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Scribe > DAY 2:Disease > Flashcards

DAY 2:Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define chronic diseases

A

illness typically that last longer than 3 months

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2
Q

Define comorbidity

A

the simultaneous presence of 2 chronic diseases or conditions in a patient

having a comorbidity will increase a patients complexity and health risk

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3
Q

What are 4 ways that patients with comorbidity are complex

A

1) treatment of one disease may affect or contradict the treatment of the second
2) adverse drug interactions
3) compounding symptoms may lead to poor compliance with treatment plans
4) if both illnesses affect a specific organ system, the patient is at increased risk of organ failure

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4
Q

What is the etiology of HTN

A

an increase in blood pressure causes excess force against the arterial walls,damaging arteries over time

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5
Q

What are risk factors of HTN ( 5)

A

FHx of HTN,obesity,high sodium diet,smoking, ETOH

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of HTN

A

often asymptomatic
headaches

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7
Q

What is the diagnosis of HTN

A

diagnosed through blood pressure reading

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8
Q

Define systolic blood pressure

A

measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts ( beats)

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9
Q

Define diastolic blood pressure

A

measures the pressure in the arteries when relaxed ( between heart beats)

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10
Q

What are the numbers needed for hypotensive

A

Sys: less than 90
Dia: less than 60

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11
Q

What are the numbers needed for normal

A

Sys: 90 t0 120
Dia: 60 to 80

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12
Q

What are the numbers needed for prehypertensive

A

Sys: 121 to 140
Dia: 81 to 90

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13
Q

What are the numbers needed for hypertensive

A

Sys: greater than 140
Dia: greater than 90

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14
Q

What conditions can hypertension lead to (5)

A

Impaired vision, CVA,CAD,CHF,Renal failure

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15
Q

What are 4 non-pharmacological management of HTN

A

low sodium diet
smoking and etoh cessation(vasoconstrictors)
exercise
bp log at home

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16
Q

What 4 type of pharmacological management for HTN are there

A

ACE inhibitors
Ca channel blockers
diuretics
ARBs

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17
Q

What are ACE inhibitors and name 3 examples

A

relax arteries and block reabsorption of water by kidneys
lisinopril,lotensin,zestril

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18
Q

What are Ca Channel Blockers and give 2 examples

A

dilate the arteries and reduce the force of the heart’s contractions
norvasc and cardizem

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19
Q

What are diurectics and give an example

A

reduce the volume of fluid in the blood vessel by urinating excess fluid
hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)

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20
Q

What are ARBs and give 2 examples

A

dilate the arteries
cozaar and benicar

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21
Q

What is type 1 DM

A

insulin insufficiency
pancreas is unable to produce insulin which moves glucose from the blood into cells
5% of DM patients
treated with insulin

22
Q

What is type 2 DM

A

insulin resistance
consistently high blood glucose levels cause cells to become resistant to insulin
95% of DM patients
can be treated with diet changes,non-insulin meds, or insulin
FHx component but also SHx factors including diet and exercise

23
Q

T or F: can type 1 and type 2 DM can be insulin dependent

A

True

24
Q

What is the etiology of DM

A

the inadequacy of insulin in controlling the blood glucose level ( insulin resistance)

25
Q

What are the risk factors of DM

A

Fhx of DM,obesity, high carb diet,lack of exercise

26
Q

What are symptoms of DM

A

Unusual weight loss or gain
polyuria,polydipsia,blurred vision, N/V

27
Q

How do you diagnose DM

A

fasting blood glucose/hemoglobin A1c

28
Q

What diseases can diabetes lead to

A

diabetic retinopathy
renal failure
cardiac disease
PVD
neuropathy

29
Q

What are 4 non-pharmacological management of DM

A

1) low carb diet
2) weight loss
3) exercise
4) blood glucose log

30
Q

What are the 3 types of injected DM medications

A

Humalog
Lantus
Sliding Scale

31
Q

What is humalog

A

rapid acting insulin,injected immediately before or after meals

32
Q

What is lantus

A

long acting insulin,injected once daily

33
Q

What is sliding scale

A

insulin dosage based on current glucose

34
Q

What are 2 oral DM medications

A

Metformin
Glyburide

35
Q

Define metformin

A

long acting oral med,taken with meals

36
Q

Define glyburide

A

induces pancreas to produce insulin

37
Q

What is the etiology of HLD

A

an elevated level of lipids in the blood causes plaque build up along arterial walls

38
Q

What are risk factors for HLD

A

FHx of HLD, obesity, high lipid diet ( high in saturated fats), ETOH, physical inactivity

39
Q

Symptoms of HLD

A

asymptomatic

40
Q

How do you diagnosis HLD

A

bloodwork ( lipid panel) measuring cholesterol and triglyceride levels-elevated LDL

41
Q

What is low density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

bad cholesterol
LDL transports cholesterol to arterial walls and aides the formation of plaques

42
Q

What high density lipoprotein (HDL)

A

good cholesterol

43
Q

What does HLD lead to

A

narrowing of the blood vessels ( arterial atherosclerosis)

44
Q

What other chronic illnesses can hyperlipidemia lead to

A

CVA, CAD, Pancreas, CAD/MI

45
Q

What are 4 non-pharmacological Management of HLD

A

Low lipid diet ( avoid cholesterol,high fiber, high omega 3)
weightloss, exercise
decreased ETOH
close follow up

46
Q

What is the one pharmacological management of HLD

A

statins
Examples: atorvastatin (Lipitor), Rosuvastatin (Crestor), Simvastatin ( Zocor)

47
Q

What is the etiology of CAD

A

narrowing of the coronary arteries limits blood supply to the heart muscle causing ischemia

48
Q

What are risk factors for CAD

A

HTN,HLD,DM, smoking, FHx <55 y/o

49
Q

Symptoms of CAD

A

chest pain or pressure
worse with exertion
improved with rest or nitroglycerin (NTG)

50
Q

How are CAD diagnosis

A

cardiac catherization by cardiologist

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