Day 8 - Trace Metals, Hemoglobin, Vitamins Flashcards
Menkes disease and Wilson’s disease both involve this trace metal…
Copper
Copper is stored in the liver as ___. Released into the body as ___. Once inside cells, called…
Cuproproteins
Ceruloplasmin
-primary copper transporter
Cuproenzymes
Menkes disease is… Blood copper levels are… Ceruloplasmin levels are…
Buildup of copper in intestinal mucosal cells
Low
- high in intestinal lining
- low elsewhere in body
Low
Wilson’s disease is… Blood copper levels are… Ceruloplasmin levels are…
Buildup of copper in the liver
-properly transported to liver, but cannot be transported out
High
- liver cells destroyed and release pure copper ions that damage rest of the body
- copper levels also high in liver and urine
Low
Excessive zinc consumption causes ___ to increase, which causes this heavy metal to decrease…
Metallothionein
-present in intestinal lining
Copper
-binds to metallothionein, decrease in serum
The most abundant trace metal in the body is…
Iron
-zinc is second highest
Zinc is transported predominantly by…
Albumin (65%)
alpha2-macroglobulin (35%)
Cobalt is an important part of this vitamin…
B12 (cobalamin)
-humans must ingest B12, no known use of free cobalt
B12 requires binding to ___ to be absorbed by the intestines
Intrinsic factor (IF)
B12 deficiency leads to this blood disorder…
Pernicious anemia
This old method was used to assess B12… What did it differentiate?
Schilling Test
If B12 deficiency is due to IF deficiency or malabsorption
-tests uses radioactivity and tedious, not used much anymore
Chromium and iron both compete for this transport protein…
Transferrin
- both have similar charges (Cr3+, Fe3+)
- iron mainly transported via transferrin
- both bind to albumin as well
Chromium is important for enhancing the effects of this hormone…
Insulin
-deficiency = glucose intolerance, diabetes
This metal is an essential cofactor in oxidizing enzymes
Molybdenum
-xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase
Excess molybdenum can raise this waste product to high levels and cause this condition…
Gout
-cause elevated uric acid levels
Regular exposure to this element is good for teeth health…
Fluorine
Selenium and Vitamin E have been found to provide some protection against the toxicity of this heavy metal…
Mercury
Heme needs this precursor molecule… This element is chelated in the center…
Porphyrins
Iron
- iron chelated within porphyrin to make heme
- heme bound to globulin (hemoglobin, myoglobin)
The first step of hemoglobin synthesis uses this enzyme in a condensation reaction… The enzyme produces this immediate precursor to heme…
ALA = α-aminolevulinic acid synthase
PBG
What is the rate limiting step of heme synthesis? What happens to the levels of the rate limiting step if hemoglobin levels drop?
ALA
ALA increases
Overproduction of heme precursors is called… People suffering from the condition have this condition…
Porphyria
Photosensitivity
How many heme groups per molecule of hemoglobin? How many globulin chains per molecule of hemoglobin?
4
4 (alpha, beta, gamma, delta)
-normal = 2 alpha + 2 beta chains
Normal adult hemoglobin is called…
A or A1
Iron is stored in the body as (2)…
Ferritin (liver)
Hemosiderin (bone marrow, liver)
-aggregated form of ferritin
