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CNS > Day 4/5 > Flashcards

Day 4/5 Flashcards

1
Q

What new flexure is formed after secondary brain vesicles form?

A

pontine flexure, between myelencephalon and metencephalon, part of the rhombencephalon

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2
Q

What structures form in the telecephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

What cavities form from between the cerebral hemispheres?

A

lateral ventricles
- 1st and 2nd ventricles

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4
Q

What structures form from the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

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5
Q

What cavity is formed from the diencephalon?

A

3rd ventricle

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6
Q

What structure is formed from the mesencephalon?

A

midbrain

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7
Q

What cavity is formed from the mesencephalon?

A

cerebral aqueduct
- connection between 3rd/4th ventricles

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8
Q

What structures form from the metencephalon?

A

pons and cerebellum

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9
Q

What cavity forms from the metencephalon?

A

4th ventricle
- space

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10
Q

What structures form from the myelencephalon?

A

medulla oblongata

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11
Q

What cavities form from the myelencephalon?

A

4th ventricle, central canal (goes all the way down the spinal cord)

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12
Q

The brain is what percentage of your body weight at birth?

A

10%

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13
Q

What percentage of oxygen is metabolized by the brain at birth?

A

60%

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14
Q

How much bigger does the brain get from size at birth to size in adulthood?

A

quadruples in size

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15
Q

What percentage of body weight does the brain make up in adulthood?

A

2-2.5%

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16
Q

How much oxygen is metabolized in the brain during adulthood?

A

20%

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17
Q

What happens in the brain from birth to 1 year?

A
  • brain will triple in size
  • 34 cm -> 46 cm
  • neurons still being produced
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18
Q

What happens in the 8th week after birth?

A

responds to cutaneous stimuli

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19
Q

What happens in the 12th week after birth?

A

spontaneously active

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20
Q

What happens in the 12th week after birth?

A

can grasp (reflex)

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21
Q

What do neural tube cells give rise to?

A

CNS cells

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22
Q

What are specific cells within the neural tube?

A
  • glial cells
  • neurons
  • ependymal cells
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23
Q

What cell classification do glial cells, neurons, and ependymal cells have?

A

neuroepithelial cells

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24
Q

What structure gives rise to PNS cells?

A

neural crest

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25
Q

What is the glial cells main function?

A

“nerve glue”, forms functional connective tissue

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26
Q

What are 2 subdivisions of glial cells?

A

astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

Which is more numerous, glial cells or neurons?

A

many times more glial cells than neurons

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28
Q

What cell is the most numerous in the adult CNS?

A

astrocytes

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29
Q

Can astrocytes move around?

A

some mobility potential, only in the result of CNS injury (stroke)

30
Q

What are the 2 types of astrocytes?

A
  • protoplasmic
  • fibrillar
31
Q

Where do you find protoplasmic astrocytes?

A

gray matter

32
Q

Where do you find fibrillar astrocytes?

A

white matter

33
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • structural support
  • form “scar-like” tissue following CNS injury
  • neurotransmitter influence
  • BBB
34
Q

Why can Ach have one function in one part of the body and another function in a different part of the body?

A

because of neurotransmitter influence, astrocytes are able to distinguish functions in Ach to perform different actions

35
Q

What is the BBB?

A
  • blood brain barrier
  • prevents substances from mixing between CNS and blood
36
Q

What are some astrocytes referred to as?

A

radial glia

37
Q

Where are radial glia present?

A

during development

38
Q

What are radial glia cells functions?

A
  • help guide growing neuron fibers
  • ensure developing neurons connect to correct things
39
Q

Are oligodendrocytes more or less numerous than astrocytes?

A

less numerous

40
Q

What are the types of oligodendrocytes?

A

perineuronal and interfascicular

41
Q

Where are perineuronal cells located?

A

gray matter

42
Q

What are perineuronal cells function?

A

nourish neurons

43
Q

Where are interfascicular cells found?

A

white matter

44
Q

What are interfascicular cells function?

A

form myelin around axons in the CNS

45
Q

What cells form myelin around axons in the PNS?

A

schwann cells

46
Q

Where are ependymal cells located?

A

line hollow parts of the CNS (ventricles)

47
Q

What are ependymal cells function?

A

form choroid plexus

48
Q

What is the choroid plexuses function?

A

secrete CSF

49
Q

What are tanycytes?

A

barrier between 3rd and 4th ventricles and adjacents organs

50
Q

What does “-oma” mean?

A

tumor

51
Q

What is a glioblastoma?

A
  • arise from glioblasts (undifferentiated glial cells)
52
Q

What is the most common primary brain tumor?

A

glioblastoma

53
Q

What is an ependymoma?

A
  • tumor involving ependymal cells
  • hollow parts of CNS
  • inhibits removal of CSF in choroid plexus
54
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

build up of CSF, more common in younger individuals (before 8 years old)

55
Q

Where do microglia originate?

A

mesoderm

56
Q

Are microglia big or small?

A

tiny, with many processes

57
Q

What do microglia transform into?

A

macrophages, they’re phagocytic and devour infected cells

58
Q

What process do microglia cells mediate?

A

immune responses only in the CNS

59
Q

Where do neuroblasts arise from?

A

neural tube

60
Q

What do neuroblasts become?

A

neurons

61
Q

Do neuroblasts divide?

A

little mitosis, so barely

62
Q

What do neuroblasts depend on?

A

glial cells (radial glia)

63
Q

What are negative effects on neuroblasts?

A

radiation and alcohol exposure

64
Q

How many dendrites can unipolar neurons have?

A

1

65
Q

How many dendrites can bipolar neurons have?

A

2

66
Q

How many dendrites can multipolar neurons have?

A

4+

67
Q

Sensory neurons..

A

toward CNS

68
Q

motor neurons..

A

away from CNS

69
Q

Where are the internuncial neurons located?

A

entirely inside CNS

69
Q

Each neuron can only have how many axons?

A

1, number of dendrites is variable

CNS (4 decks)

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