Day 2: Electric Boogaloo Flashcards
What is the function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in the menstrual cycle?
What is the function of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in the menstrual cycle?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) - triggers the maturation of an egg
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - triggers the release of an egg from the ovary
What is the role of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies?
Where is IgG found?
Their function is to bind to antigens, tagging them to be engulfed and digested by other immune cells
IgG is found circulating freely in the blood
What is an Embolic stroke?
or embolism?
Something in the blood vessels blocking blood flow
commonly: fat or amniotic fluid
What is dysphagia?
Why is it a problem?
dys - problems
phagia - swallowing
problems swallowing
It is a problem because patients will often inhale food into their lungs
How do you treat anaphylaxis?
(3)
adrenaline (epipen)
hydrocortisone (steroids)
chlorphenamine (anti-histamine)
Difference between
Type 1 respiratory failure
and
Type 2 respiratory failure
Type 1
Low oxygen in the blood and a normal or low carbon dioxide level
Type 2
Low oxygen in the blood and a raised carbon dioxide level
What is epididymitis?
(2)
Inflammation of the epididymis
often caused by chlamydia
What are antibodies?
(2)
Immune proteins which travel around the body, searching for “antigens”
When they bind to antigens, they trigger an immune response
How do Fluroquinolone antibiotics work?
Prevent DNA from being coiled inside bacteria
What is Amaurosis fugax?
(2)
temporary loss of vision
because of a blockage to the retinal artery
What is an enzyme inhibitor?
It blocks the action of an enzyme
What is the half life of a drug?
The time taken for half of a drug to be broken down by your body
What do ACE inhibitors do?
(3)
Block the action angiotensin
Which prevents vasoconstriction
Which lowers blood pressure
What is a prodrug?
An inactive drug which the liver converts to an active form
Codeine -> Morphine
Where does first-pass metabolism happen?
The liver
For example, the metabolism of codeine to morphine
What is an enzyme?
(2)
- A large complicated protein
- Which catalyses a reaction in the body
Which bacteria are “acid fast” stain used to identify?
mycobacterium (tuberculosis)
What is the difference between
pharmaco-kinetics
and
pharmaco-dynamic
pharmaco-kinetics - how the body breaks down a drug
pharmaco-dynamic - the effect of the drug on the body
What are TLRs?
toll-like receptors
They’re displayed on the surfaces of infected human cells
What is the difference between
bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics?
bactericidal - kill bacteria
bacteriostatic - halt bacterial growth
A widened pulse pressure indicates what?
sepsis
What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?
What is the function of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?
oestrogen - grows the lining of the uterus (endometrium)
progesterone - maintains the lining of the uterus (endometrium)
What is the role of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies?
Where is IgA found?
IgA binds to antigens in body secretions
Most commonly in breast milk but also in the intestines
What is the role of ‘sex pili”?
Allows bacterial cells to share genetic material
What is a prognosis?
The future “forecast” of a patient’s condition
How do you treat an ischaemic stroke?
Thrombolytic therapy
(Unblock the blockage)
Which blood test can be used to indicate an infection?
(2)
C-reactive protein
increased in the blood during an infection
What is the role of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies?
Where is IgE found?
What happens when they bind to an antigen?
Responsible for allergic reactions
Found on the surface of mast cells and basophils
When the bind to an antigen, they trigger the mast cells to release histamine
What is a ptosis?
What is it a sign of?
Droopy eyelid
Sign of Myasthenia Gravis (brain degeneration disease)
How do you treat sepsis?
(from BUFALO)
- antibiotics
- fluids
- oxygen
What is bioavailability?
The amount of drug which isn’t broken down by your stomach.
for example. bioavailability of oral paracetamol is 79% because 21% of the drug is destroyed by the stomach
What is a Mycoplasma bacterium?
A bacterial cell without a cell wall
What is autophagy?
When a cell eats itself
auto - self
phagy - eat
What is an Addisonian Crisis
and
how do you treat it?
(2)
The body can’t produce enough glucocorticoid steroids
Give the patient glucocorticoid steroids
Which antibody is the most highly specific and selective when binding to an antigen?
IgG
What is a “coup” brain injury?
What is a “countre-coup” brain injury
“Coup” - same side you hit
“contre-coup” - opposite side you hit
What are blast cells?
Cells in the bone marrow which produce red and white blood cells.
What is the “aetiology” of a disease?
aetiology - the trigger/cause
for example, genetics, radiation, bacteria, viruses
Which sexually transmitted infection often doesn’t show symptoms?
Chlamydia
What are antigens?
(2)
Antigens are found on foreign bacteria
When found by the immune system, they trigger an immune response
What is mannitol used to treat?
Raised intercranial pressure
What is collagenase?
Collagen-ase
An enzyme that breaks down collagen
What are the five signs of
inflammation
Angiotensin is a hormone
What is the effect of angiotensin?
- Vaso-constriction
- Which increases blood pressure
What is the difference between
gram-positive” and “gram-negative” bacteria
Gram-positive - only have a cell wall
Gram-negative - have a cell wall and membrane
What are Rifampins used to treat?
Mycobacterium (Tuberculosis)
What is meant by the term “shock”
A reduction in the effective circulating volume of blood within the body
(low blood pressure)
What are the two types of stroke?
ischaemic/thrombotic - blocked blood supply to the brain
haemorrhagic - there’s a bleed in the brain
What is the difference between
morbidity
and
mortality
morbidity - the negative effect of a medical condition on a patient’s life
mortality - how likely a patient is to die from their illness
What is a Cerebella stroke?
A stroke at the back of your brain
signs include: dizziness and loss of coordination
What is Tamponade?
(3)
The heart sits in a bag called the pericardial sac
If a patient bleeds into this sac, the heart can’t beat properly
This is called tamponade
What is Hemianopia?
Loss of visual field on one side
Drinking too much alcohol has what effect on bone marrow?
- Direct suppression of bone marrow
- red and white blood cell production decreases
(aplastic anaemia)
What is the function of a flagellum?
Assists the bacterial cell with movement
What is Apoptosis?
Planned cell death (cell suicide)
As part of the cell life cycle
What is MHC?
What is the difference between
MHC1 and MHC2?
Major Histocompatibility complex - it is used to identify “host cells”
MHC1 - found on all human cells
MHC2 - found only on immune cells (white blood cells)
What is Necrosis?
An unplanned cell death from injury
What is the role of IgD antibodies?
The role/function of IgD is currently unknown
What is the role of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies?
Where is IgM found?
Their function is to bind to antigens, tagging them to be engulfed and digested by other immune cells
IgM is the first line antibody when dealing with infections
- found attached to other IgM antibodies in a “pentamer” shape
What is the function of the bacterial pilus?
Assists with adhesion of the bacterial cell
What does “ACE inhibitor” stand for?
angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor
What is a pneumothorax?
What is a tension pneumothorax?
- When the space between the lung and the chest fills with air, preventing breathing
- When a pneumothorax blocks the blood vessels of the heart.
What is proliferation?
When cells reproduce and multiply
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone
What is its effect?
Where is it produced?
(2)
- It acts on the bone marrow to stimulate more RBC production
- It is produced by the kidneys
What are Polymyxins used to treat?
Gram-negative bacterial infections
What is vasoconstriction?
Constriction of blood vessels
What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?
(2)
They travel around the body
and induce apoptosis in body cells which may be unhealthy
What is Monocular vision loss
mono - one
ocular - eye
Vision loss in one eye
How is an Asthma emergency treated?
blue inhaler (salbutamol)
steroids (hydrocortisone)
What are Adherence Factors
Increases the pathogenicity of an organism by allowing bacteria to attach to mucosal surfaces
