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LEEDS BECKETT: Year 2 Biology > Day 2: Electric Boogaloo > Flashcards

Day 2: Electric Boogaloo Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in the menstrual cycle?

What is the function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - triggers the maturation of an egg

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - triggers the release of an egg from the ovary

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2
Q

What is the role of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies?

Where is IgG found?

A

Their function is to bind to antigens, tagging them to be engulfed and digested by other immune cells

IgG is found circulating freely in the blood

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3
Q

What is an Embolic stroke?

or embolism?

A

Something in the blood vessels blocking blood flow

commonly: fat or amniotic fluid

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4
Q

What is dysphagia?

Why is it a problem?

A

dys - problems

phagia - swallowing

problems swallowing

It is a problem because patients will often inhale food into their lungs

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5
Q

How do you treat anaphylaxis?

(3)

A

adrenaline (epipen)

hydrocortisone (steroids)

chlorphenamine (anti-histamine)

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6
Q

Difference between

Type 1 respiratory failure

and

Type 2 respiratory failure

A

Type 1

Low oxygen in the blood and a normal or low carbon dioxide level

Type 2

Low oxygen in the blood and a raised carbon dioxide level

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7
Q

What is epididymitis?

(2)

A

Inflammation of the epididymis

often caused by chlamydia

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8
Q

What are antibodies?

(2)

A

Immune proteins which travel around the body, searching for “antigens”

When they bind to antigens, they trigger an immune response

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9
Q

How do Fluroquinolone antibiotics work?

A

Prevent DNA from being coiled inside bacteria

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10
Q

What is Amaurosis fugax?

(2)

A

temporary loss of vision

because of a blockage to the retinal artery

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11
Q

What is an enzyme inhibitor?

A

It blocks the action of an enzyme

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12
Q

What is the half life of a drug?

A

The time taken for half of a drug to be broken down by your body

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13
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

(3)

A

Block the action angiotensin

Which prevents vasoconstriction

Which lowers blood pressure

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14
Q

What is a prodrug?

A

An inactive drug which the liver converts to an active form

Codeine -> Morphine

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15
Q

Where does first-pass metabolism happen?

A

The liver

For example, the metabolism of codeine to morphine

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16
Q

What is an enzyme?

(2)

A
  1. A large complicated protein
  2. Which catalyses a reaction in the body
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17
Q

Which bacteria are “acid fast” stain used to identify?

A

mycobacterium (tuberculosis)

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18
Q

What is the difference between

pharmaco-kinetics

and

pharmaco-dynamic

A

pharmaco-kinetics - how the body breaks down a drug

pharmaco-dynamic - the effect of the drug on the body

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19
Q

What are TLRs?

A

toll-like receptors

They’re displayed on the surfaces of infected human cells

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20
Q

What is the difference between

bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?

A

bactericidal - kill bacteria

bacteriostatic - halt bacterial growth

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21
Q

A widened pulse pressure indicates what?

A

sepsis

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22
Q

What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

What is the function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

oestrogen - grows the lining of the uterus (endometrium)

progesterone - maintains the lining of the uterus (endometrium)

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23
Q

What is the role of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies?

Where is IgA found?

A

IgA binds to antigens in body secretions

Most commonly in breast milk but also in the intestines

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24
Q

What is the role of ‘sex pili”?

A

Allows bacterial cells to share genetic material

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25
Q

What is a prognosis?

A

The future “forecast” of a patient’s condition

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26
Q

How do you treat an ischaemic stroke?

A

Thrombolytic therapy

(Unblock the blockage)

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27
Q

Which blood test can be used to indicate an infection?

(2)

A

C-reactive protein

increased in the blood during an infection

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28
Q

What is the role of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies?

Where is IgE found?

What happens when they bind to an antigen?

A

Responsible for allergic reactions

Found on the surface of mast cells and basophils

When the bind to an antigen, they trigger the mast cells to release histamine

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29
Q

What is a ptosis?

What is it a sign of?

A

Droopy eyelid

Sign of Myasthenia Gravis (brain degeneration disease)

30
Q

How do you treat sepsis?

A

(from BUFALO)

  • antibiotics
  • fluids
  • oxygen
31
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The amount of drug which isn’t broken down by your stomach.

for example. bioavailability of oral paracetamol is 79% because 21% of the drug is destroyed by the stomach

32
Q

What is a Mycoplasma bacterium?

A

A bacterial cell without a cell wall

33
Q

What is autophagy?

A

When a cell eats itself

auto - self

phagy - eat

34
Q

What is an Addisonian Crisis

and

how do you treat it?

(2)

A

The body can’t produce enough glucocorticoid steroids

Give the patient glucocorticoid steroids

35
Q

Which antibody is the most highly specific and selective when binding to an antigen?

A

IgG

36
Q

What is a “coup” brain injury?

What is a “countre-coup” brain injury

A

“Coup” - same side you hit

“contre-coup” - opposite side you hit

37
Q

What are blast cells?

A

Cells in the bone marrow which produce red and white blood cells.

38
Q

What is the “aetiology” of a disease?

A

aetiology - the trigger/cause

for example, genetics, radiation, bacteria, viruses

39
Q

Which sexually transmitted infection often doesn’t show symptoms?

A

Chlamydia

40
Q

What are antigens?

(2)

A

Antigens are found on foreign bacteria

When found by the immune system, they trigger an immune response

41
Q

What is mannitol used to treat?

A

Raised intercranial pressure

42
Q

What is collagenase?

A

Collagen-ase

An enzyme that breaks down collagen

43
Q

What are the five signs of

inflammation

A
44
Q

Angiotensin is a hormone

What is the effect of angiotensin?

A
  1. Vaso-constriction
  2. Which increases blood pressure
45
Q

What is the difference between

gram-positive” and “gram-negative” bacteria

A

Gram-positive - only have a cell wall

Gram-negative - have a cell wall and membrane

46
Q

What are Rifampins used to treat?

A

Mycobacterium (Tuberculosis)

47
Q

What is meant by the term “shock”

A

A reduction in the effective circulating volume of blood within the body

(low blood pressure)

48
Q

What are the two types of stroke?

A

ischaemic/thrombotic - blocked blood supply to the brain

haemorrhagic - there’s a bleed in the brain

49
Q

What is the difference between

morbidity

and

mortality

A

morbidity - the negative effect of a medical condition on a patient’s life

mortality - how likely a patient is to die from their illness

50
Q

What is a Cerebella stroke?

A

A stroke at the back of your brain

signs include: dizziness and loss of coordination

51
Q

What is Tamponade?

(3)

A

The heart sits in a bag called the pericardial sac

If a patient bleeds into this sac, the heart can’t beat properly

This is called tamponade

52
Q

What is Hemianopia?

A

Loss of visual field on one side

53
Q

Drinking too much alcohol has what effect on bone marrow?

A
  1. Direct suppression of bone marrow
  2. red and white blood cell production decreases

(aplastic anaemia)

54
Q

What is the function of a flagellum?

A

Assists the bacterial cell with movement

55
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Planned cell death (cell suicide)

As part of the cell life cycle

56
Q

What is MHC?

What is the difference between

MHC1 and MHC2?

A

Major Histocompatibility complex - it is used to identify “host cells”

MHC1 - found on all human cells

MHC2 - found only on immune cells (white blood cells)

57
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

An unplanned cell death from injury

58
Q

What is the role of IgD antibodies?

A

The role/function of IgD is currently unknown

59
Q

What is the role of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies?

Where is IgM found?

A

Their function is to bind to antigens, tagging them to be engulfed and digested by other immune cells

IgM is the first line antibody when dealing with infections

  • found attached to other IgM antibodies in a “pentamer” shape
60
Q

What is the function of the bacterial pilus?

A

Assists with adhesion of the bacterial cell

61
Q
A
62
Q

What does “ACE inhibitor” stand for?

A

angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor

63
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A
  1. When the space between the lung and the chest fills with air, preventing breathing
  2. When a pneumothorax blocks the blood vessels of the heart.
64
Q

What is proliferation?

A

When cells reproduce and multiply

65
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone

What is its effect?

Where is it produced?

(2)

A
  1. It acts on the bone marrow to stimulate more RBC production
  2. It is produced by the kidneys
66
Q

What are Polymyxins used to treat?

A

Gram-negative bacterial infections

67
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

Constriction of blood vessels

68
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

(2)

A

They travel around the body

and induce apoptosis in body cells which may be unhealthy

69
Q

What is Monocular vision loss

A

mono - one

ocular - eye

Vision loss in one eye

70
Q

How is an Asthma emergency treated?

A

blue inhaler (salbutamol)

steroids (hydrocortisone)

71
Q

What are Adherence Factors

A

Increases the pathogenicity of an organism by allowing bacteria to attach to mucosal surfaces

LEEDS BECKETT: Year 2 Biology (3 decks)

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