DCD602 - Ch3 - NBAM Protocol

Question 1

What does NBAM stand for?

Answer 1

N- Nonverbal
B - Behavior
A - Analysis
M - Matrix

Question 2

What does NBAM evaluate/study?

Answer 2

Three elements:
1 - Emotional Process
2 - Individual Pattern
3 - Expressive Channels
= NVB Matrix

Question 3

Give an overview of the NBAM protocol

Answer 3

Certain behaviors are associated with the conscious or unconscious perception of the stimulus.

First - classify behavior, whether intentional or unintentional (automatic).

If the intention is to inhibit and control is good, we cannot observe.

If unsuccessful, called behavioral slips - it is possible to observe and assume the person tried to hide the behavior.

Noted as SPECIAL CASE.

Question 4

Which behavior can be observed?

Answer 4

1. Intentional Conduct.
2. Automatic behavior.
3. Failed behavioral control.
4. Absence of conduct.

Question 5

Process of Emotional Perception:
RED - Not observable.

Answer 5

RED:
- Not observable.
- Conclusions are inferences at all times.
- Only observable thing - behavior or its absence.

Eg - Expression is one of sadness, but saying the person is sad, is an inference. Only the expression is observable.

Question 6

Process of Emotional Perception:
BLUE - Observable.

Answer 6

BLUE:
- Observable.
- The subject’s motivation and cognitive process might lead to the display of intentional behavior.
- Behavioural slips may appear, which the subject tries to hide (automatic/uncontrolled).
- Psychological response observable - eg sweating is perceptible by sight.
In some cases, the stimulus is observable.

Question 7

Process of Emotional Perception:
STIMULUS (Red and Blue)

Answer 7

Stimulus can be observable or not.

• For example, during an interrogation, when faced with an engaging question, the subject may display a certain behavior (turning their body towards the door, a certain facial expression,
  etc.).
• In this case, the investigator can verify that the stimulus that triggered this behavior was the question. The stimulus is present and observable.
• In other cases, we can observe a behavior resulting from a stimulus that is no longer present or that is internal to the subject (e.g., a spontaneous
  memory).

Question 8

What constitutes the first two levels of analysis in the NBAM protocol?

Answer 8

1. Level of observable data and
2. Level of inferences.

Question 9

How can the stimulus be perceived by the subject?

Answer 9

Two Ways:
Consciously and Unconsciously.

Question 10

Explain conscious perception of the stimulus.

Answer 10

First, the subject notices the presence of a stimulus.

Conscious perception - influenced by filters that modulate perception:
- Cognitive variables - beliefs, judgments, etc, that the subject possesses about stimulus.
- Biological conditioning factors - subject’s personality, current affective state.

Question 11

Explain the non-conscious perception of the stimulus.

Answer 11

Subject notice stimulus, not capture conscious attention - some processing occurs.

May demand an immediate response, activating steps in the emotional process.

Question 12

Describe the perception of stimulus in the emotional process.

Answer 12

1. Subject notice stimulus.
2. The subject evaluates and assesses it consciously.
3. Before emotion is experienced, assess.
4. Evaluate stimulus - interpretation thereof.
5. Assessment for personal impact.

Question 13

What does ‘evaluation of stimulus’ imply during the Emotional process?

Answer 13

Evaluation refers to the interpretation of a stimulus.

Measure different parameters of the stimulus.

Question 14

What does ‘assessment’ involve during the emotional process?

Answer 14

Assessment refers to estimating the personal impact of stimulus on the subject.

Determining how a situation affects objectives in terms of benefit or harm.

Determine how the specificity of benefit or harm influences the subjective probability of controlling the situation.

Question 15

How does the stimulus trigger the emotional process?

Answer 15

The filters applied during the emotional process impact the evaluation-assessment, biasing, and individualizing process.

Subsequently - stimuli trigger an emotion (thrill, feeling), a physiological response (sweating, blotches), and specific motivation (FFF).

Question 16

Define Emotion/concept of emotion.

Fernández-Abascal, Jiménez and Martín
(2003)

Answer 16

“Emotion is the set of effects produced by a multidimensional process, responsible for analyzing particularly significant situations, interpreting them subjectively according to personal history, expressing them to others, preparing for action and generating changes in physiological activity”

Question 17

What is the concept of cognition?

Answer 17

The concept of cognition refers to processing information based on perception and knowledge, according to which the environment is represented, information is received, and action is taken.

Question 18

Define the Concept of Motivation.

Answer 18

Motivation should refer to an adaptive process, which is the result of an organism’s internal state, which drives and directs it toward an action in a certain direction. That is, it is influenced by external and internal factors that activate the organism and direct its behavior toward the achievement of rewarding objectives or goals (Fernández-Abascal et al., 2003). The concepts of energy, direction, and maintenance are involved.

Question 19

Personal filters influence perception, evaluation, and assessment. What should be taken into account during the NBAM protocol?

Answer 19

• Individual differences.
• Typical perception-behavior process.

Question 20

Which factors indirectly influence and affect behavior?

Answer 20

Various filters (see orange lines).
- Biological dispositions.
- Judgments.
- Beliefs.
- Values.
- Affective state.

Question 21

Why is it important to establish a baseline of behavior before the interview?

Answer 21

To compare behavior at different moments in time and observe changes.

Question 22

Which questions can be asked to establish a baseline?

Answer 22

1. Why has behavior changed?
2. Which cognitive, emotional, or motivational processes have triggered changed behavior?
3. Is change caused by stimulus?
4. Does stimulus cause internal change or stimulus reaction in the environment?
5. Is the interrogator’s question the stimulus that caused behavior change?

Question 23

What is the best way to establish a baseline?

Answer 23

Observe the subject’s audiovisual material at different times.

Can see the behavior when not triggered and when change originated.

The best approach is to use banal conversation to compare relaxed conversation and behavior with what was observed during the interrogation/interview.

Question 24

Why are filters (emotions, behavior, beliefs, values, etc.) important in affecting behavior?

Answer 24

Allow analysts to make inferences about behavior, which could guide the investigator for further investigation and assist in establishing the credibility of the witness/interviewee.

Question 25

What is the fundamental element of the NBAM protocol?

Answer 25

Observe and establish nonverbal expressive channels though observed behavior at different times of the interview.

Question 26

Name the expressive channels observed during NBAM protocol.

Answer 26

FE - Facial Expression

G - Gestures.

P - Postures, orientation and movement.

PA - Paralanguage or Emotional Prosody.

PR - Proxemics.

H - Haptics.

A - Appearance.

O - Oculesics.

V - necessary Verbal Channel.

Question 27

Why is it important to observe and analyze verbal and nonverbal behavior?

Answer 27

Verbal channel used to conduct linguistic content analysis.

Aim - establish synchrony between V and NV behavior.

Question 28

What are the basic elements that form the theoretical basis of the NBAM protocol?

Answer 28

a) The only observable aspects are behavior (automatic, intentional, or failed attempt at control), some physiological responses, and, in some cases, the stimulus.

b) From these behaviors, the analyst must infer the subject’s emotional, cognitive, and motivational states under analysis.

c) That there are filters (biological, states of mind, values, and beliefs) that individualize behavior, and therefore, it is necessary to establish a base pattern of behavior.

d) It will be necessary to perform the analysis through each expressive channel.

Question 29

What are the levels the NBAM protocol is structured along?

Answer 29

• Level 0. Base pattern.
• Level 1. Observable behavioral data analysis
• Level 2. Drawing inferences based on observed data.
• Level 3. Establishment of working hypotheses
• Level 4. The last level is in which there is a call to action. Also, make proposals for action and proposals for improvement - depending on the professional field tool used within (HR, Police, etc.)

Question 30

How are data points noted?

Answer 30

Each data point will be coded, including the letter B (for baseline), followed by the channel code and ending with the observation number so that, for example, baseline observations on Facial

The expression will be coded as:
B-FE-1 to B-FE-n, where B corresponds to baseline, FE to facial expression, and n to the number of the last observation of that channel (the observations will be numbered consecutively
starting with number 1).

Question 31

Discuss how Level 0 - Baseline - is conducted before and/or during analyses.

Answer 31

Gain an understanding of how the subject under analysis behaves in normal situations.

If a baseline is not possible, then establish the pattern by asking control questions.

We must establish base patterns in each of the expressive channels, to collect behavioral peculiarities.

Question 32

Is there a limit to how many entries can be collected per channel/level?

Answer 32

No - as many as is observed is noted.

Question 33

What is collected in Level 1 - DATA?

Answer 33

Collect in each expressive channel the behavior considered of interest.

Can have several rows for facial expression data, several rows for gestures, and so on.

Coded as: D-FE-1 to D-FE-n, where D corresponds to data, FE to facial expression, and n to the number of the last observation.

Question 34

Why is Level 1 important and considered the BASIS of the NBAM protocol?

Answer 34

Level is of utmost importance as it is the basis of the protocol.

Done in an objective manner, without including our opinion.

If several analysts arrive at the same hypotheses, significant observation.

Each piece of data will specify the frame associated with the behavior, the verbalization that the subject was making at the time of performing the specific behavior, and a description of the behavior.

Question 35

How is Level 2 - INFERENCES - conducted?

Answer 35

Inferences are made on observations regarding emotion, cognition, and motivation regarding behavior.

A numerical value is added according to the number of expressive channels it is observed through, e.g., anger through FE, G, V, etc.

Higher number, higher reliability of observation.

The expert report does not include a number value because some behaviors could be present once but are highly credible.

E.g., anger is shown in several expressive channels, but surprise only once when confronted with important evidence and thus highly valuable. The numerical value is a guide, but it can be considered in the overall analysis.

Question 36

What is done during the Level 3 - HYPOTHESES phase of NBAM?

Answer 36

Analysts establish final hypotheses based on inferences made.

Question 37

What is the purpose of Level 4 - INTERVENTION PROPOSAL/OPERATIONAL SUGGESTIONS?

Answer 37

• Closes protocol.
• Analyst makes a call to action.
• Proposal - e.g., the statement should be retaken.
• Suggestion - e.g., the Speaker should use fewer gestures during public speaking.
• Surveillance - suggestions for future behavior.

Question 38

Can NBAM be applied in real time?

Answer 38

• Audiovisual material prefereble.
• Not always possible - e.g., sensitive intelligence interviews or other.
• Conduct real-time analysis.

Question 39

How should a team be trained for real-time analysis?

Answer 39

• Complicated job and training intense.
• Start - audiovisuall.
• Move - real-time analysis by analyzing actors who simulate different behaviors.
• Minimum - two-person team: one interview, one analyse.
• Good relationship between them is NB.
• Macro-team - the same job, with more people analyzing.