Day 1.1.1 Flashcards
Cingulum aka
Linguocervical ridge
What is the cingulum
Lingual lobe of an anterior tooth
Where is cingulum located
It makes up the bulk of the cervical third of the lingual surface
Teeth with centrally located cingulum
- Maxillary Lateral incisor
- Maxillary Canine
- Mandibular central incisor
Tooth numbers of teeth with centrally located cingulum
6, 7, 10, 11, 24, 25.
Teeth with cingulum located off-centre to the distal
- Maxillary Central Incisor
- Mandibular Lateral Incisor
- Mandibular Canine
Total number of cingula in each dentition
12
Characteristics common to all mandibular anteriors
- Indistinct Cingula
- Smooth lingual anatomy
- No lingual grooves or pits
- Incisal edges lingual to root axis line
- Facial convexity - continuous incisoapically
Which anterior teeth have a continuous convexity from incisal edge to apex?
Mandibular anteriors
How many teeth do mandibular central incisors occlude with?
One - Maxillary central incisor
In how many planes is the occlusion of mandibular central incisors measured?
Three -
- Centric
- Protrusive
- Lateral protrusive
On which aspect of the central incisors is the alveolar process thinnest?
Facial
Is local infiltration effective for anaesthetising central incisors? Why (not)?
Yes, because of the thinness of the alveolar process facial to the central incisors
Which teeth in the mouth exhibit labial ridges?
Canines (lower and upper)
6, 11, 22, 27.
Which proximal aspect of the anterior teeth shows greater CEJ curvature?
Mesial.
What is the most reliable way to distinguish between mandibular central and lateral incisor?
In facial view, the mandibular lateral incisor (23, 26) crown tips slightly to the distal relative to the root.
Between 24 and 23, whose crown is larger mesiodistally?
23
Between 25 and 23, which one is more bilaterally symmetrical?
25
On which one out of 26 and 24 is the cingulum placed slightly distal to the centre?
26
In 24, which marginal ridge is longer?
Neither. They are the same length.
In 23, is the mesial marginal ridge shorter than the distal marginal ridge?
No. Vice versa.
Are all proximal contacts at the same level for mandibular incisors?
No. 23 and 26 have distal proximal contacts more apical than mesial contacts.
24 and 25 have contacts at the same level
Among all the mandibular incisors, which proximal contact is the most apical?
Laterals (23, 26)
Which incisal angles are the most rounded in mandibular incisors?
Distoincisal angles of laterals
Between the lingual and facial cervical lines of mandibular incisors, which one is positioned more apically?
Lingual
What is the shape of the proximal aspects of anterior teeth?
Triangle
Name all triangular aspects in the oral cavity
All anterior teeth - proximal aspects
Name all rhomboids in the oral cavity
Mandibular posteriors - proximal aspects
Name all Trapezoids with their longest side on the occlusal, in the oral cavity
All anteriors - facial aspect
All posteriors - facial aspect
Name all trapezoids with their shortest side occlusal, in the oral cavity
All maxillary posteriors - proximal aspects
What is the basic shape of the cross section of the pulp canal in mandibular incisors?
Elliptical
Which one has a larger root, 24 or 23?
23 (in all dimensions)
Which incisal edge is straighter, 25 or 23?
25
Which part of the incisal edge is curved on 23 and 26?
Distal
What is different about the incisal edge of the mandibular lateral when compared to the mandibular central?
It is slightly curved and rotated on the distal
which is the only anterior tooth in which distoincisal angle is as sharp as mesioincisal angle?
mandibular central incisor
What speech sounds do anterior teeth play a role in
v
f
th
What is the axial inclination of the anterior teeth when viewed from the sagittal plane
facially inclined
which aspects of incisors have proximal contacts in incisal third?
mesial of 8, 9
all contacts of lower incisors
What aspects of incisors have contacts at junction?
Distal of 8, 9
mesial of 7, 10
What is the only aspect of incisors that has contacts in middle third?
Distal of 7, 10
Where is the pulp cavity widest in maxillary central?
cervical level
Outline of pulp chamber of 8, 9 in young individuals?
triangle with base labially placed
Shape of pulp chamber of 8, 9 in old individuals
more round or crescent shaped due to secondary dentin deposition
Which one is bigger, young or old pulp chamber in 8, 9?
Young
Anterior tooth that has contacts in both anterior and posterior segments of opposite arch, at MIP.
Maxillary canine
MIP?
Maximum intercuspation
Does maxillary canine have contact on cusp tip?
no
Where does the maxillary canine fall in MIP?
The facial embrasure between the mandibular canine and first premolar
Contact points of 6, 11
Mesial - junction
Distal - middle third
IS the 6 wider faciolingually or cervicoincisally?
faciolinguallly
Are mesial and distal halves of 6 symmetric?
Yes
Where is cusp tip of 11 placed relative to root axis line?
labial or at
What is the CEJ curvature of 6?
2.5mm mesial
Contour height of 11
facial / lingual - 0.5mm both in cervical third
How to differentiate between right and left upper canine
distal surface is fuller and more convex than the mesial surface
is the curvature of cervical line uniform in 6?
no - mesial is greater than distal
Is curvature of mesial surface same as distal in 11?
No mesial is straighter
Are cusp ridges uniform in 6?
No distal is longer
Are contact points in 10 at the same level?
No.
What is the difference between labiolingual and mesiodistal aspects of 6
It’s thicker Labiolingually
Position of cusp tip relative to central long axis of 6
Labial and mesial to central long axis
Which contact of 11 is placed more cervical?
Distal
In what direction, if at all, will the apical third of the root curve in 11?
Distal
What lies mesial and distal to labial ridge?
Developmental depressions - shallow
Which labial ridges are more pronounced? 6, 11 or 22, 27?
6, 11
Which are the only cusped teeth that feature a functional lingual surface rather than occlusal surface?
Canines
Which surface of the canines is functional?
Lingual
Describe the shape of the distal portion of facial surface of 6
Middle third - convex
Cervical third - concave
Is cervical line visible from incisal view in 11?
No because of convexity of crown
When do maxillary canines erupt?
Between 11, 12 years of age
After which teeth do 6 and 11 erupt?
Premolars
When do Mandibular canines erupt?
Between 9 and 10 years of age
Which canines erupt first?
Mandibular
Do premolars erupt before or after canines?
Before Maxillary canines, after mandibular canines
Teeth that erupt between 6 - 7 years of age
Mandibular centrals - 24, 25
Maxillary and mandibular first molars
Teeth that erupt between 7-8 years of age
Maxillary centrals, Mandibular laterals
Teeth that erupt between 8-9 years of age
Maxillary laterals
Teeth that erupt between 9-10 years of age
Mandibular canines
Teeth that erupt between 10-11 years of age
Maxillary first premolars
Teeth that erupt between 10-12 years of age
Maxillary second premolars
Mandibular first premolars
Teeth that erupt between 11-12 years of age
Maxillary canines
Mandibular second premolars
Teeth that erupt between 11-13 years of age
Mandibular second molar
Teeth that erupt between 12-13 years of age
Maxillary second molar
Teeth that erupt around 17-21 years of age
All third molars
Which one has more pronounced cingulum, 6 or 27?
6
Which one is wider mesiodistally, 6 or 22?
6
Which one has a more straight mesial border (viewed facially), 11 or 22?
22
Which one has more incisally placed contacts, 11 or 27?
27
Cusp tip position of mandibular canine
Displaced lingually
Which cingulum is more pronounced - 6 or 27?
6
Which one has a distally displaced cingulum, 11 or 27
27
Longest cusp ridge on permanent canines
Distal
Most prominent labial ridge on permanent canines
Middle
Which third is the distal contact of 27 in?
Middle third
Which third is the mesial contact of 22 in?
Incisal third
From mesial aspect, which one is longer, 6 or 27?
- Also narrower
In 27 is lingual surface bulbous?
No. flat.
How are marginal ridges on 22 and 27?
Parallel or slightly converging
Describe lingual pits and grooves in 27
None
Which one is more symmetrical 6 or 27? (Incisal aspect)
27
What is a peculiar characteristic of cusp ridges of mandibular canines?
Distal cusp ridge is rotated
CEJ curvature of 27
1 mm distal
Contour height of 22
< 0.5mm
Where is contour height of 27 located facially or lingually?
Both - cervical third
Which is the longest tooth in the mouth?
Maxillary canine
Which dimension of canines is greater - faciolingual or mesiodistal?
Faciolingual
Which permanent tooth has the longest crown?
Mandibular canine
Which surface of 27 is parallel with the long axis of the tooth?
Mesial (nearly)
Enumerate all nonsuccedaneous teeth
Permanent first, second and third molars
What are nonsuccedaneous teeth
Teeth that do not move into a position formerly occupied by a primary tooth
What primary teeth are visible at age 1 year?
Maxillary and mandibular incisors
Which teeth erupt at 6-10 months age?
Mandibular centrals
Which teeth erupt at 8-12 months of age?
Maxillary centrals
Which teeth erupt at 9-13 months of age?
Maxillary laterals
Which teeth erupt at 10-16 months of age?
Mandibular laterals
Which teeth erupt at 13-19 months of age?
Maxillary first molar
Which teeth erupt at 14-18 months of age?
Mandibular first molar
Which teeth erupt at 16-22 months of age?
Maxillary canines
Which teeth erupt at 17-23 months of age?
Mandibular canines
Which teeth erupt at 23-31 months of age?
Mandibular second molars
Which teeth erupt at 25-33 months of age?
Maxillary second molars
Which teeth shed at 6-7 years of age?
Maxillary and mandibular centrals
Which teeth shed at 7-8 years of age?
Maxillary and mandibular laterals
Which teeth shed at 9-11 years of age?
Maxillary and mandibular first molars
Which teeth shed at 9-12 years of age?
Mandibular canines
Which teeth shed at 10-12 years of age?
Maxillary canines
Maxillary and mandibular second molars
By when is the calcification of roots normally completed?
Age of 3-4
At what stage of root formation does active eruption of teeth occur?
After two thirds of the root is formed.
List reducing sugars
Lactose Maltose Glucose Galactose Fructose
What kind of carbon do reducing sugars contain?
Free anomeric carbon
What is an anomeric carbon in reducing sugars?
Oxygen on C1 Atom is available for redox reaction
What is the anomeric carbon in reducing sugars called?
Carbonyl group
When is the carbonyl group on reducing sugars active?
When it is not attached to any other structure.
The carbonyl on which kind of sugars has reducing properties?
Monosaccharides.
When are the reducing properties of the carbonyl group lost?
When it forms a glycosidic bond
Reducing sugar test
Classically used to screen for diabetes due to excess free glucose in blood
What kinds of reactions are used to test for diabetes today?
Glucose oxidase linked reactions
Which sugar contains no free anomeric carbon?
Sucrose
Why does sucrose not contain free anomeric carbon?
Because the reducing groups of both glucose and fructose are involved in the glycosidic bond
How do monosaccharides combine into larger molecules?
They form glycosidic bonds
How do glycosidic bonds form?
Hydroxyl group of anomeric carbon of monosaccharide reacts with -OH or -NH group of another compound
What are te typical compounds that monosaccharides combine with to form glycosidic bonds?
- Alcohol
- Purine
- Pyrimidine
- Another sugar
Glucosuria
Presence of glucose in urine
Causes of glucosuria
Low insulin
High blood sugar
Impaired tubular reabsorption
High GFR
Threshold for glucosuria
160-180 mg/d
Glycosidic bond aka
Glycosidic linkage
What is a glycosidic bond
Two bond link between the rings in an oligosacharide or polysaccharide
Name a glycosaminoglycan functioning in synovial fluid
Hyaluronate
Glycoproteins
- Conjugated proteins
- Contain one or more saccharides lacking a serial repeating unit
- Covalently bound to a protein
What is the difference between proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans?
Carbohydrate chains of proteoglycans are called glycosaminoglycans
How are GAG chains incorporated in proteoglycans?
GAG chains are linked covalently to a protein core
How many distinct classes of proteoglycans?
6
Name the 6 classes of proteoglycans
- Chondroitin sulphate
- Dermatan sulphate
- Keratan sulfate
- Heparan sulfate
- Heparin
- Hyaluronate
What % of carbohydrates do Proteoglycans contain?
95%
What kind of glycoproteins resemble carbohydrates more than they do proteins?
Proteoglycans
Which type of proteoglycan is different from the others and how?
Hyaluronate -
- Not sulfated
- Not covalently attached to protein
Features common to all GAGs
- long unbranched heteropolysaccharides
- Largely made up of disaccharide repeating units
- Contain hexosamine and a uronic acid
Common components of GAGs
Sulfate groups
How are sulfate groups linked to monosaccharides
Ester bonds
How are sulfate groups linked to Glucosamine
Amide bonds to the amino group of glucosamine
Why are GAGs highly charged
- Carboxyls of uronic acids
- Sulfate groups
Function of GAGs in connective tissue
- Lubricants
- Support elements
What components of GAGs are important in their roles in connective tissue
- Electrical charge
- Macromolecular structure
What part of cellular structure do GAGs inhabit
Extracellular matrices and cell surfaces
On a cellular level what is the function of GAGs
They participate in
- Cell adhesion
- Signaling
Where will you find Hyaluronate
- Synovial fluid
- Vitreous humor
- ECM of loose connective tissue
What are the distinguishing characteristics of Hyaluronate?
- Large polymers
- Shock absorbing
What kind of GAG do you find in cartilage?
Chondroitin sulfate
What are all the locations where you find Chondroitin sulfate?
Cartilage
Bone
Heart Valves
What is the most abundant GAG?
Chondroitin sulfate
What kind of GAG do you find in bone?
Chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate
What kind of GAG do you find in Skin?
Dermatan sulfate
What kind of GAG do you find in heart valves?
Chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate
What kind of GAG do you find in vitreous humor?
Hyaluronate
What kind of GAG do you find in Basement membranes?
Heparan sulfate
What kind of GAG do you find in cornea?
Keratan sulfate
What kind of GAG do you find in cartilage aggregated with chondroitin sulfates?
Keratan sulfate
What is the most heterogenous GAG?
Keratan sulfate
What GAG serves as an anticoagulant?
Heparin
Which one is more sulfated – heparin or heparan sulfate?
Heparin
Where do you find heparin?
It is a component of intracellular granules of mast cells lining the arteries of the lungs, liver and skin
What GAG is shock absorbing?
Hyaluronate
What kind of GAG do you find in ECM of loose connective tissue?
Hyaluronate
Which GAG is a component of cell surfaces?
Heparan sulfate
What does heparan sulfate contain more of than heparin?
Acetylated glucosamine
Where do you find heparin?
It is ta component of intracellular granules of mast cells lining the arteries of the lungs, liver and skin
What kind of GAG do you find in blood vessels?
Dermatan sulfate
What kind of bond is between glucose and fructose?
O-glycosidic bond
Where is the bond between glucose and fructose broken?
Intestine
What intestinal enzyme breaks down the bond between glucose and fructose?
Sucrase
What is the sugar formed due to the conjugation of glucose and fructose?
Sucrose
