Day 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Scope Management Plan (traditional)?
A
✓ Enables the creation of the WBS from the detailed project scope statement
✓ Establishes how the scope baseline will be approved and maintained
✓ Specifies how formal acceptance of the completed project deliverables
will be obtained.
✓ Can be formal or informal, broadly framed or highly detailed.
2
Q
What should the Scope Management Plan include?
A
✓ Should include processes to prepare a project scope statement
3
Q
What are some Scope Management Tools and Techniques?
A
- Expert judgement- internal and external experts
- Alternatives analysis- Used to evaluate identified options in order to select the options or approaches to use to execute and perform the work of the project
- Meetings- Team members help create the scope management plan
4
Q
Why are Project and Product Requirements important?
A
✓ High-level requirements might be documented in the project charter.
✓ Verify that all requirements are determined and documented.
✓ Provide the foundation for building the WBS.
5
Q
What is the Predictive Project and Product Scope?
A
✓ Predictive- The scope baseline for the project is the approved version
of the project scope statement, work breakdown structure (WBS), and associated WBS dictionary.
6
Q
What is an Agile Project and Product Scope?
A
✓ Agile - Backlogs (including product requirements and user stories)
reflect current project (stakeholder) needs.
7
Q
What do you measure the completion of the project scope against?
A
✓ Measure completion of project scope against the project management plan.
8
Q
What do you measure the completion of the product scope against?
A
✓ Measure completion of the product scope against product
requirements.
9
Q
What does a Tolerance Level enable you to do?
A
Tolerance levels enable you to effectively manage an issue without needing to escalate it every time.
10
Q
What might an area of Tolerance include?
A
Areas of tolerance might include:
✓ Budget
✓ Schedule
✓ Quality
✓ Accepted or baselined requirements, including:
- Solution – functional/non-functional
- Business and Stakeholder
- Quality
11
Q
What are Enterprise Environmental Factors (EEFs)?
A
Factors that you cannot control but still have an impact on your project; internal and external
12
Q
What are some internal Enterprise Environmental Factors (EEFs)?
A
✓ Organizational culture, structure, and governance
✓ Geographic distribution of facilities and resources
✓ Infrastructure
✓ Resource availability
✓ Employee capability
13
Q
What are some external Enterprise Environmental Factors (EEFs)?
A
✓ Marketplace conditions
✓ Social and cultural influences and issues
✓ Legal restrictions
✓ Commercial databases
✓ Academic research
✓ Government or industry standards
✓ Financial considerations
✓ Physical environmental elements
14
Q
What are Organizational Process Assets (OPAs)?
A
Processes, policies, and procedures are:
✓ Established by the project management office (PMO) or another function outside of the project.
✓ Not updated as part of project work
✓ Templates, lifecycles, and checklists can be tailored, but not updated, for a project.
15
Q
What are Organizational knowledge bases in an Organizational Process
Assets (OPAs)?
A
Organizational knowledge bases are:
✓ Updated throughout the project with project information
✓ Updated information such as financial performance, lessons learned, performance metrics and issues, and defects.
16
Q
What is meant by document analysis?
A
Derive new project requirements from existing documents such as:
✓ Business plans
✓ Service agreements
✓ Marketing materials
✓ Current process diagrams
✓ Application software documentation
17
Q
What are focus groups?
A
✓ Loosely structured, information-sharing sessions
✓ Moderator-guided, interactive
✓ Includes stakeholders and SMEs
✓ Qualitative research
18
Q
When would you use Questionnaires and Surveys?
A
Often used data gathering technique:
* With varied audiences
* When a quick turnaround is needed
* When respondents are geographically dispersed
* Where statistical analysis could be appropriate.
19
Q
What is benchmarking?
A
✓ Evaluates and compares a business’ or project’s practices with others.
✓ Identifies best practices in order to meet or exceed them.
20
Q
What are interviews used for?
A
✓ Helps to identify a stakeholder’s requirements, goals, or expectations
for a project.
✓ Use to identify/define features and functions of desired project’s deliverables.
21
Q
What is Voting in the Group Decision-Making Techniques?
A
Collective decision-making and assessment; Determines several alternatives, with future actions as the expected outcome; Use to generate, classify, and prioritize product requirements
22
Q
What is Autocratic decision making in the Group Decision-Making Techniques?
A
One team member makes the decision for the group.
23
Q
What is multicriteria decision analysis in the Group Decision-Making Techniques?
A
Method - Establish criteria in decision matrix e.g. risk levels, uncertainty, and
valuation; Uses a systematic, analytical approach; Evaluate and rank many ideas
24
Q
What are the types of voting?
A
Unanimity
Majority
Plurality
Agile Methods
25
What is the unanimity type of voting?
Everyone agrees on a single course of action; Useful in project teams with great cohesion.
Example: Delphi technique
26
What is the Majority type of voting?
Decision reached with > 50% of group support Tip: Create groups of an uneven number of participants to ensure decisions are made and tie
votes avoided.
27
What is the Plurality type of voting?
Decision reached with largest block in a group deciding, even if majority is not achieved.
Use this method when more than 2 options are nominated.
28
What is the Agile Method type of voting?
Thumbs up/down/sideways
Fist of Five
29
What is mind mapping?
✓ Mind Mapping – Consolidate ideas created through individual brainstorming sessions into a single map to reflect commonality and differences in understanding and to generate new ideas
30
What is an affinity diagram?
✓ Affinity Diagram – Allows large numbers of ideas to be classified into groups for review and analysis
31
What is a context diagram?
A context diagram outlines how external entities interact with an internal software system.
It’s primarily used to help businesses wrap their heads around the scope of a system. As a result, they can figure out how best to design a new system and its requirements or how to improve an existing system.
32
How do you document requirements?
✓ Describes how individual requirements meet project business need.
✓ Starts at a high level before providing details.
✓ Requirements need to be unambiguous (measurable and testable), traceable, complete, consistent, and acceptable to key stakeholders.
✓ Format can be simple (document listing all requirements, categorized by
stakeholder and priority) or more elaborate (executive summary, detailed
descriptions, attachments).
33
What are business requirements?
Higher-level needs of the organization e.g. business issues or opportunities, and reasons why a project has been undertaken.
34
What are stakholder requirements?
Stakeholder or stakeholder group needs. Reporting requirements.
35
What are transition and readiness requirements?
Temporary capabilities e.g. data conversion and training requirements needed to transition from the current as-is state to the desired future state.
36
What are quality requirements?
Condition or criteria needed to validate the successful completion of a project deliverable or fulfilment of other project requirements e.g. tests, certifications, validations.
37
What are project requirements?
Actions, processes, or other conditions the project needs to meet e.g. milestone dates, contractual obligations, constraints.
38
What are solutions requirements?
Describe features, functions, and characteristics of the product, service, or result that will meet the business and stakeholder requirements.
(functional and non-functional)
39
What are solutions (functional) requirements?
Functional requirements - Describe the behaviors of the product; e.g. actions, processes, data, and interactions that the product should execute.
40
What are solutions (non-functional) requirements?
Non-functional requirements - Supplement functional requirements to describe environmental conditions or qualities required for the product to be effective; e.g. reliability, security, performance, safety, level of service, supportability, retention/purge, etc.
41
What are the types of the non-functional requirements?
Availability
* How and when is the service available?
* If the service were to become unavailable, how quickly can it be restored to working?
Capacity
* What level of service performance, speed, and throughput is required?
* Given the number of stakeholders using the service, is there enough supply to meet demand?
Continuity
* If there were a disaster of some kind, how quickly could the service be recovered to support operations.
Security
* How well is the service and its information protected from security risks and threats?
* How do you guarantee the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information?
42
What is a Requirements Management Plan?
✓ Planning, tracking, and reporting information for requirements activities.
✓ Configuration management activities:
- Version control rules
- Impact analysis
- Tracing, tracking, and reporting
✓ Required authorization levels for change approval
✓ Prioritization criteria / process
✓ Product metrics and accompanying rationale
✓ Traceability structure, including requirement attributes
43
What is a requirements traceability matrix?
A requirements traceability matrix is a document that demonstrates the relationship between requirements and other artifacts. It's used to prove that requirements have been fulfilled. And it typically documents requirements, tests, test results, and issues.
Detailed business requirements
44
What are the project requirements that you need to collect?
– Scope management plan
– Requirements management plan
– Stakeholder engagement plan
– Project charter
– Stakeholder register
Use tools and techniques such as interviews, focus groups, facilitated
workshops, group creativity techniques.
45
What are scope tools and techniques?
1. Expert judgement
2. Facilitation
3. Product Analysis
4. Multi-criteria decision analysis
5. Alternatives analysis
46
How do you develop a project scope statement?
* Review:
- Scope management plan (developing, monitoring, and controlling project
scope activities)
- Project charter (high-level project description and product characteristic
and project approval requirements)
* Requirements documentation
* OPAs – templates, processes, and procedures
* Use tools and techniques to define the project scope (expert judgment,
product analysis, alternatives generation, and facilitated workshops).
* Document the project scope statement and update project documents.
47
What can a WBS include?
✓ Code of account identifier
✓ Description of work
✓ Assumptions and constraints
✓ Responsible organization
✓ Schedule milestones
✓ Associated schedule activities
✓ Resources required to complete
the work
✓ Cost estimations
✓ Quality requirements
✓ Acceptance criteria
✓ Technical references
✓ Agreement information
48
How do you plan work using a WBS?
✓ A control account has two or more work packages.
✓ A planning package may or may not be used.
✓ Each work package is part of a single control account.
✓ Identifiers provide a structure for hierarchical summation of costs,
schedule, and resource information and form a code of accounts.
49
What is a work breakdown structure (WBS)?
A work-breakdown structure in project management and systems engineering is a deliverable-oriented breakdown of a project into smaller components. A work breakdown structure is a key project deliverable that organizes the team's work into manageable sections.
50
What is a project schedule?
✓ Includes start and finish activities
✓ Uses specific dates and in a certain sequence
✓ Sets dates for project milestones
✓ Coordinates activities to ensure on-time project completion
✓ Tracks schedule performance and provides visibility of project status to upper management and project stakeholders
51
What is a benchmark?
Benchmarking is the comparison of a project schedule to another, similar
product/service schedule to provide a good “starting point” for estimation
before detailed analysis.
Benchmarks can be useful in the initial stage of scheduling to help assess the
feasibility of a project.
52
What is historical data?
Historical data can come from other projects completed within an
organization for which detailed information is available.
53
What is a schedule management plan?
Describes how activities will be defined and progressively elaborated.
Identifies a scheduling method and scheduling tool to be used.
Determines the format of the schedule. Establishes criteria for developing and controlling the project schedule.
54
What are components of a schedule management plan?
1. Accuracy of activity duration estimates
2. Project schedule model used
3. Organizational procedure links used with the WBS
4. Units of measure to be used
5. Rules of performance measurements to be used
6. Process descriptions to explain how schedule management processes
are to be documented throughout the project.
7. Reporting formats to be used
8. Control thresholds to be used for monitoring schedule performance
55
What are Schedule Management Considerations for Agile/Adaptive Environments?
Consider developing project roadmap.
Schedule individual activities iteratively.
Choose an iterative approach:
✓ Iterative scheduling with backlog
✓ On-demand scheduling
56
What are project activities?
An activity is a component of a decomposed work package.
- Activities are not the same as work packages or ‘tasks’.
A work package is the lowest level of the WBS.
A task refers to project management software.
57
What is a milestone list?
A milestone list identifies all project milestones and indicates whether the milestone is mandatory, such as those required by contract,
or optional, such as those based on historical information.
Milestones have zero duration because they represent a significant point or event.
58
What is a milestone chart?
✓ Provides the summary level view of a project’s milestones.
✓ Uses icons or symbols.
✓ Useful for upper management who only require an overview.
59
What is an activity dependency?
Relationship indicates whether the start of an activity is contingent on an
event or input from outside the activity.
Activity dependencies determine the precedence relationships.
60
What are the different types of activity dependencies?
Mandatory
Discretionary
External
Internal
61
What are precedence relationships?
Precedence relationships express a logical dependency in precedence
diagramming methods.
It is a logical relationship between activities that describes what the activity
sequence should look like.
Precedence relationships are always assigned to activities based on the
dependencies of each activity:
✓ Predecessor activity drives the relationship; most often, it occurs first.
✓ Successor activity is driven by the relationship.
62
The project team is reviewing the requirements documentation
that they are responsible for working on. Which project artifact
can they reference to see the connection between the
requirements and the business and project objective?
Requirements traceability matrix
63
Months into the project, work on a planning package needs to be
further broken down and scheduled. Which of the following
should be done by the project team?
Update the WBS dictionary as the planning package is converted to work packages.
64
Which is the best elicitation technique to use when your project
team wants to facilitate a discussion with a certain set of users to
get a better understanding of how they might use your project’s
product?
Focus group
65
What is an Activity Duration Estimate?
The quantitative assessment of the likely number of time periods that are required to complete an activity.
66
What does elapsed time mean?
The actual calendar time required for an activity from start to finish.
67
What does effort mean in activity duration estimates?
The number of labor units required to complete a scheduled activity or WBS component, often expressed in hours, days, or weeks. Contrast with duration.
68
What are some considerations to make for an estimate activity duration?
* Involve the work package owners or those familiar with the work of the
activity.
* Consult lessons learned and historical information.
* Review the schedule management plan.
* Determine how you want to quantify the work that needs to be done.
* Consider resource requirements and capabilities.
* Review the resource requirements for each activity.
* Check the resource calendars for resource availability.
* Consider interactions with other projects or operations.
* Review the project scope statement for assumptions and constraints.
* Review the risk register for risks that may affect resource estimation.
* Review the resource breakdown structure.
* Document the activity duration estimates.
69
What type of schedules can you use for your project?
✓ Gantt Chart
✓ Milestone Chart
✓ Project Schedule Network Diagram with Dates
✓ Roadmap
✓ Task board
✓ Kanban board
✓ Burndown chart
69
What is a Gantt Chart?
View of schedule; easy to follow
✓ Start and end dates, duration, and order
✓ Precedence relationships
✓ Percentage completion and actual progress
✓ Presentation of project status to the team and management
70
What is a Network Diagram?
Project schedule can be shown with or without dependencies.
Network diagrams have clear advantages, they assign start and finish dates to activities and show the interrelationship of activities with arrows.
Further benefits:
✓ Clear visual of project progress, workflow, and interdependencies of
activities.
✓ Justification of time estimate for the project.
✓ Planning and organizational aid.
✓ Schedule compression opportunities are more easily identifiable.
71
What is the critical path method?
* Sequence activities to represent the longest path through a project
* Goal is to determine the shortest possible project duration.
* Use early start (ES); early finish (EF); late start (LS); and late finish (LF) dates for all activities.
* Do not factor in resource limitation.
72
What is float?
Float is the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start date without delaying the project finish date or consecutive activities.
73
What is Total Float?
Total float is the amount of time that a schedule activity can be delayed or
extended from its early start date without delaying the project finish date or
violating a schedule constraint.
74
What is Free Float?
Free float is the amount of time that a scheduled activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any successor or violating a schedule constraint.
75
How do you traditionally measure project progress?
✓ Monitoring project status to update the schedule.
✓ Managing changes to schedule baseline.
76
How do you measure project progress in agile?
✓ Comparing the total amount of work delivered and accepted to the amount estimated for the current time period.
✓ Reviewing completed work in regular Sprint demos.
✓ Conducting scheduled reviews to record lessons learned (or retrospectives).
✓ Determining the rate at which deliverables are produced, validated, and accepted.
77
What is levelling?
* Adjusts the activities of a schedule model to keep resource requirements within predefined resource limits and within free and total floats.
* Does not change the critical or delay the completion date.
* This method may not be able to optimize all resources.
78
What is schedule crashing?
* Shortens schedule duration for the least incremental cost by adding resources e.g. overtime, additional resources
* Works only for activities on the critical path
* Does not always produce a viable alternative and may result in increased
risk and/or cost.
79
What is schedule fast-tracking?
* Perform activities in parallel to reduce time
* May result in rework, increased risk, and increased cost
80
What is meant by cost estimates?
Develop an approximation of the cost for each activity in a project.
Use logical estimates to provide a basis for making sound decisions and they
establish baselines.
81
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using analogous estimating?
Can ensure no work is inadvertently omitted from work estimates.
Can sometimes be difficult for lower-level managers to apportion cost estimates.
82
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using parametric estimating?
Not time consuming; estimating project schedule
May be inaccurate, depending on the integrity of the historical information.
83
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using bottom-up estimating?
Is very accurate and gives lower-level managers more responsibility.
May be very time consuming; Can be used only after the WBS has been well-defined.
84
What are some common estimate types?
Definitive estimate, rough order and magnitude, and phased estimate
85
What is the project governance and what is the purpose?
✓ Budget management is a critical project oversight and within the purview of project governance.
✓ Deviations in budget, scope, schedule, resources or quality, will impact the
project.
✓ Project governance tells you whom these issues would impact and how
to deal with them.
✓ Tailor cost estimation approach to phases of the project life cycle.
86
Which are some examples of internal and external standards that must comply with the project?
✓ Appropriate government regulations
✓ Corporate policies
✓ Product and project quality
✓ Project risk
87
The Project Compliance Plan is a sub-plan of the project management plan. What do you do in this plan?
✓ Classify compliance categories
✓ Determine potential threats to compliance
✓ Analyze the consequences of noncompliance
✓ Determine necessary approach and action to address compliance needs
88
What is a lessons learned register?
✓ Use during and after projects.
✓ Start with budgets from previous, similar projects.
✓ They contain valuable cost-estimating information - both successes and shortcomings.
89
What are some considerations when estimating costs?
* Gather estimates for individual work packages.
* Check with the resource supplier to validate assumptions.
* Choose a suitable estimating technique according to context.
* Look for alternative costing options.
* Determine which units of measure to use.
* Consider impact of risks on cost.
* Ensure that cost estimates are assigned to the right account.
* Ensure estimates include resource costs, level of estimate, and a list of assumptions.
90
What are some considerations when estimating budget?
* Aggregate the estimated costs of individual activities or work packages to
establish an authorized cost baseline.
* Ensure budget contains funding needed to complete the project as defined
in the scope baseline and the project schedule.
* Measure project cost performance against this cost baseline
90
What are some considerations when estimating budget?
* Aggregate the estimated costs of individual activities or work packages to
establish an authorized cost baseline.
* Ensure budget contains funding needed to complete the project as defined
in the scope baseline and the project schedule.
* Measure project cost performance against this cost baseline
91
What is cost baseline?
Can be changed only through formal change control procedures and is the
basis for comparison to actual results.
Cost baseline:
✓ Monitors and measures cost performance
✓ Includes a budget contingency
✓ Is tailored for each project
Other components of the project budget are depicted at right.
92
What are budget challenges?
✓ Ideally, budget is set during project planning and does not change.
✓ However, the following changes can pose a challenge:
− New/changed project requirements.
− New risks, or changes to the probabilities or impacts of existing risks.
− Changes to cost estimates resulting from economic factors, procurement
contract modifications, resource costs, etc.
93
What should be your response to budget challenges?
When changes or challenges occur, you must tailor:
✓ Budget or funding
✓ Cost
✓ Schedule
✓ Scope
If the budget remains fixed and additional funds are not available, then the project must change.
94
What is the purpose of a funding limit?
✓ Funding limits help regulate the outgoing capital flow to protect against
overspending.
✓ Most budgets assume steady incoming and outgoing flows.
✓ Large, sporadic expenditures are usually incompatible with organizational
operations.
95
How can you anticipate future budget challenges?
* Keep the stakeholder register current and be aware of changes to project
requirements if new stakeholders are added to the project.
* Monitor risks frequently to look for new risks and changes to existing ones.
* Monitor the performance of suppliers and vendors.
* Monitor all changes to the project and follow the Change Management
System to try to keep them within budget.
96
What are standards in a project?
Documents established as a model by an authority, custom, or by general consent.
97
What are regulations in a project?
These requirements can establish product, process, or service characteristics, including applicable administrative provisions that have government-mandated compliance.
98
What are De facto regulations in a project?
Regulations that are widely accepted and adopted through use.
99
What are De jure regulations in a project?
Regulations that are mandated by law or have been approved by a recognized body of experts.
100
What are ISO 9000 Series in a project?
A quality system standard that can be applied to any product, service, or process in the world.
101
What are verified deliverables?
✓ Project team verifies deliverables based on quality standards and requirements
✓ The verified deliverables are presented to and accepted (or validated) by the customer –resulting in accepted deliverables.
✓ Measure products and outputs against the project’s quality standards.
✓ Implement corrections and controls when quality standards are neither met nor within acceptable ranges.
102
What is the quality management plan?
✓ Describes the activities and resources necessary for the project management team to achieve the quality objectives.
✓ May be formal or informal, detailed, or broadly framed. Style and detail are determined by project requirements.
✓ Review the quality management plan early in the project.
✓ Benefits:
− Decisions based on accurate information
− Sharper focus on the project’s value proposition
− Cost reductions
− Mitigate schedule overruns from rework
103
What is Cost of Quality (CoQ)?
CoQ is all costs incurred over the life of the product by investment in
preventing nonconformance to requirements, appraisal of the product
or service for conformance to requirements, and failure to meet requirements.
104
What is cost of conformance?
Prevention costs and appraisal costs; money spent during the project to avoid failures
105
What is cost of nonconformance?
Internal/external failure costs; money spent during and after the project because of failures
106
What are quality metrics?
A description of a project or product attribute and how to measure it.
107
What is tolerance in quality metrics?
The quantified description of acceptable variation for a quality requirement.
108
What is a quality audit?
✓ Improves quality performance of a project.
✓ Can be conducted at scheduled or random intervals.
✓ Topics include:
− Quality management policy
− Collection and use of information
− Analytical methods
− Cost of quality
− Quality process design
109
What are some considerations to make when you manage quality in a project?
* Ensure that random and/or scheduled quality audits are conducted by
qualified auditors.
* Use one or more of the quality assurances tools and techniques to determine the causes of quality problems of the project’s product, service, systems, or processes.
* Identify and implement the appropriate actions to take to increase the
effectiveness and efficiency of the project team’s work results.
110
What are some quality control tools?
Data Gathering
* Checklists/Check Sheets
* Statistical Sampling
* Questionnaires and Surveys
Data Analysis
* Performance Reviews
* Root Cause Analysis
Data Representation
* Cause-and-Effect Diagram
* Control Charts
* Histograms
* Scatter Diagrams
111
When data gathering, what are Questionnaires and Surveys?
* Written set of questions, quickly accumulates information from a large number of respondents.
* Useful for varied audiences, for quick turnaround, or geographical dispersion of respondents
112
When data gathering, what are Checklists?
* Check Sheets; A structured tool, usually component-specific
* Verifies performance of required steps or completion of requirements
* Used to organize facts to facilitate data collection about a potential quality problem
* Useful for gathering attribute data while performing inspections for defects.
113
When data gathering, what is statistical sampling?
* Choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.
* Determine characteristics of an entire population based on measurement of representative sample.
114
In data analysis, what are performance reviews?
Technique that is used to measure, compare, and analyze actual performance of work in progress on the project against the baseline.
* Critical chain method
* Earned value management
* Trend analysis
* Critical path method
115
In data analysis, what is Root Cause Analysis?
Analytical technique used to determine the basic underlying reason that causes a variance, defect, or a risk.
* Using gathered data, identify the cause of the problem.
* Goal is to pinpoint the exact cause.
* Follow issue back to the initial trigger.
* Use RCA tools - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), a fishbone diagram, a Pareto chart, a scatter diagram
116
What is a Cause and Effect Diagram?
Fishbone diagrams, why-why diagrams, or Ishikawa diagrams
Breaks down the causes of the problem statement identified into discrete branches, helping to identify the main or root cause of the problem.
117
What is a Scatter Diagram?
✓ A graph that shows the relationship between two variables.
✓ Demonstrates a relationship between any element of a process, environment, or activity on one axis and a quality defect on the other axis.
118
What is a Control Chart?
✓ A graphic display of project data against established control limits to reflect both the maximum and minimum values.
✓ Gives visibility to where corrective actions can prevent further problems.
✓ Ideal for repetitive processes with predictable results.
119
What is a Pareto Chart?
✓ A histogram used to rank causes of problems in a hierarchical format.
✓ Use to help determine the most frequent defects, complaints, or other factors that affect quality.
✓ Demonstrates the frequency of occurrence
✓ Analyzes data sets related to a specific problem or issue.
✓ Does not define the root cause of a problem.
120
What is the process to create a project budget?
Combine all individual activity cost estimates and aggregate them for the entire project. Submit this to the sponsor and modify it if necessary. The agreed-upon final cost estimate is the budget.
121
Which of the following is the correct definition of the critical path?
The critical path is the longest path through the network diagram which represents the shortest time in which the project can be completed
