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CLASP > Day 2 > Flashcards

Day 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is age of menarche and what is it a risk factor for?

A

Age of girl when she gets her first period - early menarche is a risk factor - indicated early onset of ovulatory cycles

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2
Q

Does high fruit and veg intake affect the risk of cancer?

A

increased fruit and veg intake decreases risk of lung cancer in smokers

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3
Q

Which nutritional supplements actually increase the risk of cancer and in which subgroup of the population?

A

beta-carotene supplements

asbestos workers and smokers - increase risk of lung cancer

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4
Q

Why does excess b-carotene increase the risk of lung cancer in these people?

A

in excess acts as a pro-oxidant - induce oxidative stress either by producing reactive oxygen species or by inhibiting antioxidant processes

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5
Q

Which cancers does alcohol increase the risk of?

A 
breast
bowel
liver
mouth/throat
oesophageal
stomach
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6
Q

Which by-product is a potential carcinogen found in toast and coffee?

A

acrylamide

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of tumour?

A

Epithelial
Mesenchymal
Haematological
Neuroectododerm

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8
Q

What defines an epithelial tumour?

A

it rests on a basement membrane

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9
Q

Outside exposure -> (which cell type?)

A

squamous epithelium

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10
Q

Skin -> ?

A

keratinising with adnexal (accessory) structures

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11
Q

Internal -> ?

A

non-keratinising

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12
Q

Give examples of where you would find non-keratinising epithelial tumours?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, ear canal, vagina, cervix, anus

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13
Q

Where would you find ciliated glandular cells?

A

trachea - pseudo stratified ciliated columnar

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14
Q

What is the specific term for epithelial malignancy?

A

carcinoma

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15
Q

Which type of malignancies are children more likely to get?

A

haematological, bone and brain

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16
Q

How is colorectal cancer spread?

A

lymphatic spread to local lymph nodes in mesentery and following its vascular supply

17
Q

Which lymph nodes would a testicular cancer spread via?

A

para-aortic lymph nodes

18
Q

What term is used for mesenchymal tumours?

A

sarcomas

19
Q

Lymphatic spread is common in sarcomas.

True/False?

A

False

very rare - if lymphatic spread present, it’s probably not a mesenchymal tumour

20
Q

What is the morphology of a mesenchymal tumour?

A

spindle-cell lesions - elongated tapered shape to cells - solid looking

21
Q

Which type of genetic mutations are sarcomas associated with?

A

specific large translocations

22
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

a tumour-like metastases in lymph nodes - swelling and classical features of a ‘tumour’

23
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

circulating malignant cells in the blood and bone marrow - no mass

24
Q

What type of malignancy does a funny distribution of lymph cell involvement indicate?

A

lymphoma

25
Q

Which cancer can involve the the liver and spleen diffusely -> organomegaly?

A

lymphoma

26
Q

A FBC of a patient with lymphoma would be high?

True/False?

A

True - cells are abnormal

False - may be low - due to marrow involvement

27
Q

What does lymphoma look like?

A

solid white mass - not pleomorphic like other tumours

28
Q

What is a melanoma?

A

Malignant tumour of the skin

29
Q

What type of tumour is a melanoma?

A

neuroectoderm

30
Q

Is a melanoma bengin?

A

no it is malignant despite -oma ending

31
Q

What are some examples of tumours which have a benign ending (oma) but are malignant?

A

hepatoma
lymphoma
sarcoma
melanoma

32
Q

What is another name for a brain tumour?

A

glioma

33
Q

What prevents a primary brain tumour from spreading?

A

blood brain barrier

34
Q

Smoking is linked with which virus as a cause of cervical cancer?

A

human papilloma virus (HIV)

35
Q

What are Weinberg Hallmarks?

A

6 principles summarising the underlying principles of cancer

36
Q

What are the 6 Hallmarks of cancer?

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
  2. Evading growth suppressors
  3. Resisting cell death (apoptosis)
  4. Replicative immortality
  5. Sustained angiogenesis
  6. Tissue invasion and metastasis

CLASP (2 decks)

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