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AP2: Exam 4 > Day 4: Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Day 4: Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

2 functional parts of the Pancreas

A
  1. Exocrine: Acinar cells 2. Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans
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2
Q

It is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.

A

Lacteal

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3
Q

Type of contraction involving longitudinal muscles propelling chyme small intestine

A

Peristaltic contractions

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4
Q

Microvilli give the APICAL region striated appearance called ____.

A

brush border

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4
Q

Liver receives major blood supply from ____ (2)

A

hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

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4
Q

How many percent of bile is not reabsorbed and are lost in feces.

A

5%

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5
Q

This are liver cells; they are capable of regeneration.

A

Hepatocytes

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5
Q

It emulsifies lipids.

A

Bile salts

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5
Q

Activated GALT increases ___(3)

A

Secretion of Cl, fluid and mucous.

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7
Q

Accessory structures of the GIT (4).

A
  1. Salivary gland (3 pairs) 2. Pancreas 3. LIver 4. Gallbladder
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7
Q

What stimulates the GIT? SNS or PNS?

A

PNS “rest and digest”

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8
Q

Serosa is covered by ____.

A

visceral peritoneum

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8
Q

It stimulates H secretion by gastric parietal cells, along with gastrin and ACh

A

Histamine

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9
Q

Length of appendix

A

2-12cm

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9
Q

This enzyme digests DNA and RNA

A

nucleases.

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10
Q

Blind pouch at the beginning of the large intestine from which the appendix projects.

A

Cecum

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11
Q

What converts fats to lipids in the stomach?

A

Gastric lipase

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11
Q

What triggers the release of CCK?

A

fatty acids and small peptides

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12
Q

This cell secretes gastrin

A

G cells

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12
Q

This hormone inhibits the effects of gastin on parietal cells.

A

Secretin

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13
Q

This is the most energy-rich (dense) type of nutrient.

A

Lipids

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14
Q

What are reabsorbed in the Large intestine? (3)

A

water, nutrients, vitamins

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15
Q

Length of the duodenum

A

10 - 12 inches

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15
Q

Examples of Hormones (GI peptides) 4

A

Gastrin, CCK, Secretin, Gastric inhibitory peptide

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15
Q

FYI: Enterohepatic circulation also means that some molecules which would not otherwise be very toxic can become extremely hepatotoxic as they reach unexpectedly high hepatic concentrations.

A

;)

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16
Q

This part of the GIT is specialized for accumulation of food.

A

Stomach

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17
Q

Where does absorption of bile salts takes place?

A

from ileum to portal circulation

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19
Q

This controls the GI function. Also referred as “brain of the gut.” It allows autonomous behavior of the GIT.

A

Enteric nervous system (intrinsic nervous system)

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19
Q

The stomach can absorb ____ (2)

A

alcohol, ASA

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19
Q

This is the lymphatic tissue in the GI system

A

GALT (gut associated lymphatic tissue) aka Peyer’s patches

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19
Q

This cells activate lymphocytes of GALT when pathogens are detected.

A

M cells

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20
Q

6 functions of the liver

A
  1. Protein synthesis 2. Bile formation and secretion 3. Detoxification 4. Lipoprotein synthesis 5. Carb metabolism 6. Urea formation from ammonium
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20
Q

This type of GI peptide is released by GI neurons following an ACTION POTENTIAL; it has local effects.

A

Neurocrines

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21
Q

Categories of GI peptides (3)

A

Hormones, Paracrines, NEurocrines

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21
Q

Large surface area of the GIT warrants protective functions. This can be in the form of (4)

A
  1. Salivary enzymes and Ig 2. Gastric Acid 3. Diarrhea/ vomiting (protective reflexes) 4. GALT and M cells
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22
Q

This is the largest internal organ and receives major blood supply.

A

Liver

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22
Q

Somatostatin is secreted by endocrine cells of ___(3) in response to decreased luminal pH

A

stomach, intestine, pancreas

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23
Q

Name 4 lipoproteins.

A

HDL, LDL, VDL IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein)

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25
Q

Where do most absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

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25
Q

All of the GIT is supplied by the vagus nerve except for ____(3) which is supplied by sacral parasympathetic nerves.

A

descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

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25
Q

This can cause esophagitis.

A

GERD

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25
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter is at which spinal cord level?

A

T11 Level

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26
Q

Biliary system is composed of the

A

Hepatic duct, cystic duct, common bile duct, gallbladder.

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26
Q

Triglycerides are packaged into vesicles called ____; it then goes into the LYMPHATIC system of the small intestine (not the venous system)

A

chylomicron

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28
Q

This is a common esophageal discomfort, resulting from regurgitation of food and gastric fluid into lower esophagus.

A

Pyrosis.

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29
Q

2 substances in the stomach which breaks down protein to peptides.

A

HCl and Pepsin

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30
Q

These are the mucous secreting cells

A

Goblet cells

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32
Q

This movement propels the luminal contents of the stomach in an aboral direction.

A

peristalsis

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33
Q

Gastric muscos has numerous openings called ____.

A

gastric pits

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33
Q

These are finger-like projections of the small intestine mucosa.

A

Villi

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33
Q

These cells secrete essential digestive enzymes and BICARBONATE throughout the pancreatic duct into duodenum.

A

Acinar cells

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33
Q

This enzyme is the mostly absent exocrine pancreatic secretion.

A

amylase

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34
Q

It protects the epithelial lumen from the acidity in the stomach.

A

Mucous

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34
Q

This is otherwise known as the hepatopancreatic sphincter.

A

Sphincter of Oddi

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35
Q

Layer of GI wall: Inner most layer. It is a layer of epithelial cells specialized for absorption and secretion.

A

Mucosa

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37
Q

ENS controls ___ (3)

A

Contractile, secretory and endocrine functions of the GIT

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38
Q

_______ brings venous blood rich in nutrients from small intestine.

A

hepatic portal vein

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38
Q

The extraction of bile salts from the portal blood by _____.

A

hepatocytes

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39
Q

Length of esophagus

A

10 -12 inches

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40
Q

4 functionally different cells types in the stomach.

A
  1. Mucous cells: neutralizes pH 2. Chief cells: Pepsinogen and gastric lipase 3. Parietal cells: HCl (gastric acid) and intrinsic factor 4. Enteroendocrine cells: gastrin and histamine
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42
Q

How many ml of gastric contents is secreted into the duodenum, per stomach contraction?

A

15 ml

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44
Q

At which GI layers you can find blood vessels? (2)

A

Submucosa and serosa

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45
Q

Part of the GIT that has the ability to repopulate good bacteria.

A

Appendix

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46
Q

The portal triad is composed of ___ (3)

A

Common bile duct, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic artery.

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47
Q

GIP: Stimulates secretion of:_____ Inhibits secretion of: _____

A

insulin by pancreas …….. gastric H secretion.

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49
Q

Name 2 adrenergics

A

Epi and NE

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49
Q

This neurocrine is released from adrenergic neurons.

A

NE

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51
Q

length of small intestine

A

12 feet (21 feet when not contracted)

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52
Q

Part of the stomach which is between the fundus and the antrum.

A

Body of the stomach

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53
Q

Anal canal is lined with ______ epithelium

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (wear and tear epithelium)

54
Q

Where is the target cells acted on by the neurocrines?

A

nerve endings of a cell (synapse)

56
Q

Average stomach content volume

A

1 - 2 liters

57
Q

This is the last region of the GIT.

A

Anal canal

58
Q

This hormone is secreted by small intestine in response to all 3 types of nutrients.

A

Gastrin Inhibiting peptide

60
Q

True or False: Cellulose is not digestible because humans don’t have the enzyme to break it down.

A

True

61
Q

This is a blind pouch that stores and concentrates bile.

A

Gall bladder

62
Q

4 parts of the stomach

A
  1. Cardia 2. Fundus 3. Body 4. Pylorus
62
Q

Length of anal canal

A

4cm

62
Q

Drugs may remain in the enterohepatic circulation for a prolonged period of time as a result of the recycling process. Name 4 drugs.

A
  1. Statins 2. NSAIDs 3. Morphine 4. Zantac
63
Q

The bile-mediated dispersion of dietary lipids into micelles provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of _______, which actually digests the triglycerides.

A

pancreatic lipase

64
Q

The large intestine mucosa contains numerous tubular glands called _____, which is responsible for mucus secretion.

A

crypts (pits//depression)/ Crypt of Lieberkuhn

66
Q

Submucosa consists of ____ (4).

A

Collagen, elastin, glands, and blood vessels. Note: Collagen and elastin are products of fibroblasts. They are part of the extracellular matrix.

67
Q

What cells secrete Gastrin?

A

G cells in stomach

68
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid glands 2. Submandibular glands 3. Sublingual glands
70
Q

FYI: GI sphincters are smooth muscles

A

;)

72
Q

This layer of the GI wall provides motility of for the GIT.

A

Circular and longitudinal smooth muscles

73
Q

NAme 4 essential digestive enzymes secreted by acinar cells.

A

Lipase, protease, amylase, nucleases.

74
Q

Volume of saliva produced by Salivary glands in a day?

A

1 Liter

75
Q

What cells produce secretin?

A

S cells of the duodenum

77
Q

There are nonadrenergic and noncholinergic receptors in the GI which binds to ___ (3)

A

5-hydroxytryptophan, GABA, substance, P

78
Q

Secretion of gastrin is inhibited by

A

low pH in stomach

79
Q

Enzyme secreted by the stomach (2)

A
  1. pepsinogen; activated into PEPSIN 2. HCl: secreted by parietal cells
80
Q

Major lipase activity comes from which organ?

A

Pancreas

81
Q

ENS sends information DIRECTLY to ____ (3)

A

smooth muscles, secretory glands, and endocrine cells

82
Q

Secretin promotes secretion of _____

A

pancreatic bicarbonate

84
Q

Enterocytes are covered with tiny projections called ____.

A

Microvilli (intestinal cell)

85
Q

Bile duct and pancreatic duct empty into ____.

A

Duodenum (at major duodenal papilla)

86
Q

ENS receives input from (2)

A
  1. SNS and PNS 2. Mechanical receptors (stretch receptors) and chemical receptors in mucosa
87
Q

Layers of the GI wall (4)

A
  1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle 4. Serosa
87
Q

5 Actions of CCK

A
  1. Contraction of gall bladder 2. Secretion of pancreatic enzymes 3. Secretion of Bicarbonate from exocrine pancreas 4. Growth of exocrine pancreas and gallbladder 5. Inhibition of gastric emptying
88
Q

This is necessary for digestion and absorption of lipids in the small intestine.

A

Bile or Gall

90
Q

Food is broken down into absorbable molecules, namely: (3)

A

Carbs, protein, lipids

91
Q

This neurocrine stimulates food intake.

A

Neuropeptide Y

91
Q

Somatostatin inhibts: (2)

A
  1. secretion of other GI Hormones 2. Inhibits gastric H secretion
92
Q

Hormones (GI peptides) are secreted into ______ and enter the ______.

A

portal circulation ……… systemic circulation

94
Q

This is the first part of the GIT that has peristalsis.

A

Esophagus

95
Q

This describe the movement of food from mouth toward anus.

A

ABoral direction or anterograde movement.

96
Q

The hepatic portal system is the venous drainage for these organs (4).

A

Pancreas, spleen, stomach and intestines.

99
Q

This duct collects the EXOCRINE secretion of the pancreas and bicarbonate.

A

Pancreatic duct

100
Q

This is the salivary gland that gets swollen when a patient has mumps.

A

Parotid glands

101
Q

Muscle layers of the esophagus (2)

A
  1. Inner circular muscle 2. Outer longitudinal muscle
103
Q

pH of stomach

A

1.5 - 2

104
Q

This is necessary for emulsification of lipids.

A

Bile

106
Q

The islets of langerhand secretes (2)____ into the bloodstream.

A

insulin and glucagon

107
Q

The liver can synthesize proteins, such as ___ (2)

A

prothrombin and albumin

107
Q

Gastrin releasing peptide is released from _____ onto G cells.

A

vagal nerve endings

108
Q

Action potential causes release of neurocrines which interacts with the receptors on _____.

A

postsynaptic cell

109
Q

FYI: Any duct is lined by epithelial cells!

A

;)

110
Q

When bile salts loose sodium ions it becomes ___.

A

bile acids

111
Q

The majority of the pancreatic tissues are ___.

A

exocrine

111
Q

The lacteals drains blood back into the venous system at the junction of ___.

A

Left SC and Left IJ veins.

112
Q

What is the shaped of the duodenum?

A

C-shaped

113
Q

Name of the sphincter in the mouth.

A

Obiscularis oris

114
Q

Parotid gland empties next to the

A

second maxillary molar

116
Q

The large intestine has which type of muscle layer?

A

longitudinal muscle layer

117
Q

The gallbladder is attached to _____

A

inferior surface of the liver

118
Q

These are finger-like projections of the stomach GI wall.

A

Microvilli (single layer thick)

119
Q

Stomach is capable of considerable expansion, can hold an average volume of ___. L

A

2-3 liters (americans)

120
Q

It receives pancreatic enzymes, used for digestion.

A

Small intestine

121
Q

This hormone cause contraction of gallbladder, thereby ejecting bile into small intestine.

A

CCK

122
Q

Enzymes found in the mouth (2)

A

amylase: breaks down starch lingual lipase: breaks down fats

123
Q

4 Major Activities of the GIT

A
  1. Motility 2. Secretion 3. Digestion 4. Absorption
124
Q

After lipids are digested and absorbed, bile salts are recirculated to liver via _____

A

Enterohepatic circulation

126
Q

Normal GI transit time

A

12 - 50 hours

127
Q

Composition of Bile (4)

A
  1. Water (85%) 2. Bile salts (10%) 3. Bile pigments 4. Cholesterol
129
Q

Name 6 examples of neurocines.

A
  1. ACh 2. NE 3. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) 4. Gastrin-Releasing Peptide (GRP) 5. Neuropeptide Y 6. Substance P
130
Q

These peptides are released from endocrine cells of the GIT.

A

Hormones

131
Q

The liver secretes ____ into the hepatic duct.

A

bile

132
Q

Bile salts emulsify lipids, forming ______, to prepare them for digestion by lipase’s (mainly pancreatic lipase).

A

Micelles

133
Q

Most of the enzymes that digest polysaccharides are on the surface of the _____.

A

enterocytes (in small int.)

134
Q

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin (a proteolytic enzyme) by which substance?

A

HCl

135
Q

In patients receiving enema, to which side you should position your patient?

A

Left (sigmoid colon)

136
Q

It is a muscular tube that conveys food from pharynx to stomach.

A

Esophagus

137
Q

This is the outermost layer; a connective tissue.

A

Serosa

140
Q

Histamine is secreted by

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach

142
Q

This GI peptides are secreted by endocrine cells of GIT and act LOCALLY within the same tissue that secretes them.

A

Paracrines (somatostatin: has inhibitory actions; Histamine)

143
Q

2 types of pathways for the regulation of GI function.

A
  1. Long reflex pathway: (from brain and spinal cord down to the GIT) 2. Short reflex pathway: mediated by enteric plexus.
144
Q

Gleeting is squirting from which salivary gland?

A

Submandibular gland

146
Q

What stimulates the production of Secretin?

A

response to H and fatty acids

148
Q

Enteric nervous system is composed of ___ (2)

A
  1. Myenteric plexus 2. Submucosal plexus Note: also included are the sensory receptors and interneurons
149
Q

Part of the small intestine that connects with the stomach.

A

Duodenum

150
Q

2 main functions of Gastrin

A
  1. Promotes H secretion by gastric parietal cells 2. Stimulates growth of gastric muscosa
151
Q

How many percent of bile salts secreted from the liver are old/ recycled?

A

95% old, 5% new

153
Q

FYI: Nerves and lymphatics run deep into the submucosa

A

;)

154
Q

What forms the common bile duct?

A

Hepatic duct and Cystic duct

155
Q

Two types of Motility Contraction

A
  1. Segmentation Contraction 2. Peristaltic contraction
156
Q

This is the connection between the ENS and the ANS.

A

Myenteric plexus

157
Q

What triggers the secretion of neurocrines?

A

Action potential

158
Q

This neurocrine is released from cholinergic neurons.

A

ACh

159
Q

The primary site for the completion of digestion and almost all absorption of nutrients

A

Duodenum

160
Q

Gastric juice converts food into semi-liquid called ___.

A

chyme

162
Q

This peptide decreases acid secretion by stomach.

A

Somatostatin (growth hormone - inhibiting hormone)

163
Q

This is needed for B12 absorption.

A

Intrinsic factor

164
Q

GI peptides regulate functions of GIT tract, namely: (5)

A
  1. Contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle wall and sphincter 2. Secretion of enzymes for digestion 3. Secretion of fluid and electrolytes 4. Trophic effects 5. Some regulate secretion of other GI peptides.
165
Q

Neutralizing H allows for pancreatic enzymes to digest ____.

A

fats

166
Q

Where is the receptor site for somatostatin located?

A

Parietal cells

167
Q

This prevents the stomach from digesting it self.

A

Mucus

168
Q

What stimulates the release of Gastrin by G cells? (3)

A
  1. Protein 2. Distention of stomach 3. Vagal stimulation.
169
Q

______ empty into bottom of gastric pits.

A

gastric glands in FUNDUS and BODY

170
Q

What cells secrete CCK?

A

I cells of small intestine

171
Q

Specific cell that lines only the SMALL intestine

A

Enterocyte (a columnar epithelial cell)

172
Q

This type of contraction involves circular muscle sending chyme in both oral and aboral directions. Intestine then relaxes allowing chyme to merge back together.

A

Segmentation contraction

173
Q

Name 1 cholinergic

A

Acetylcholine

AP2: Exam 4 (4 decks)

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