Day 1: Intro Flashcards
Vegans are often deficient in which vitamin?
Vitamin B12
Some drugs are receptor antagonists.
Define receptor antagonists.
A drug which blocks a receptor in the body
What is a prion?
Why is it dangerous?
A prion is a misfolded protein
When it touches healthy proteins, they become misfolded too in a chain reaction
This causes brain tissue to fall apart
Define haemophilia
A clotting disorder
So your blood takes longer to clot
What is hypercalcemia?
hyper - increased
calc - calcium
aemia - in the blood
Dysplasia
The growth of abnormal cells
Give examples of agonists
(2)
Heroin + Morphine
Activate the opioid receptor
Which mineral are women often deficient in, causing anaemia?
Iron
What is hypoxia?
hypo - low
oxia - oxygen
What is an opportunistic infection?
An infection which occurs when your immune system is weakened
For example: a patient is taking steroids and develops oral thrush
What is Aplastic anaemia?
A - missing
plastic - tissue
- Defective bone marrow doesn’t produce enough blood cells
What is anaphylaxis?
(2)
a life-threatening allergic reaction
the smooth muscle in their windpipe closes
What is a congenital disease?
A disease which is present since birth
Define pharmacokinetics
How the body breaks down a drug
Which Vitamin are alcoholics often deficient in?
B12
What is anaemia?
Anaemia means that either the level of red blood cells or the level of haemoglobin in your body is lower than normal.
What is leukaemia?
Cancer of bone marrow
Causing an uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells
What is B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)?
It’s released when the walls of the heart are stretched
The effect of it is vasodilation
We measure it in the blood screen for heart failure
What is haemoglobin?
What is the most component?
The red pigment in blood cells which binds to oxygen.
Iron
What is carcinogenesis?
carcino - cancer
genesis - development
What is an idiopathic disease?
Any disease with an unknown cause
Which vitamin are pregnant women often deficient in?
Vitamin B9
(Folate)
What is troponin?
When would you measure it in someone’s blood?
Troponin is a protein released from dying heart muscle
You would measure it if you suspected a heart attack
What is Atrophy?
A decrease in cell number
How do you treat sepsis?
BUFALO
Give an example of an antagonist
(2)
Naloxone
which antagonises the opioid receptors
Define differentiation
How much something has changed from its original
What is hyperplasia?
an increase in the number of cells
What is thalassemia?
(2)
an inherited condition
causing deformed red blood cells
What is a comorbidity?
When a patient has more than one disease
Define pharmacodynamics
The effects of a drug on then body
What are the common symptoms of anaemia?
Weakness
tiredness
pale skin
nail spooning
What does it mean when a cancer is in remission?
The cancer is shrinking/inactive
Define Sepsis
Infection which has reached a patent’s blood
Define Hypertyrophy
When a cell gets bigger
Some drugs are receptor agonists.
Define receptor agonists
A drug which activate receptors within the body
Which is associated with a reduced MCV?
Thalassemia
People from which countries are most likely to have thalassemia?
mediterranean people
What is a metaplasia
When a cell changes from one type to another
meta = to change
What is Sickle cell disease?
(2)
- mutated red blood cells which snap into an odd shape
- blocking capillaries
Para-neoplastic syndrome definition
When cancer cells begin producing certain hormones
Most commonly: parathyroid hormone
Causing hypercalcaemia
What is mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?
The average size of a red blood cell
What is cor pulmonale?
hypertrophy of the right ventricle
What are the four stages of pharmacokinetics?
(4)
A Absorption
D Distribution
M Metabolism
E Excretion
What is an iatrogenic illness?
An illness caused by a medical treatment or examination
Which two common vitamin deficiencies can cause anaemia?
Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) deficiency
What is a neoplasm?
(2)
(1) A tumour/growth
(1) It can be either benign or malignant
What is Polycythaemia
poly - many
cyth - red blood cells
aemia - in the blood
What is vasodilation?
expansion of the walls of blood vessels
What is megaloblastic anaemia?
When would you see it?
mega - large
blastic - produced
megaloblastic - lots of large blood cells
It is caused by B12 deficiency
