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AP2: Exam 4 > Day 1 lecture: Neurology > Flashcards

Day 1 lecture: Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Special Senses (4)

A

Hearing, smell, vision, Taste

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1
Q

Where is the motor cortex located?

A

pre central gyrus on the Frontal lobe

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1
Q

This is the relay center of sensation to the cortex and other brain area.

A

Thalamus

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1
Q

Examples of when spinal cord is controlling sensory input causing appropriate motor output. (2)

A
  1. Spinal reflex 2. Micturition reflex
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1
Q

Membrane depolarization by an action potential causes emptying of a small number of vesicles into the synaptic cleft which ____ or ____ the postsynaptic neuron.

A

excites: EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) … inhibits: IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)

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1
Q

Dopamine has highest concentration in the ___.

A

substantia nigra

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1
Q

They act as modified post ganglia in the adrenal medulla, releasing Epi and NE.

A

Chromaffin cells

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2
Q

Part of the brain that contains the neuron cell bodies.

A

Gray Matter

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2
Q

This is the main body of the neuron (contains cell’s nucleus)

A

Soma

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4
Q

Two factors that cause “neuronal fuse” or fatigue of synaptic transmission.

A
  1. Post membrane receptor inactivation 2. Inability to maintain necessary ionic concentration differences at the post synaptic membrane for Ca influx.
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5
Q

How many neuron pathways are there in the ANS (PNS and SNS)?

A

2 neuron pathways from CNS to effector

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6
Q

Organization of Nervous System: It is the connection of sensory and motor divisions. It processes info, creates desired response and creation of memory.

A

Integrative division

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7
Q

Lower Brain level or Subcortical level includes the ____ (7)

A
  1. Hypothalamus 2. Thalamus 3. Cerebellum 4. Basal ganglia 5. Medulla 6. Pons 7. Mesencephalon
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7
Q

This type of neurotransmitters are more potent than small molecule transmitters, and can cause more prolonged actions.

A

Neuropeptides

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8
Q

Part of motor neuron where signals are added up.

A

Axon Hillock

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8
Q

Soma is composed of (2)

A

Chromatophilic (Nissi) bodies Neurofibrils

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9
Q

Somatic sensory cortex is located in the ________ area of the brain.

A

post central gyrus

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9
Q

In Somatic sensory cortex: It has the least area of representation.

A

trunk and lower body

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9
Q

This is part of the activating system that is involved in deciding whether or not a sensory info should go to the conscious level (cortical level).

A

Reticular substance/ Reticular formation

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10
Q

The second most prevalent neurotransmitter.

A

Gamma- aminobutyric acid

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12
Q

How long is the synaptic delay?

A

0.5 millisec

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13
Q

True or False: Cortex never functions alone, always in association with lower centers.

A

true

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14
Q

The pre-ganglionic autonomic neuron always releases this neurotransmitter.

A

ACh

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15
Q

What type of neuron is present at the Integrative division of the nervous system?

A

Interneuron

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16
Q

Name 7 subconscious body activities controlled by subcortical level.

A
  1. CV control 2. Respiration 3. Equilibrium 4. Emotional patterns 5. Feeding reflexes (hunger/ thirst)
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16
Q

The cortex consists of _____, each of which has a different composition in terms of neurons and connectivity.

A

up to 6 horizontal layers.

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18
Q

It includes skin senses, proprioception, and info from internal organs. Other name for somatosensory.

A

Somesthetic (somatosensory)

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19
Q

Skeletal muscle can be controlled at any of these (5) levels.

A
  1. Spinal Cord 2. Reticular Substance/ reticular formation 3. Basal ganglia 4. Cerebellum 5. Motor cortex (pre-central gyrus)
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19
Q

Length of synaptic cleft

A

20 NM

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20
Q

Type of synapse: Characterized by direct open fluid channels that, through GAP junctions, allow free movement of ions from one cell to the next.

A

Electrical synapse

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20
Q

How many neuron pathways are there in somatic (skeletal) nervous system?

A

1

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22
Q

The spinal cord contains intrinsic neural pathways, known as ____, for repetitive limb movements (e.g. walking, swimming, etc.. )

A

Central pattern generators (CPG)

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23
Q

This substance is released from the vesicles and acts upon receptor proteins on the membrane of the cell to which the information is being transmitted.

A

Neurotransmitter.

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24
Q

Each side of the somatic sensory cortex receives information from the _______ of the body.

A

opposite side (contralateral)

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25
Q

Loss of somatic association areas results in ___ (2)

A
  1. inability to recognize complex objects 2. loss of self (alien arm syndrome)
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25
Q

3 Major components of a Motor Neuron

A
  1. Soma (cell body) 2. Axon 3. Dendrites
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26
Q

Nitric oxide (NO) alters ___ that will modify excitability of the postsynaptic neuron.

A

metabolic function

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28
Q

These are intermediate protein filaments that hold the cell together.

A

Neurofibrils

29
Q

How many synapses are found in white matter or fiber tract?

A

NONE. Synapses are only found in GREY MATTER!!!

30
Q

How many molecules have been identified as neurotransmitters?

A

50

31
Q

It’s function is to decipher sensory meaning.

A

Somatic association area.

32
Q

The somatic association area receives input from ___ (3)

A
  1. Somatosensory cortex 2. Thalamus 3. Visual and auditory cortex
33
Q

How many percent of sensory info is discarded by brain as unimportant and irrelevant.

A

99%

33
Q

A neuron can have how many terminal branches (or synapses)?

A

10,000/ neuron

35
Q

True or false: Chemical synapse is a one way conduction (pre to post synaptic neuron)

A

True

37
Q

How thick is the cerebral cortex?

A

2 - 4 MILLIMETER

38
Q

The cell bodies of somatic motor neurons reside in the ____.

A

ventral horn of the spinal cord.

40
Q

3 Major levels of CNS Function

A
  1. Spinal cord level 2. Subcortical level or lower brain level 3. Cortical level or Higher brain Level
41
Q

This is a single process that extends from the cell body to the terminus; conveys impulse AWAY from cell body.

A

Axon

42
Q

In Somatic sensory cortex: It has the greatest area of representation.

A

Lips and hands

44
Q

This is the most prevalent neurotransmitter.

A

Glutamate

45
Q

Local circuits in the spinal cord are fully capable of: (2)

A
  1. controlling time and coordination of complex patterns of movements. 2. Adjusting them in response to altered circumstances.
46
Q

Circuits for breathing, chewing, and swallowing are located in the ______, whereas those for locomotive functions are contained in the ______.

A

brain stem …….. spinal cord

47
Q

These are many processes that carry impulses TOWARD the cell body.

A

Dendrites

49
Q

This is thought to be involved in planning what and when muscles are activated.

A

Basal ganglia

51
Q

It contains cell bodies of neurons.

A

Nucleus

52
Q

Serotonin: Neurons that originate in ______ to terminate in dorsal horns of cord and hypothalamus

A

median raphe of brain stem.

54
Q

Organization of the Nervous System: It conveys AFFERENT nerve impulses to CNS.

A

Sensory Division

56
Q

The post central gyrus (somatosensory area) is located in which brain lobe?

A

Parietal area of the cortex

57
Q

5 different nuclei that make up the basal ganglia. (Paired)

A

Putamen Globus Pallidus Caudate Subthalamic Substantia Nigra

58
Q

This enzyme is an integral membrane glycoprotein that is restricted to the apical plasma membrane of the follicular epithelial cells.

A

Thyroid peroxidase

58
Q

Electrical synapses can be found in __ (2)

A

smooth and cardiac muscles

59
Q

How is information communicated between neurons?

A

Synapses

60
Q

Organization of Nervous System: It conveys efferent impulses to effectors.

A

Motor Division

61
Q

This neurotransmitter is secreted at locations associated with long term behavior and memory.

A

Nitric oxide (not-preformed or stored; created instantaneously)

63
Q

3 functions of basal ganglia

A
  1. Voluntary motor control 2. Procedural learning (motor skills) relating to routine behaviors or “habits” 3. action selection
64
Q

True or False: Somatic sensory cortex has highly organized distinct spatial orientation.

A

True

65
Q

Type of neuron. These are the most of the body’ sensory neurons. The dendrites are found at the receptor.

A

Unipolar

65
Q

This is the depletion of neurotransmitter stores.

A

Fatigue of synaptic transmission or “Neuronal fuse”

66
Q

Sensory information go to the primary sensory cortex and some has collateral pathway to the ____.

A

Cerebellum (involved in muscle movement coordination)

67
Q

This is an inborn or intrinsic somatic (skeletal muscle response) reflexes mediated by control center in the spinal cord; it sometimes require the participation of higher brain center.

A

Spinal reflex

69
Q

NT: It inhibits pain pathways, regulates mood and perhaps associated with sleep.

A

Serotonin

71
Q

It is more than just a conduit for signals from periphery of body to brain and vice versa. It contains intrinsic neural pathway.

A

Spinal Cord (level)

72
Q

This is the antagonist for GLYCINE, which means it binds to the same receptor thus blocking the INHIBITORY potential of glycine.

A

Strychnine (stimulant in low doses)

73
Q

Caudate and putamen are collectively called as ___.

A

striatum

74
Q

True or False: Patients with lesions of basal ganglia have movement disorders.

A

True

76
Q

The lower brain level or subcortical level controls the ____.

A

subconscious body activities.

77
Q

Two types of synapses?

A
  1. Electrical 2. Chemical
79
Q

These are rough ER and loose ribosomes that replenish plasma membrane proteins.

A

Chromatophilic (Nissi) bodies

80
Q

One cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex contains how many synapses?

A

1 billion (total in brain: 100 Trillion).

81
Q

Type of neuron found as motor and interneurons.

A

Multipolar

82
Q

Sensory input can be integrated at any of these (5) levels

A
  1. Spinal cord 2. Reticular substance / reticular formation 3. Cerebellum 4. Thalamus 5. Cerebral cortex (somatosensory area)
83
Q

These are the principal cortical components of a family of parallel circuits linking the thalamus with the cerebral cortex.

A

Basal ganglia aka Basal Nuclei

84
Q

Precursor of serotonin

A

5-hydroxytryptophan

85
Q

This Neurotransmitter is secreted by many sensory pathways in the cerebral cortex.

A

Glutamate

86
Q

Functions of Cortical Level (3)

A
  1. Memory 2. Thought processes 3. Open the world up for one’s mind.
87
Q

Area for consciousness of what we are doing.

A

Higher brain or cortical level

88
Q

These are the “bouton” endings of the axon branches.

A

axon terminals

89
Q

Type of neuron found only in ear (organ of corti) and eye (retina)

A

Bipolar (only for hearing and seeing)

90
Q

This is a way to represent (“mapping”) the amount of cerebral cortex dedicated to specific areas of the body.

A

Cortical Homunculus

91
Q

General Sensation or somatic sensory (4)

A

Pain, pressure, touch, temperature

92
Q

Part of the brain that contains the fiber tracts or axon processes.

A

White Matter (White color due to myelination of the axons)

93
Q

Cell bodies (soma) are located at the ____.

A

dorsal root ganglia

AP2: Exam 4 (4 decks)

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