Day 1

Question 1

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 1

An increase in cell number - occurs due to stimulus

Question 2

What happens to cell number if the hyper plastic stimulant is removed?

Answer 2

growth regresses back to norm

Question 3

Give examples of hyper plastic responses.

Answer 3

The lining of the uterus (endometrium) stimulated by hormones during periods

Liver regeneration after resection

Question 4

Smooth muscle can undergo hyperplasia.

True/False?

Answer 4

False

hypertrophy not hyperplasia

Question 5

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 5

increase in cell size

more organelles in the cytoplasm since more is being asked of the cell

Question 6

Which types of muscle undergo hypertrophy?

Answer 6

skeletal and cardiac

Question 7

Give an example of hypertrophy of cardiac muscle.

Answer 7

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Question 8

What is atropy?

Answer 8

decrease/loss in cell size ± number

Question 9

When does atropy occur?

Answer 9

when stimulus is withdrawn

Question 10

Give examples of atropy.

Answer 10

astronauts’ muscles waste since not using them

plaster cast - muscles in cast not used

Question 11

What is metaplasia?

Answer 11

Reversible change of one mature cell type to another (mature type)

Question 12

Which type of epithelium is most commonly exposed to external environment?

Answer 12

squamous

Question 13

Give detailed examples of metaplastic change.

Answer 13

Barrett’s oesophagus: oesophageal squamous -> intestinal columnar

Smoking: ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar cells of bronchus -> squamous epithelium

Question 14

Is it normal to find goblet cells in Barrett’s oesophagus?

Answer 14

Yes, they secrete mucin which tries to protect the oesophagus from acid reflux

Question 15

Keratinised epithelium is red, shiny and found on the outside of the body.
True/False?

Answer 15

True that it is outside

False it is not red and shiny, but pink and hard

Question 16

Where would you find non-keratinised epithelium?

Answer 16

the oral cavity, very end of nose

Question 17

What is neoplasia?

Answer 17

New growth (without stimulus)

Question 18

Neoplasia is not a term for cancer, but can it be malignant?

Answer 18

Yes.

Neoplasms can be benign, pre-malignant or malignant

Question 19

Give an example of a pre-malignant neoplasm

Answer 19

colorectal adenomas

Question 20

Give an example of a purely benign neoplasm

Answer 20

squamous papilloma

Question 21

Is squamous dysplasia benign or malignant?

Answer 21

It is graded according to severity - it may be benign but with dysplastic potential.

Question 22

Carcinoma in-situ is the best prognostic type of squamous dysplasia.
True/False?

Answer 22

False.

Carcinoma in-situ represents severe abnormality and is the closest to becoming full blown malignancy.

Question 23

What is the definition of a cyst?

Answer 23

An abnormal closed, epithelium-lined sac that contains liquid or a semi-solid substance.

Question 24

If a cyst is not lined with epithelium, what is it called?

Answer 24

pseudo cyst

lined by pseudo-stratified cells

Question 25

What are the 3 main causes of acute pancreatitis?

Answer 25

alcohol
idiopathic
gallstones

Question 26

What do white cysts indicate?

Answer 26

necrosis

Question 27

Why would you find white cysts on a pancreas?

Answer 27

pancreatic enzymes have auto digested the pancreatic cells

Question 28

Which area of the stomach is more likely to have a cancer?

Answer 28

lesser curvature

Question 29

“shallow, heaped up rolled edges” most likely describes which sort of change?

Answer 29

malignancy

Question 30

What are 3 cellular signs of an adenocarcinoma?

Answer 30

high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
irregular nuclear contours & pleomorphism
intracellular mucin

Question 31

What causes a signet ring shape?

Answer 31

mucin in cytoplasm pushes nucleus to side