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CLS 701 > Day 8 - Trace Metals, Hemoglobin, Vitamins > Flashcards

Day 8 - Trace Metals, Hemoglobin, Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Menkes disease and Wilson’s disease both involve this trace metal…

A

Copper

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2
Q

Copper is stored in the liver as ___. Released into the body as ___. Once inside cells, called…

A

Cuproproteins

Ceruloplasmin
-primary copper transporter

Cuproenzymes

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3
Q

Menkes disease is… Blood copper levels are… Ceruloplasmin levels are…

A

Buildup of copper in intestinal mucosal cells

Low

  • high in intestinal lining
  • low elsewhere in body

Low

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4
Q

Wilson’s disease is… Blood copper levels are… Ceruloplasmin levels are…

A

Buildup of copper in the liver
-properly transported to liver, but cannot be transported out

High

  • liver cells destroyed and release pure copper ions that damage rest of the body
  • copper levels also high in liver and urine

Low

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5
Q

Excessive zinc consumption causes ___ to increase, which causes this heavy metal to decrease…

A

Metallothionein
-present in intestinal lining

Copper
-binds to metallothionein, decrease in serum

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6
Q

The most abundant trace metal in the body is…

A

Iron

-zinc is second highest

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7
Q

Zinc is transported predominantly by…

A

Albumin (65%)

alpha2-macroglobulin (35%)

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8
Q

Cobalt is an important part of this vitamin…

A

B12 (cobalamin)

-humans must ingest B12, no known use of free cobalt

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9
Q

B12 requires binding to ___ to be absorbed by the intestines

A

Intrinsic factor (IF)

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10
Q

B12 deficiency leads to this blood disorder…

A

Pernicious anemia

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11
Q

This old method was used to assess B12… What did it differentiate?

A

Schilling Test

If B12 deficiency is due to IF deficiency or malabsorption

-tests uses radioactivity and tedious, not used much anymore

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12
Q

Chromium and iron both compete for this transport protein…

A

Transferrin

  • both have similar charges (Cr3+, Fe3+)
  • iron mainly transported via transferrin
  • both bind to albumin as well
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13
Q

Chromium is important for enhancing the effects of this hormone…

A

Insulin

-deficiency = glucose intolerance, diabetes

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14
Q

This metal is an essential cofactor in oxidizing enzymes

A

Molybdenum

-xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase

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15
Q

Excess molybdenum can raise this waste product to high levels and cause this condition…

A

Gout

-cause elevated uric acid levels

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16
Q

Regular exposure to this element is good for teeth health…

A

Fluorine

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17
Q

Selenium and Vitamin E have been found to provide some protection against the toxicity of this heavy metal…

A

Mercury

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18
Q

Heme needs this precursor molecule… This element is chelated in the center…

A

Porphyrins

Iron

  • iron chelated within porphyrin to make heme
  • heme bound to globulin (hemoglobin, myoglobin)
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19
Q

The first step of hemoglobin synthesis uses this enzyme in a condensation reaction… The enzyme produces this immediate precursor to heme…

A

ALA = α-aminolevulinic acid synthase

PBG

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20
Q

What is the rate limiting step of heme synthesis? What happens to the levels of the rate limiting step if hemoglobin levels drop?

A

ALA

ALA increases

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21
Q

Overproduction of heme precursors is called… People suffering from the condition have this condition…

A

Porphyria

Photosensitivity

22
Q

How many heme groups per molecule of hemoglobin? How many globulin chains per molecule of hemoglobin?

A

4

4 (alpha, beta, gamma, delta)
-normal = 2 alpha + 2 beta chains

23
Q

Normal adult hemoglobin is called…

A

A or A1

24
Q

Iron is stored in the body as (2)…

A

Ferritin (liver)

Hemosiderin (bone marrow, liver)
-aggregated form of ferritin

25
Q

In the blood, iron is transported by ___. Iron must be in this form during transport

A

Transferrin

Ferric (Fe3+)

26
Q

What does TIBC measure and how is it performed?

A

Measures max amount of iron that plasma proteins (transferrin) can bind

  • add iron to plasma sample to saturate transferrin
  • remove free, unbound iron
  • measure total iron bound to proteins
  • note: serum iron is the iron bound to transferrin before the TIBC test is done
  • TIBC saturates every single transferrin molecule and measures total transferrin
27
Q

How is the UIBC calculated?

A 
TIBC = Fe + UIBC
UIBC = TIBC - Fe

-UIBC measures unbound transferrin molecules

28
Q

What is percent transferrin saturation?

A

(Total serum iron/TIBC) x 100

29
Q

Iron in food is in this state…

A

Fe3+ (ferric)

30
Q

When iron is low, TIBC is…

A

High

31
Q

What are the levels of each of the following in iron deficiency anemia: serum iron, transferrin, ferritin, TIBC

A

Serum iron = low

Transferrin = high

Ferritin = low

TIBC = high

32
Q

What are the levels of each of the following in iron overdose: serum iron, transferrin, ferritin, TIBC

A

Serum iron = high

Transferrin = low

Ferritin = high

TIBC = low

33
Q

What are the levels of each of the following in a chronic infection: serum iron, transferrin, ferritin, TIBC

A

Serum iron = low

Transferrin = low

Ferritin = high

TIBC = low

-macrophages stop releasing iron during infection to keep iron away from pathogens that utilize it

34
Q

This vitamin is useful for reducing Fe to it’s proper oxidation state…

A

Vitamin C

35
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins (4)

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

36
Q

Vitamin A - also called… Deficiency causes…

A

Retinol

Night blindness

37
Q

Vitamin D deficiency causes…

A

Rickets

38
Q

Vitamin E deficiency causes…

A

Hemolytic anemia

-considered an anti-oxidant

39
Q

Vitamin B1 is also called… Deficiency causes…

A

Thiamine

Beriberi

40
Q

Vitamin B2 is also called… Deficiency causes…

A

Riboflavin

Photophobia

41
Q

Niacin (nicotinic acid; nicotinamide) deficiency causes…

A

Pellagra

-niacin is a precursor to NAD, a cofactor

42
Q

Vitamin C deficiency causes…

A

Scurvy

43
Q

Vitamin D is transported by (2)…

A

Vitamin D binding protein (VDBP)

Albumin

-kidney disorders = loss of Vitamin D bound to proteins

44
Q

Vitamin K is required for… Deficiency can cause…

A

Blood clotting

Bleeding disorders

45
Q

Vitamin B6 deficiency causes…

A

Hyperhomocystinemia

-elevated homocysteine levels

46
Q

Difference between the deficiency in megaloblastic anemia vs pernicious anemia

A

Megaloblastic anemia = B12 deficiency or folic acid deficiency

Pernicious anemia = IF deficiency

47
Q

Deficiency in folic acid or B12 causes neurological symptoms?

A

B12

48
Q

Water soluble vitamins (7)

A 
B1 (thiamine)
B2 (riboflavin)
B6 (pyridoxine)
B12
Folic acid
Niacin
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
49
Q

Copper vs zinc - which one can outcompete the other?

A

Zinc

50
Q

The most ideal method to measure copper levels is to measure…

A

Ceruloplasmin

  • immunochemical methods
  • enzyme oxidase methods
  • alternative: atomic absorption spectroscopy

CLS 701 (10 decks)

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