1862 how far do you agree
intro
- Zollverein
- created in 1834 a customs union among various german states (not Austria)
- promoted free trade and economic collaboration
- economic intergration helped a sense of unity amonst Germans thrive as it reduced tariffs allowing a more interconnected economy amongst German states
- helped cultivate a sense of German identity by emphasising common economic interests
- Zollverein
- Political factors
- role of German Confederation
Congress of Vienna created German Confederation, a loose association of 39 German-speaking states including Prussia, Austria and smaller states.
- GC, developed a sense of nationalism. Presence of confederation seen as a response to external threats many seeing nationalism as a means to assert their dominance. Laid groundwork for nationalism.
- GC allowed for cooperation between states while still maintaining independence. Existence of GC provided framework for political discussions of various nationalist movements
- highlighted need for a more cohesive German state - social and cultural factors
- influence of writers, philosophers
- emphasised unique cultural heritage of german people celebrating folklore, myths and language.
- Figures like Goethe
- Romantic movement gained momentum and celebrated emotion, nature and the individual. People like the Brothers Grimm used their works to evoke sense of national consciousness and pride unifying German people in a cultural identity
conclusion
Assess the view that france was the main factor in untiing the german people in the period from 1789 to 1862
- Impact of French revolution
- 1789
- sparked nationalism and revolutionary ideas of liberty, equality and fraternity. Idea of a nation state emerged encouraging people to think about a united German state
- In the period following the revolution german culture, literature and overall identity thrived e.g. Brothers Grimm
- The French revolution still inspired people long after it had ended e.g. revolutions across europe in 1848 - Napoleonic wars (1803-1815
- threat of France ignited widespread support for unity and nationalism however this was a mixed response as time went on
- Reorganised germany into 39 states
- Austria defeated at battle of Austerlitz (1805) following this defeat Napoleon formed Confederation of Rhine which brought an end to the holy roman empire
- opinion on confederation of Rhine was mixed. It brought about needed changes such as legal and administrative reforms e.g. abolition of feudal privileges and introduction of more centralised legal system. But was also see as a tool of French domination. - Congress of Vienna (1815)
- occurred in response to Napoleonic wars
- aimed to restore monarchies overthrown in the wars, balance power among major European states, redrawing map of Europe (including a buffer zone around France)
- Created German Confederation, a loose association of 39 German-speaking states including Prussia, Austria and smaller states.
- GC, cultivated shared language and culture of German states helping develop a sense of nationalism. Presence of confederation seen as a response to external threats many seeing nationalism as a means to assert their dominance. Laid groundwork for nationalism.
- Did not intend to unite all german states into a singular state - Revolutions of 1848
- fueled by economic hardships, food shortages and high unemployment rates
- revolutions began in Feb in France with abdication of King Louis-Phillippe and establishment of 2nd Republic
- Influenced Various German states to hold uprisings for national unity
- convening of frankfurt assembly (representatives from various german states to create a unified german constitution)
- Frankfurt P was unable to enforce its ideas and spent too long not taking action
- movements lost momentum leading to a failure in their goal of nationalism
Assess the view that Germany was no more united in 1862 than it was in 1789?
- structure of Germany in 1789
- 300 independent states ranging from large kingdoms to cities each with its own rulers, laws and interests
- power dynamics between states led to conflicts between states rather than cooperation
- lack of common currency complicated interactions between between states reinforcing division
- fragmentation shows lack of economic unity
- common currency and political system vital to creating a single german state - structure of Germany in 1862
- 39 german states (thanks to reorganisation of Napoleon during Napoleonic wars) closer to unity (1 state)
- under German Confederation
- some states still much larger and powerful than others allowing for same conflicts to occur between states
- zollverein (1834) (economic) a customs union among various german states (not Austria)
- promoted free trade and economic collaboration
- economic intergration helped a sense of unity amonst Germans thrive as it reduced tariffs allowing a more interconnected economy amongst German states - 1789 political lack of unity
- Holy Roman Empire was an unorganised political entity.
- Emperor of HRE held little control over german states because of the amount of them and the seperate interests rulers and armies they posessed.
- all states had different laws enforced in ways that are unique to each state making them increasingly different to become one state
4.
what were causes of german revolutions?
economic and social problems
- increasing population, difficult to sustain growing population (thanks to decrease in death rate)
- countryside issues - people who remained in countryside found life hard. Eastern Prussia land belonged to Junkers and worked by landless peasants. even in other places rents were high difficult to live. Feudal injustices continued in many areas.
- impact of urbanisation - town populations increased leading to insufficient jobs and housing. Surplus labour = low wages. Bad working and living conditions. Revolutions were overwhelmingly urban
- impact of industrialisation, slow to develop in germany. Skilled craftsmen feared coming of industrialisation as they were aware they couldn’t compete with machines
- economic crisis 1846-7, disastrous corn harvest made worse by potato blight. Potatoes key diet item for peasants failure of crop meant starvation. Food riots broke out. Urban workers suffered from rise in food prices. Across germany spike in food prices lead to less consumer spending consequently leading to unemployment and poor living conditions
what happened on 24th February 1848?
King Louis Phillipe overthrown and 2nd republic of France established.
Describe events in Baden
- 27th Feb mass meeting in Baden
- Liberals demanded freedom of press, assembly, german national parliament etc
- 1st march deputation presented these to Duke of Baden. Deputation accompanied by big crowd some armed.
- formed a new ministry included liberal leaders. New gov implemented demands.
- April radical republicans tried to lead a peasant and worker rising in Baden marching with 6000 supporters federal troopers easily stopped them
what effect did metternichs fall have on Germany?
- Austria rule was soon under attack in Northern Italy, Hungary and Prague
- given collapse of authoritarian rule some peasants attacked their landlord
- artisans used their opportunity to break down law and order and destroy new machines that threatened their likelihood
what happened in austria may 1848?
- A agreed to summon a constituent assembly elected by universal suffrage to draw up a new constitution
- New gov reformed to include a few liberals
- Austria engrossed in its own affairs in spring and summer to exert influence on Germany
what happened on 13th march 1848 in Prussia?
- demonstration by workers took place in palace square Berlin
- threw stones at troops
- troops opened fire
- deputations of leading citizens called on King Fredrick William IV asking to make political concessions
- Original demonstration about pay and working conditions but quickly became vague
what happens on 16th march 1848 prussia?
- news of revolution in vienna and dismissal of Metternich reached Berlin and popular excitement rose even further. Fredrick William accepted idea of a new German constitution and agreed to recall united diet + end censorship
what happened on 18th march 1848 Prussia?
- large crowd formed outside royal palace
- king appeared on balcony was loudly cheered
- ordered troops to clear crowds
- in jostling 2 shots fired in panic or accident
- students + workers immediately set up barricades serious fighting erupted
- more than 230 people died
what did Fredrick William IV so after 18th march 1848?
- 3 am wrote a letter to my dear berliners copies quickly printed and dispersed
- promised troops would be withdrawn if streets barricades were demolished
- troops withdrawn
- 21st march rode through berlin wearing black red gold armband of liberal nationalists
- granted general reforms agreeing to election of an assembly to draw up a new constitution
what was the situation in germany by April 1848?
- by late march most rulers had lost their nerve giving in to demands for more representative gov
- elections held
- old rulers survived mostly
- relatively little violence outside of A and P
- Urban and Peasant uprisings occurred
- new liberal gov sympathised with peasants demands that feudalism should be removed
- after this was done peace generally restored in countryside
