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First Aid Level 2 > Day 3 > Flashcards

Day 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Steps before supplying OTC drugs to employee

A

OFA attendant must:

be familiar with its use, side effects, any drowsiness

Adhere expiry date

Get history of events that led up to worker taking medication

Find out if worker is taking medication

Inform worker of side effects, reasons they shouldn’t take it

Make entry in first aid record

Be familiar with route of administration

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2
Q

When is first aid record completed

A

Whenever OFA person sees a patient (initial, subsequent visits,), redressing, reassessment

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3
Q

T or F; info in records can be viewed by other employees

A

F; its confidential

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4
Q

what does first aid record do?

A
  • gives history of injury when OFA attendent must re address the injury
  • info for injury and patient followup about injuries that have occured on previous shifts or when other OFAs were on duty
  • gives picture of employees improvement or deterioration (infection?)
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5
Q

what does first aid record do for employer?

A
  • gives info about their health and safety program
  • sees trends in type, severity of injuries or illnesses, so action can be taken
  • any areas or practices that are causing injuries
  • info for comparison to claims statistics when assessing affectiveness of companies first aid and health and safety programs
  • written record of incident in case of compensation claim
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6
Q

what goes on first aid record

A
  • full name and ocupation
  • date, time of injury
  • date, time injury was reported to employer
  • witnesses names
  • description of how injury happened, the nature, the treatment,
  • OFA signature
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7
Q

how much blood can you comfortably lose over 15-20 min

A

500ml

any more, could go into shock

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8
Q

when should brisk hemorrhage be identified and controlled?

A

primary survey

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9
Q

how can bleeding be helped?

A

pressure on wound

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10
Q

T or F; internal bleeding causes shock

A

T

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11
Q

aterial bleeding

A

spurts, pulses out

bright red

very brisk if its a large vessel

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12
Q

venous bleeding

A

steady flow

darker colour

can be very brisk

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13
Q

capillary bleeding

A

continuous, steady ooze

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14
Q

bodys natural response to bleeding

A

retraction of blood vessels (elastic fibres in walls of vessels pull them back into tissue, reduced bleeding)

clotting (seals injured portion of vessel and stops bleeding)

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15
Q

T or F; internal bleeding doesnt occur with fractures of femur or pelvis

A

F; it does occur

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16
Q

is internal bleeding RTC?

A

yes

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17
Q

signs, symptoms of internal bleeding

A

skin is cool, cold, pale, clammy

pulse is weak, rapid

air hunger, dyspnea

fainting, dizzy

thirtsy, anxious, restless

nauseaous, vomit

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18
Q

3 Ps of hemorrhage control

A

pressure

patient position at rest (lying down). reduce anxiety

prevent movement (unneeded movement). do not elevate limb if it causes pain

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19
Q

what should you use to apply pressure

A

almost anything soft, clean, absorbent (towel, cloth)

sterile pressure dressing or gauze pad are preffered

support injured limb while applying

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20
Q

what does bandage do?

A

coveres entire sterile dressing above and below wound

tightly secured

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21
Q

if dressing becomes blood soaked…

A

applying additonal dressings over initial dressing, continue applying pressure

if bleeding continues, apply pressure with gloved hand for 5 mins

may need tourniquette

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22
Q

T or F; tourniquets are rarely needed

A

T

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23
Q

precautions for tourniquets

A

do not use unless other forms of control are ineffective

dont use belts, rope or wire

you need sufficient pressure,

dont cover with bandages

never release

mark patient as having one (tag to limb)

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24
Q

what does immobolization do

A

helps to maintain hemorrhage control

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25
Q

bleeding in neck. problems?

A

immediate, continued direct pressure until medical aid

RTC

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26
Q

avulsion

A

full thickness of skin is pulled away, exposes deeper tissues

loss of blood, infection, delayed healing

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27
Q

amputation

A

loss of body part

bleeding, shock, infection, disability

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28
Q

what are dressings used for?

they should be…

A

initial covering of open wounds to prevent contamination
can be used to soak up blood

larger than wound

sterile

thick, soft, compressible, to permit evenly distributed pressure over entire area of wound

lint free surface

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29
Q

bandages used for…

A

secure dressings covering wounds

hold dressings in place

apply, maintain pressure

secure splints to body or limbs

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30
Q

general principles of treating major wounds

A

control bleeding

prevent infection

immobilize affected part

keep patient at rest

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31
Q

once bleeding is controlled…

A

wound cleaning (can be quite limited, like brushing stuff off)

no chemicals

just saline

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32
Q

general management of amputation

A

find the part

clean it off briefly

dress it in sterile gauze, clean sheets

moisten with saline

put in waterproff bag

place in container with ice

transport with patient

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33
Q

what is crush syndrome

signs?

A

crushing injuries cut off circulation, leads to further tissue damage
from several hours of being crushed

leads to swelling, leaking fluid from muscles, compresses blood vessels, leads to hypoxia and local cell death

can see symptoms well after incident, feel numbness

look for patches of reddish skin, loss of sensation, swelling

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34
Q

why are facial injuries life threatening

A

airway obstruction is possible

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35
Q

most important organs of the face

A

eyes

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36
Q

your first priority to face injuries?

A

clear airway from:

  • bleeding
  • vomiting
  • loose teeth, dentures
  • fractures of mandible, maxilla which deforms airway
  • direct injury to trachea
  • brain injury and LOC
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37
Q

T or F: facial lacerations that require suturing are medical emergencies

A

F; they are not

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38
Q

what is risky about facial fractures?

A

swelling potentially blocking airway

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39
Q

what can you use for facial fractures?

A

ice packs

control bleeding with pressure

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40
Q

T or F: throat and neck injuries are life threatening

A

T

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41
Q

T or F: cervical spine injury is suspected with all injuries to throat or neck

A

T

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42
Q

what is vitreous humor

A

clear fluid like jelly in eyeball

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43
Q

3 types of eye injuries

A

direct blows from sharp or blunt objects(lacerations, contusions, extruded eye)

burns (chemical, thermal, radiation)

foriegn bodies

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44
Q

laceration of eye management

A

gentle direct pressure

use rigid eye patch

flush to remove dirt

moist gauze dressing

transport patient face up

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45
Q

eye contusion

how to treat

A

blunt trauma to eye causes hyphema

cover eyes

keep in sitting position

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46
Q

is subconjunctival hemorrhage serious injury?

A

no

resolves itself in time

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47
Q

what to do with extruded eyeball?

A

dont push back in place

cover both eyes with sterile dressings, moisten with sterile saline

protect eye using padding, rigid protection

transport supine

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48
Q

alkali chemical damage to eye

A

sodium hydroxide, lye, drain cleaners, cleaning agents, ammonia, cement, plaster

worst injuries

penetrate into tissue

need to dilute with water right away

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49
Q

acid damage to eyes

A

battery acid, etc

more visible damage to eye

penetrate less deeply

more easily washed out, reduces serious injury

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50
Q

management of chemical burns to eyes

A

eyewash! right away

30 mins

tap water or saline

then conduct Primary and seconday survey

remove any remaining particles of chemicals you see

flush while en route to medical aid

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51
Q

management of thermal burns to eyes

A

PAA

dont examine eyes, you may hurt them more

cover both eyes with moistened sterile dressings

transport to medical aid

no home remedies

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51
Q

management of thermal burns to eyes

A

PAA

dont examine eyes, you may hurt them more

cover both eyes with moistened sterile dressings

transport to medical aid

no home remedies

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52
Q

management of flash burn of eyes

A

its from UV

less serious

cold compresses, mild pain meds

may need dark sunglasses for a few days

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53
Q

T or F; administering topical anesthetics can be used more than once

A

F; they can impede healing. only once

no self medication by patient

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54
Q

foreign bodies in eyes; management

A

are they penetrating (small, high velocity) or superficial (may be easily removed)?

following PAA. suspect penetrating, until you collect info and determine otherwise. wash hands, position patient, wipe away stuff, flush eye (cup of clean water), manipulate eye lid to remove stuff. if its not gone, then eye exam needed

refer to physician if you cant remove

RTC for penetrating; do not attempt to remove

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55
Q

3 anatomical parts of ear and their purpose

A

external ear (skin, cartilidge, external auditory meatus). traps sound waves

middle ear: eardrum, cavity, 3 tiny bones. connects external to inner ear

inner ear: cochlea (interprets sound), vestibular apparatus (balance)

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56
Q

T or F; you need cooperation from patient with a foreign body in their ear

A

T

57
Q

get rid of objects in ear by…

A

flushing with water, mineral oil

if bleeding or severe pain, hearing loss — cover with dressing, refer to physician

58
Q

ear lacerations controlled by

A

direct pressure
clean wound

dress, bandage wound. use sterile gauze dressing

retrieve any avulsed parts, send with patient to medical

59
Q

what is hematoma

A

cauliflower ear; disfigurement

use ice packs

60
Q

risks with skull fractures

A

infection to middle, inner ear, brain

restrict handling, cleansing of ear

meningitis

61
Q

inner ear most commonly damaged by…

A

loud noises, chronic pressure, blunt trauma

62
Q

scene assessment of walk ins

A

ask:

  • what energy exerted on body
  • where it hit
  • location of pain

dont need to ask questions for things that are obvously not there

clues about them (how theyre standing? )

  • ask about other hazards, others hurt
63
Q

modified primary survey for walk ins

A
  • can they sit?
  • can use verbal/visual assessment if they can sit
  • conditions can get worse though! (breathing, colour, appearance)

watch for anxiety, lightheadedness, dizziness (lay them down)

  • if questions are answered, then airway is clear
  • look for difficulty breathing
  • look at colour for circulatory
  • dont need to do a hands on RBS, can just ask
64
Q

transport decision of walk ins

A

do they need medical aid?

determine after thorough head to toe

65
Q

secondary survey of walk ins

A

you may do history before vitals , but not if theres unusual symptoms (nausea, headache, etc)
- dont need PPQRRST

  • Head to toe only is for area of complaint
  • still need to do vital signs

history taking: only includes questions related to how injury is affecting patients overall ondition (allergies, medications, how theyre generally feeling)

66
Q

head to toe of walk in

A

examine injury area only

continually inform them of whats being done, get feedback

more it quite thorough and specific

compare injured limb to uninjured

inspect visually

circulation, nerve function distal to injury

67
Q

abrasion

A

superficial wound

on skins surface

can be a scratch or wide

bleeding is slight but may become infected

68
Q

laceration

A

cut with sharp, jagged edges

underlying tissue, muscles, nerves may be affected

hard to tell

blood loss, infection, functional impairment

69
Q

puncture

A

they really vary

can pierce organs, blood vessels

can be fatal bleeding

worry when its chest, neck, abdomen, groin

not severe bleeding if its small

hard to clean

70
Q

principles of bandaging

A

tight enough to control bleeding, immobolize, but not to stop circulation

pressure be evenly distributed

cover entire dressing

check fingers and toes for ciruclation, function

knots should be accessible

knots shouldnt pressure

rollers do not encircle a limb

71
Q

management of minor wounds

A

after secondary survey
application of cold - slow bleeding, swelling. no more than 20 mins, if cirucaltion is ok

refer to medical aid if

72
Q

refer minor wounds to medical aid IF

A

longer than 3cm wound through full thickness of skin

its on palm, back of hand, joint, tendon, or through full thickness of skin

if it requires sutures (flap, gape, over joint, facial wound)

dirty wound

bites

embedded foreign stuff

burns (>10% 2nd, >2%3rd)

73
Q

T or F: remove rings as part of treating minor injury

A

T

74
Q

wound cleansing if returning to work

A
  • get rid of hair, within reason, 1cm back
  • warm, clean, running water
  • dont use fancy disinfectants, they can hurt tissue
  • use detergent if its a bite
  • cover wound with sterile gauze, hold dressing over wound
  • examine for blood clots, foreign stuff, remove gently
  • once clean, irrigate with lots fo warm running water or sterile saline
75
Q

dressing, bandaging open wounds

A
  • use skin closures properly one at a time, from center of wound in both directions. remove wrong ones if you need to
  • tincture of benzoin applied to skin, increases stickiness
  • strip of adhesive over flaps on each side of wound
  • keep closures in place for at least a week
  • sterile dressing over wound, bandage entire dressing
  • tell them how to care for wound, then do follow up later
76
Q

follow up of minor wounds immidiately IF… otherwise its how long

A

if dressings become wet, soiled

increase of pain

tingling, loss of sensation

signs of infection

24 hours

77
Q

upon follow up, you must

A

check wound for infection, a little swelling and redness is ok

if infected, remove closures and drain wound

continue treatment until wound heals (2-3 weeks)

78
Q

T or F: all puncture wounds are RTC

A

False; only if to head, neck, groin, abdomen, chest. otherwise its probably medical aid

79
Q

examples of punctures where its return to work

A

slivers (wooden, glass, metal)

fish hook

80
Q

pressure injection injury

A

can be almost any material (oil, water, paint) and be really bad

medical aid is needed

may not look threatening, but it is

mechanical and chemical damange

81
Q

sign, symptoms of pressure injection injury

A

mechanism of injury is clue
small puncture wound

pain in affected area, can be delayed

swelling, subcutaneous emphysema

82
Q

abscess

A

collection of pus within tissues

usually hair bearing areas

treat by draining or just left alone

use dry dressings, clean with antibactrial detergent

DO NOT SQUEEZE, may need medical aid if its large or on face, neck, groin, buttocks

83
Q

what do bacteria need to grow

A

warmth

moisture

oxygen

nutrients

they get through breaks in skin, inhaling, ingested

from dirt, unclean wounds, not bandaged well

84
Q

recognize infected wounds by

A

pain, local tenderness

  • heat in area, fever
  • redness
  • pus beneath skin or draining from wound
  • swelling
  • red streaks
85
Q

tetanus

prevention?

A

serious infectious complication of wound

comes from domestic animal gut, in feces

dont need oxygen, so can get deep in wounds. can get in minor wounds too

makes a toxin, affects nervous system, spasms, irritability, headache, fever, cramps, tightness in jaw muscles, lockjaw, very painful, cardiac failure and death

immunization! within 36 hours

86
Q

what is ASTD?

A

activity related soft tissue disorders

injury aggravated by workplace activity, or sports or hobbies

can be from chronic overuse, infection, direct trauma

87
Q

risk factors in ASTD

A

repetition of duties

frequency

duration of activity

force

posture

static load

unaccustomed activity

contact stresses (physical contact between soft tissues and objects)

impact loading (kickback from tools)

vibration

temperature of environment

88
Q

signs, symptoms of tendonitis

if theres fever…

A

pain

swelling

redness

warmth

crepitus (grating, crackling, popping sound over invloved tissues)

tenderness

then its cellulitis

89
Q

management of tendonitis

A

its a walk in

apply cold 20 mins

wear wrist brace

reassess daily

if it gets worse, swelling, redness, pain, seek medical aid

physiotherapy and medication may be needed from physican

90
Q

nerve entrapment syndrome

A

most common one is carpal tunnel

its a median nerve compression at wrist

numbness, tingling, burning

pain, muscle weakness

happens with repetitive tasks

can be worse and require rest, splints, medication

91
Q

how to prevent ASTD

A

automate repetitive tasks

eliminate unneeded work steps

provide appropriate tools, equipment, clothing, so theres less awkward standing, posture, static loading, contact stresses, vibration

use power tools, touch sensitive tools

tools with less bending of wrists

alter working heights and angles to reduce awkward postures

increase varity of roles of workers

train in safe techniques

rest breaks

92
Q

what is sprain

A

stretching, partial or complete tearing of ligament at a joint

can vary in severity

if unsure, treat as fracture

swelling, tenderness, pain in movement

93
Q

best indicator for sprain vs fracture

A

mechanism of injury

94
Q

management of simple spinal sprains

A

not medical emergencies

need medical referral if mechanism is more serious (fall, direct blow, crash, bowel symptoms)

workplace management:

  • ask about any previous problems with it (PPQRRST)
  • examine area of injury thoroughly (heat, redness?)
  • have them move in all directions in standing
  • find what causes pain
  • ice packs
  • OFC medication
  • direct them on what to do in daily life activities (rest, but resume mostly normal)
  • document mechanism, findings, treatments
95
Q

dislocations

compound dislocation

A

displacement of one or more bones, joint surfaces no longer in contact

pain, deformity, near complete inability to function, locked in deformed position

skin is broken, air and bacteria can enter

96
Q

fracture dislocation

A

dislocation associated with a fracture

either open or closed

similar to other dislocations BUT with grating sound, discolouration, severe pain

97
Q

classification of burns is

A

based on depth
1st, quite minor

2nd, can affect nerves, may require grafting, painful, blisters, loss of fluid into blisers, can cause shock

3rd: dermis and fat, tissue, muscles, bones, may not hurt as nerves so damaged. may be charred, or appear hard, thick, leathery, black,brown, white. major fluid loss, shock may be if greater than 10%

can be combinations

98
Q

determining extent of burns

A

rule of 9s (head and neck, each lower extremity, anterior trunk, posterior trunk, perineum and genitia (1%), hand is 1%

99
Q

burns are RTC if

A

smoke inhalation
2nd greater than 10%
3rd greater than 2%

its on face

encircling limb

hands, feet, genitals,

eletrical

chemical

100
Q

T or F; mechanism of injury important for determining treatment of burn

A

T

101
Q

PAA for serioes burns

A

ensure hazard is gone

remove patient from heat

remove burning clothing

smother in blanket if needed

airway! may be affected by swelling

ask them to cough, inspect plegm, look at tongue for swelling

hoarseness?stridor?cough?hard to swallow?

if they cant breathe well, adopt comfortable position, apply oxygen if trained

102
Q

T or F; all patients with smoke inhalation injury need supplemental oxygen by face mask

A

T

103
Q

T or F: burns do not bleed

A

T

BUT they lose fluid

104
Q

major burn wound management

A

cooling - limits depth of burn, soothing, 20 mins 20% of body at a time, no ice

remove wet and burned clothing

remove rings, watches, footwear

elevate burned extremeities

dont break blisteres

no ointments

wet dressings to less than 20% of body, dry dressings to rest

use blankets

monitor ABCs

105
Q

3 things determine severity of chemical burn

A

properties of chemical

concentration

length of exposure

106
Q

management of chemical burns

A

dilute and remove chemical by lots of flushing

flushing done right away

remove clothing

estimate degree, extent

continue flushing, use saline soaked dressings, reapplied every 30 mins

transport to medical aid

107
Q

tar burns

A

it sticks to skin, so cool tar right away

if its more than 20% of body, be careful of cooling

apply gauze dressings

tar will eventually come off

108
Q

skins functions

A

protection (loss of fluids, bacteria invasion, alterations in temp)

and

sensory receptors (info about environment to brain)

109
Q

2 layers of skin

A

epidermis: outermost, dead, hardened cells, always getting replaced
dermis: below, well supplied with blood vesels, nerves. structures (sweat glands, oil glands, ducts, hair, blood vessels, nerve endings)

110
Q

sebum

A

oily substance

keeps skin waterproof and supple

111
Q

assessment of skin

A

colour

temp

moisture

112
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

combination of connective tissue and fat

connects skin to the surface muscles

113
Q

skeletal muscle

A

gives body movement

voluntary, contract on command

114
Q

smooth muscle

A

responsible for constriction

involuntary, under command of autonomic nervous system

digestive tract, blood vessel walls, tubes for urine, walls of bronchial tree

115
Q

cardiac muscle

A

responsible for automatic pumping of heart

116
Q

skeletons function

A

give shape, strength, rigidity

protects organs

moveable framework

erect posture against pull of gravity

117
Q

joints

A

connect bones

consists of ends of 2 or more bones, surrounding connecting and supporting tissues

118
Q

spinal column

A

2 purposes

supports head and upper part of body

provides rigid protection for spinal cord

33 individual vertabrae, seperated by pads of cartilidge (intervertebral discs)

119
Q

what is thorax

A

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, sternum

protects heart, thoarcic blood vessels, lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys

120
Q

are 11, 12th ribs connected at the front?

A

no

121
Q

floor of abdominal cavity

A

pelvis; bony ring made up of sacrum and 2 large wing like pelvic bones

protects bladder, rectum, blood vessels, reproductive stuff

122
Q

longest bone in body

A

femur

long bone of thigh

123
Q

knee

A

complex ligaments, prone to injury

124
Q

immobilization

A

method of holding a body part still and preventing movement

could be just from a pressure bandage

for RTC, only use this on limb fractures. dont need to splint limb if its RTC

125
Q

reasons for splinting

A

joint movement near soft issue injury will cause further bleeding

muscles, spasms tend to pull broken bone into tissue, more damage

prevent bone from rotating or further penetration

126
Q

principles of immobilization

A

steady, support limb before, during splinting

cover open wounds, bandage

cut away clothing

check circulatory, motor, sensory distal to injury

apply cold is circulation is ok

long bone and joint fracture of upper, lower limbs immobilized in position found

splint should immobilize any joints nearby, up or down

extra padding in natural body hollows and deformities

dont splint over open wound

anchor splint to stable proximal part of body first, then to part distal to injury, then injured site

elevate limb if possible

127
Q

splinting upper limb

A

pliable metallic foam splint

strip of lightweight aluminum, closed cell foam on both sides

soft, adaptable

place injured hand in position of function, extension of wrist

maintain position with a pad in palm

use crepe bandages to secure the splint to upper limb, on proximal part of limb

assess circulation

128
Q

slings

A

immobilize upper limb

129
Q

clavicle fracture

symptoms?

A

direct blow to clavicle or shoulder or a fall

irregularity

patient may hold arm against chest

reluctant to move arm

130
Q

bilateral clavicle fracture

A

both clavicles have been fractured

131
Q

princiles of immobilization, lower limbs

A

do not splint

hold limb steady with hands, blankets, towels, etc until help arrives

132
Q

is pelvic fracture BC EHS?

A

no its RTC

133
Q

why is pelvic fracture so serioues

A

large blood vessels adjacent

tearing or rupture of bladder or urethra

femur may be fracture, dislocated

134
Q

is hip fracture a RTC?

A

yes

135
Q

is knee dislocation a RTC?

A

yes

136
Q

when to move patient?

A

either question is a no

can you assess the patient in the position found?

or

if patient is alert and responsive to voice, can critical interventions be provided in the position found?

137
Q

what is patella

A

part of knee on top

138
Q

menisci injuries caused by

A

compression or grinding action of femur on tibia

139
Q

bursitis of knee

A

bursea are in and around knee joint. they lubricate joint, absorb shock, prevent wear from friction

it is from a blow to knee or prolonged pressure

its swelling, increased pain, can be damaging

140
Q

ankle sprains caused by

A

inversion or eversion of the foot

141
Q

how to tell a ankle sprain

A

can do motion, only some directions will hurt

swelling

cannot bear weight

First Aid Level 2 (3 decks)

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