DAY 1 YARN Flashcards
Which type of colloid is whipped cream?
A. sol
B. aerosol
C. foam
D. emulsion
C. foam
What is the orbital angular momentum quantum number of the electron that is most easily removed when ground-state chlorine is ionized?
A 3
B. 2
C. 1
D. 0
C. 1
What is the Balmer series limit?
A. 122 nm
B. 365 nm
C. 477 nm
D. 656 nm
B. 365 nm
The Balmer series limit corresponds to the shortest possible wavelength, which occurs when an electron transitions from infinity (n = ∞) to n = 2.
Which is the largest?
A. Sulfide
B. Chloride
C. Argon
D. Potassium ion
A. Sulfide
Sulfide (S²⁻): When sulfur gains two electrons to become a sulfide ion, its size increases significantly because of electron-electron repulsion in the outer shell.
Chloride (Cl⁻): When chlorine gains one electron to form a chloride ion, its size also increases, but not as much as the sulfide ion because it only gains one electron.
Argon (Ar): Argon is a neutral noble gas with a relatively small atomic radius because it has a full outer shell and no electron-electron repulsion.
Potassium ion (K⁺): When potassium loses one electron to become a 𝐾+ ion, its size shrinks significantly, as it loses its entire outer shell.
Which of the following is isoelectronic with azide ion?
A. NO2-
B. CO2
C. SO2
D. O3
B. CO2
Azide= N3^-
Each nitrogen atom contributes 7 electrons, so
3×7=21 electrons.
The negative charge (−1) adds 1 electron, so the total becomes 22 electrons.
CO2 = 6 +2(8) = 22 electrons
Atomic number = no of electrons (except for ions) = no of protons
What is the molecular geometry of bromine trifluoride?
A. trigonal planar
B. trigonal pyramidal
C. t-shaped
D. trigonal bipyramidal
C. t-shaped
What is the electron pair geometry of sulfur tetrafluoride?
A. tetrahedral
B.see-saw
C. square planar
D. trigonal bipyramidal
D. trigonal bipyramidal
What is the bond order of the C-O bond in the carbonate ion?
A. 1
B 1.33
C 1.5
D. 2
B 1.33
It is the sum of the average mass of atoms in an ionic compound.
A. atomic mass
B. molar mass
C. formula mass
D. molecular mass
C. formula mass
Which can be reacted to magnesium to form magnesium nitride.
A. ammonia
B. sodium nitrate
C. hydrazine
D. none of these
A. ammonia
Ammonia (NH₃) can react with magnesium to form magnesium nitride (Mg₃N₂). The reaction can be represented as:
3Mg +N2→Mg3N2
However, ammonia can provide nitrogen in the presence of magnesium under certain conditions.
It has been observed that there are more dead fish in a lake in summer compared to the colder season. Which of the following best explains the situation?
A. More food is dissolved in the lake during warmer season
B. More food is dissolved in the lake during colder season
C. Less oxygen is dissolved in the lake during warmer season
D. Less oxygen is dissolved in the lake during colder season
C. Less oxygen is dissolved in the lake during warmer season
The solubility of gases in liquids generally decreases with increasing temperature. As the temperature of water rises, the kinetic energy of water molecules increases, causing gas molecules (like oxygen) to escape more easily from the water.
In the equilibrium reaction above, the [Co(H2O)]2* exhibits pink color, while [CoCl1]2 exhibits blue color. Which of the following is true?
A. Upon heating, the purple solution turned blue, therefore the reaction is exothermic.
B. Upon heating, the purple solution turns blue, therefore the reaction is endothermic.
C. Upon cooling, the purple solution turns pink, therefore the reaction is exothermic.
D. Upon cooling, the purple solution turned blue, therefore the reaction is endothermic
B. Upon heating, the purple solution turns blue, therefore the reaction is endothermic.
When you heat the solution and it turns blue, this means that the reaction is shifting to produce more of the blue species ([CoCl₄]²⁻). According to Le Chatelier’s principle, if heating causes the reaction to shift to the right (producing more blue), it indicates that the forward reaction absorbs heat — meaning the reaction is endothermic.
Carbon-14 most likely decays into
A. C-12
B. N-14
C. C-13
D. N-15
B. N-14
Carbon-14 undergoes beta decay, where one of its neutrons is converted into a proton, emitting an electron (beta particle) in the process. As a result, the element changes from carbon to nitrogen.
- Uranium-235 is one of the most common fuels used in nuclear power plants. On the other hand, Uranium-238 cannot be used as a fuel in a nuclear power plant. Which of the following best explains why Uranium-238 cannot be used as a fuel?
A. Uranium-238 does not undergo radioactive decay.
B. Uranium-238 does not undergo fission easily enough to be used as a fuel.
C. There is not enough Uranium-238 in naturally occurring uranium to use it as a fuel.
D. Uranium-238 is not a naturally occurring isotope of uranium.
B. Uranium-238 does not undergo fission easily enough to be used as a fuel.
Uranium-235 readily undergoes fission when bombarded with thermal neutrons, releasing large amounts of energy. However, Uranium-238 does not undergo fission under the same conditions because it is much more stable and requires fast neutrons to fission, which are harder to control in nuclear reactors.
What is the oxidation state of chromium in dichromic acid?
A. +2
B. +3
C. +6
D. +12
C. +6
In the reaction: 6 Na2S2O3 + 3I2→3 Na2S406 +6 Nal, which of the following is the reducing agent?
A. I
B. S
C. I2
D. Na2S2O3
D. Na2S2O3
Which of the following material/s is/are used in rechargeable batteries?
A. zinc-carbon
B. silver oxide
C nickel-cadmium
D. none of the above
C nickel-cadmium
Which of the following effuses almost four times slower than hydrogen?
A. helium
B. chlorine
C. ethane
D. water vapor
C. ethane
A mole of which gas has the smallest volume at 0°C and 1 atm?
A. He
B. CO2
C. SO2
D. Xe
C. SO2
At 0°C and 1 atm, one mole of any ideal gas occupies about 22.4 liters. However, real gases can behave differently.
He (Helium): Ideal behavior, weak forces.
CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide): Heavier, but still close to ideal.
SO₂ (Sulfur Dioxide): Stronger forces, behaves less ideally.
Xe (Xenon): Heavy noble gas, behaves similarly to He.
SO₂ has the strongest intermolecular forces, so it will occupy a smaller volume than the others.
Given that dU = TdS - PdV and that H = U + PV, which of the following is TRUE?
A. dH = TdS + VdP
B. dH = S&T - VdP
C. dH = dU + PdV
D. dH = dU TdS
A. dH = TdS + VdP
At constant T and P, a system will be in equilibrium when which of the following quantities is at minimum?
A. W
B. H
C. A
D. G
D. G
At constant temperature and pressure, the Gibbs free energy (G) is a measure of the maximum reversible work that can be performed by a thermodynamic system.
Spontaneity: A reaction happens naturally if it lowers Gibbs free energy (G). If G is at a minimum, small changes will make it go up, meaning the system is stable.
Equilibrium Condition: At equilibrium, reactions go forward and backward at the same rate. This balance happens when G is at its lowest.
Thermodynamic Stability: When G is minimized, the system is stable and won’t change on its own unless something disrupts it.
The Helmholtz free energy is positive when changes in internal energy and entropy are both positive at
A. high temperatures
B. low temperatures
C. all temperatures
D. only at absolute zero temperature
B. low temperatures
Liquid water is injected into an oven at 400 K. What are the signs of AG, AH, and AS of the process?
A. +, + +
B. - - -
C. - + +
D. +, -, +
C. - + +
Which of the following is TRUE at extremely high temperatures?
A. The chemical potential of solid, liquid, and gas are all equal.
B. The chemical potential of the gas is the lowest.
C. Solid is the most stable phase
D. None of the above.
B. The chemical potential of the gas is the lowest.
What will happen if liquid water is immediately transferred in a vacuum container?
A. It will freeze.
B. Nothing will happen.
C. It will decompose
D. It will vaporize.
D. It will vaporize.
It means “easily melted”.
A. azeotrope
B. eutectic
C. peritectic
D. plait
B. eutectic
A eutectic mixture is a combination of substances that has a lower melting point than any of the individual components, allowing it to melt easily.
Azeotrope:
A mixture of two or more liquids that has a constant boiling point and composition throughout the distillation process.
Peritectic:
A reaction in which a solid and a liquid phase combine upon cooling to form a different solid phase.
A plait point refers to a specific point on a phase diagram that indicates the composition at which two phases (typically liquid and vapor) are in equilibrium.
EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
This law regulates the use and disposal of chemical substances that present unreasonable risk to health and the environment in the Philippines.
A. RA 11898
B. RA 9003
C. RA 6969
D. RA 9275
C. RA 6969
The following are primary parameters monitored based on DAO 2016-08 except
A. Sulfate
B. BOD
C. Chloride
D. Temperature
A. Sulfate
A rise in the BOD curve is observed after 8-10 days of decomposition due to
A. additional oxygen consumed by bacteria to oxidize nitrogen
B. additional organics produced by bacteria due to longer sample preparation
C. additional oxygen consumed by bacteria to produce CO
D. additional organics produced by bacteria due to more bacteria population
A. additional oxygen consumed by bacteria to oxidize nitrogen
Which of the following is used to measure suspended solids?
A. Turbidity rod
B. Gravimetric test
C. Jackson’s turbidity meter
D. Chromatography
B. Gravimetric test
To measure suspended solids in water, the most common method is the gravimetric test, which involves filtering a sample, drying the residue, and weighing it to determine the mass of the suspended solids.
A. Turbidity rod: This is used to assess turbidity, not directly to measure suspended solids quantitatively.
C. Jackson’s turbidity meter: This measures the turbidity of a liquid, which is an indirect measure of suspended solids, but not a direct measurement.
D. Chromatography: This technique is primarily used for separating mixtures, not for measuring suspended solids.
Which of the following causes eutrophication?
A. Increase in nutrients
B. Increase in dissolved salts
C. Reduction in dissolved oxygen
D. Reduction in water pollution
A. Increase in nutrients
The following are examples of aerobic biological treatments except
A. Aerated lagoon
B. Septic tank
C. Trickling filter
D. Activated sludge
B. Septic tank
A. Aerated lagoon: An open lagoon with aeration to support aerobic bacteria.
B. Septic tank: This is primarily an anaerobic treatment method, as it operates without oxygen.
C. Trickling filter: A method that uses a fixed film of microorganisms that treat wastewater aerobically.
D. Activated sludge: A process that involves aerating the wastewater to promote the growth of aerobic microorganisms.
The waste generated from treating water for drinking and wastewater for environmental discharge is called
A. flocs
B. volatile solid
C. sludge
D. biogas
C. sludge
Layer of the atmosphere in which ozone layer is located
A. Thermosphere B. Stratosphere C. Troposphere D. None of these
B. Stratosphere
After carbon dioxide, which of the following accounts for the most fraction of greenhouse gas emissions?
A. Nitrous oxide
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Methane
D. Ozone
C. Methane
A. Nitrous oxide (N₂O): While it is a significant greenhouse gas, its overall emissions are lower than methane.
B. Carbon monoxide (CO): This is not a greenhouse gas; it is primarily a pollutant that can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone.
D. Ozone (O₃): Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant formed by reactions between volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and sunlight, but it is not emitted directly in significant quantities like methane.
In which atmosphere are typhoons most likely to occur?
A. Stable
B. Unstable
C. Inversion
D. Isothermal
B. Unstable
Typhoons, which are intense tropical cyclones, are most likely to occur in an unstable atmosphere. An unstable atmosphere promotes the vertical development of thunderstorms, which are crucial for the formation and intensification of typhoons.
An unstable atmosphere provides the necessary conditions for rapid vertical movement of air, which is essential for the formation of typhoons. The combination of warm sea surface temperatures, high humidity, and the dynamics of rising air creates a conducive environment for these powerful storms to develop and strengthen.
A cyclone separator is used for separating
A. Particles from liquids
B. Liquid droplets from gases
C. Fine particles from solids
D. None of the above
C. Fine particles from solids
The three pillars of sustainable development are
A inclusivity, interaction, infinity
B. transparency, adaptation, conservation
C. social, economic, environmental
D. plan, people, profit
C. social, economic, environmental
Why is it important to collect leachate from municipal solid waste landfills?
A. To prevent the leachate from contaminating water supplies
B. To recover important minerals from the landfill
C. To determine the capacity of the landfill
D. To prevent greenhouse gas emissions
A. To prevent the leachate from contaminating water supplies
By definition, which of the following is not considered as characteristic of hazardous waste?
A. Ignitable
B. Corrosive
C. Toxic
D. Recyclable
D. Recyclable
- The continuous application of an integrated preventative environmental strategy applied to processes, products, and services to increase overall efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment
A. Eco-Efficiency
B. Cleaner Production
C. Zero Emissions
D. Circular Economy
B. Cleaner Production
During the complete combustion of methane, what change in hybridization does the carbon atom undergo?
A. sp3 to sp
B. sp3 to sp2
C. sp2 to sp3
D. sp2 to sp3
A. sp3 to sp
Which of the following statements describes enantiomers?
A. They are achiral stereoisomers.
B. They are stereoisomers having a mirror plane of symmetry.
C. They are stereoisomers having non-identical mirror image configurations.
D. They are stereoisomers that do not have non-identical mirror image configurations.
C. They are stereoisomers having non-identical mirror image configurations.
Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. These molecules are chiral, meaning they lack a plane of symmetry and cannot be overlapped onto their mirror images.
Explanations:
A. They are achiral stereoisomers: Enantiomers are chiral, not achiral.
B. They are stereoisomers having a mirror plane of symmetry: Enantiomers do not have a plane of symmetry; this is a feature of achiral molecules.
D. They are stereoisomers that do not have non-identical mirror image configurations: This describes molecules that are not enantiomers, such as meso compounds, which have identical mirror images.
Compared to ionic compounds of similar molar mass, hydrocarbons typically have
I. Higher water solubility
II. Higher melting points
A. I only B. II only C. Both I and II D. Neither I nor II
D. Neither I nor II
Which of the following is false?
A. Molecules with symmetrical arrangements (e.g. CH4 or CCl4) are nonpolar.
B. Generally, nonpolar compounds are chemically inactive, conduct electricity poorly and do not ionize.
C. Hydrocarbons are nonpolar.
D. None of these
D. None of these
Alkanes are also known as
A. paraffins
B. olefins
C. acetylenes
D. arenes
A. paraffins
Paraffins (Alkanes): Saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds between carbon atoms.
Olefins (Alkenes): Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Acetylenes (Alkynes): Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one triple bond between carbon atoms.
Arenes (Aromatic compounds): Hydrocarbons with alternating single and double bonds in a ring structure, such as benzene.
Which among the conformations of butane is the most stable?
A. anti
B. gauche
C. eclipsed
D. totally eclipsed
A. anti
Anti: The two largest groups (the methyl groups in butane) are positioned opposite each other, minimizing steric repulsion, making this the most stable conformation.
Halogenation of alkanes proceeds via
A. Electrophilic addition
B. Nucleophilic addition
C. Nucleophilic substitution
D. Free-radical substitution
D. Free-radical substitution
Which set of reagents can transform 1-butene into formaldehyde and acetaldehyde?
A. KMnO4
B. Oз, Zn/H+
C. BH3. NaOH
D. Pyridinium dichromate
B. Oз, Zn/H+
When an alkyne undergoes hydration, the product is a/an
A. ether
B. ketone
C. alcohol
D. aldehyde
B. ketone
The hydration of an alkyne typically occurs via an acid-catalyzed reaction, resulting in the addition of water across the triple bond. For terminal alkynes, the product is often an aldehyde (if the reaction occurs under specific conditions), but for internal alkynes, the product is generally a ketone.
This aromatic hydrocarbon is formed by the incomplete combustion of organic materials. It is found in cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and the fumes from charcoal grills.
A. toluene
B. polystyrene
C. naphthalene
D. benzopyrene
D. benzopyrene
Benzopyrene: A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that is a known carcinogen and is produced during the incomplete combustion of organic matter.
Toluene: A solvent commonly used in paints and thinners, but it is not specifically related to combustion products.
Polystyrene: A polymer made from styrene monomers, used in packaging and insulation, but not a product of incomplete combustion.
Naphthalene: Another PAH that can be formed from combustion but is more commonly associated with mothballs and certain chemical applications.
Which of the following has the lowest boiling point?
A. ortho-nitrophenol
B. meta-nitrophenol
C. para-nitrophenol
D. These isomers have identical boiling points.
A. ortho-nitrophenol
Ortho-nitrophenol can form intramolecular hydrogen bonds, which can stabilize the molecule and lower its boiling point compared to the others.
Meta- and para-nitrophenol do not have this possibility for intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Ortho-Nitrophenol: Likely has a lower boiling point due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Which of the following exhibit dipole-dipole forces of attraction?
A. alkanes
B. Alkenes
C. alkyl halides
D. aromatic hydrocarbons
C. alkyl halides
All of the following are uses of alkyl halides EXCEPT
A. solvents
B. fertilizers
C. pesticides
D. refrigerants
B. fertilizers
Alkyl halides are not typically used as fertilizers. Fertilizers are usually composed of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, rather than halogenated compounds.
This compound is generally obtained from plant and animal sources. It has wide-ranging uses in the food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries. In food and beverages, it serves as a humectant, solvent, and sweetener, and may help preserve foods. It is also mildly antimicrobial and antiviral and is an FDA approved treatment for wounds.
A. phenol
B. ethanol
C. glycerol
D. ethylene glycol
C. glycerol
Glycerol (or glycerin) is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. It is derived from both plant and animal sources, often as a byproduct of soap production.
A. Phenol: Used in antiseptics and as a precursor to other chemicals but is not commonly used in food and has higher toxicity.
B. Ethanol: Commonly used as a beverage alcohol and solvent, but it is not a sweetener or humectant in the same way as glycerol.
D. Ethylene Glycol: Primarily used as antifreeze and is toxic to humans; not used in food or pharmaceutical applications in the same way as glycerol.
Which of the following reagents can form yellow to red-colored derivatives with carbonyl compounds?
A. 2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
B. Tollens reagent
C. I2/KI, NaOH
D. KMnO4
A. 2.4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH): This reagent reacts with carbonyl compounds (both aldehydes and ketones) to form hydrazones, which often precipitate out of solution as brightly colored derivatives (yellow to red).
B. Tollens’ reagent: This is used for the detection of aldehydes and forms a silver mirror but does not produce a colored derivative.
C. I₂/KI, NaOH: This is a test for reducing sugars (iodine test)
D. KMnO₄: This is a strong oxidizing agent used to oxidize alcohols and aldehydes but does not form colored derivatives specifically with carbonyls.
Which of the following exhibit hydrogen bonds?
A. hydrocarbons
B. alkyl halides and ethers
C. alcohols, amines, and carboxylic acids
D. esters, amides, anhydrides, and acid halides
C. alcohols, amines, and carboxylic acids
Ester is formed when an alcohol reacts with
A. Carboxylic acid
B. Aldehyde
C. Ketone
D. ether
A. Carboxylic acid
Arrange the four compounds below in order of decreasing acidity.
I. CH3CH2COOH
II. CH3CH2CH2OH
III. C6H5OH
IV. CH3C(triple bond)CH
A. I, II, III, IV
B. I, III, II, IV
C. III, I, IV, II
D. III, IV, I, II
B. I, III, II, IV
Which of the following is TRUE about starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin?
A. All have a-1,4-linkages.
B. Each is built from a single type of monomer.
C. Starch is built from a different monomer than the others.
D. Chitin and cellulose differ from each other only in the extent of their branching.
B. Each is built from a single type of monomer.
Starch is built from α-glucose.
Glycogen is also built from α-glucose.
Cellulose is built from β-glucose.
Chitin is built from N-acetylglucosamine (an amino sugar). Each polysaccharide is constructed from one specific type of monomer.
Which of the following is an epimeric pair?
A. glucose and gulose
B. galactose and idose
C. glucose and mannose
D. galactose and mannose
C. glucose and mannose
A. Glucose and Gulose:
These differ at two carbons (C2 and C4), so they are not epimers.
B. Galactose and Idose:
These differ at two carbons (C2 and C4), so they are not epimers.
C. Glucose and Mannose:
These differ only at C2. Glucose has the hydroxyl group on the right (D-glucose), while mannose has it on the left (D-mannose). Therefore, they are epimers.
D. Galactose and Mannose:
These differ at C2 and C4, so they are not epimers.
The general test for detection of carbohydrates is
A. Iodine test
B. Molisch test
C. Fehling’s test
D. Benedict’s test
B. Molisch test
Molisch Test:
This test can detect all types of carbohydrates. It produces a purple ring when carbohydrates are present.
Other Options:
A. Iodine test: Only tests for starch.
C. Fehling’s test: Tests for reducing sugars (like glucose).
D. Benedict’s test: Also tests for reducing sugars.
The polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of invertebrates is
A. chitin
B. pectin
C. trehalose
D. hyaluronic acid
A. chitin
Chitin: A structural polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeletons of arthropods (like insects and crustaceans) and the cell walls of fungi.
Pectin: A polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants, used in making jams and jellies.
Trehalose: A disaccharide sugar found in some fungi and invertebrates, but not a structural component of exoskeletons.
Hyaluronic acid: A polysaccharide found in connective tissues, skin, and the vitreous humor of the eye, but not in invertebrate exoskeletons.
Glycogen is present in all body tissues except
A. liver
B. brain
C. kidney
D. stomach
B. brain
The major fat in adipose tissues in mammals is
A. cholesterol
B. sphingolipids
C. phospholipids
D. triacylglycerols
D. triacylglycerols
Which fatty acid has 16C?
A. myristic acid
B. palmitic acid
C. stearic acid
D. arachidonic acid
B. palmitic acid
Fatty fish, like salmon and albacore, are known to be rich in
A. omega-3 fatty acids
B. omega-6 fatty acids
C. saturated fatty acids
D. polyunsaturated fatty acids
A. omega-3 fatty acids
All of the following are unsaturated fatty acids EXCEPT
A. Oleic acid
B. Stearic acid
C. Linolenic acid
D. Arachidonic acid
B. Stearic acid
A. Oleic acid: An unsaturated fatty acid with one double bond (monounsaturated).
B. Stearic acid: A saturated fatty acid with no double bonds.
C. Linolenic acid: An unsaturated fatty acid with three double bonds (polyunsaturated).
D. Arachidonic acid: An unsaturated fatty acid with four double bonds (polyunsaturated).
Carnitine is synthesized from
A. Lysine
B. Serine
C. Choline
D. Arginine
A. Lysine
Carnitine is primarily derived from the amino acid lysine, with the help of vitamin C and other cofactors in the synthesis process.
What is the isoelectric point of alanine? pKa (NH3+) 9.69, pKa (COOH) 2.34
A. 2.34
B. 6.02
C. 9.69
D. 12.03
B. 6.02
Alpha-helix is stabilized by
A. Disulfide bonds
B. Non-polar bonds
C. Salt bonds
D. Hydrogen bonds
D. Hydrogen bonds
Hydrogen bonds are the key stabilizing forces in the alpha-helix. In an alpha-helix, the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid forms a hydrogen bond with the amide hydrogen of another amino acid that is four residues earlier in the sequence (n to n+4). This pattern of hydrogen bonding is what gives the alpha-helix its helical structure and stability.
The unwound strands of DNA are held apart by
A. Single strand binding protein
B. Double strand binding protein
C. DNA gyrase
D. DNA ligase
A. Single strand binding protein
These proteins bind to the single-stranded DNA after it has been unwound during DNA replication. They prevent the strands from re-annealing (coming back together) and protect them from degradation, ensuring that the DNA replication machinery can access the template strands.
Recently scientists reported a bacterium that they believe incorporates arsenic into its DNA by substituting it for another element. Which element in DNA is arsenic most likely to replace?
A. carbon
B. oxygen
C. nitrogen
D. phosphorus
D. phosphorus
DNA Structure: DNA is made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The phosphate group contains phosphorus.
Role of Phosphorus: Phosphorus is a crucial component of the backbone of DNA, connecting the sugar molecules of adjacent nucleotides.
Arsenic Substitution: The reported ability of certain bacteria to incorporate arsenic into their DNA suggests that arsenic can mimic phosphorus due to its similar chemical properties. This allows arsenic to replace phosphorus in the DNA structure.
Before pyruvic acid enters the TCA cycle, it must be converted to
A. acetyl-CoA
B. lactate
C. malate
D. citrate
A. acetyl-CoA
Conversion to Acetyl-CoA: Pyruvic acid (pyruvate) is converted to acetyl-CoA by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase. This conversion is crucial as acetyl-CoA is the substrate that enters the TCA cycle (Krebs cycle).
Process: During this conversion, one molecule of carbon dioxide is released (decarboxylation), and NAD+ is reduced to NADH.
Glycolysis gives a net yield of
A. 1 ATP per glucose
B. 2 ATP per glucose
C. 4 ATP per glucose
D. 8 ATP per glucose
B. 2 ATP per glucose
Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two molecules of pyruvate.
During the process, a total of 4 ATP molecules are produced, but 2 ATP are consumed in the initial steps of glycolysis.
Therefore, the net gain is:
NetATP=TotalATPproduced−ATPconsumed=4−2= 2 ATP
ATP is formed in glycolysis and citric acid cycle through
A. isomerization
B. redox reaction
C. oxidative phosphorylation
D. substrate level phosphorylation
D. substrate level phosphorylation
This process involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP from a phosphorylated intermediate.
In glycolysis, ATP is produced during specific reactions where substrates directly donate a phosphate group to ADP.
In the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), ATP (or GTP, which can be converted to ATP) is also formed via substrate-level phosphorylation during the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate.
_____ is a special constituent of chlorophyll without which photosynthesis is not possible.
Calcium
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
hydrogen
Nitrogen
Chlorophyll is a pigment essential for photosynthesis in plants. Its structure contains a porphyrin ring that includes a central magnesium atom, but nitrogen is an essential component of the amino acids and other structures that make up the chlorophyll molecule.
Role in Photosynthesis: Without nitrogen, chlorophyll cannot be synthesized, which means that photosynthesis cannot occur effectively.
Gluconeogenesis involves the conversion of
A. Glucose to pyruvate
B. Pyruvate to glucose
C. Phosphoenolpyruvate to glucose
D. Pyruvate to fructose
B. Pyruvate to glucose
This is the metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. It primarily occurs in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidney.
Key Process: In gluconeogenesis, pyruvate is converted into glucose through a series of enzymatic reactions. This process is essentially the reverse of glycolysis, although some steps are bypassed due to irreversible reactions in glycolysis.
Which of the following is not a STOP codon?
A. UAG
B. UGA
C. UAA
D. AUG
D. AUG
D. AUG: This codon is actually the START codon that initiates translation. It codes for the amino acid methionine and is the first codon of an mRNA transcript that is translated into protein.
An open system in which the growth rate is maintained by adding a nutrient (present in limiting quantities) at the same rate as that medium containing micro-organism is removed is called
A. Manostat
B. Chemostat
C. Turbidostat
D. Culturostat
B. Chemostat
Fermentor should be filled with medium up to
A. 65-70%
B. 70-75%
C. 75-80%
D. 80-85%
C. 75-80%
The Monod Model relates
A. Substrate utilized with the biomass consumption
B. Specific growth rate to the substrate availability
C. Yield with the biomass utilization
D. The biomass concentration with specific growth rate
B. Specific growth rate to the substrate availability
Which of the following is correct for the prediction of time requirement in a batch fermenter?
A. Carrying out experiments
B. Mathematical modeling of fermentation process
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. It is impossible to predict the time required for fermentation
C. Both (a) and (b)
The number of baffles in a standard stirred tank bioreactor is
A. 8
B. 6
C. 4
D. 2
C. 4
These are vertical plates mounted inside the bioreactor. Their primary function is to prevent the formation of a vortex during stirring and to enhance mixing by promoting a more uniform flow pattern.
Standard Configuration: In a typical stirred tank bioreactor, there are usually four baffles evenly spaced around the tank to achieve optimal mixing and aeration.
Chemostat works on the principle of
A. Maintaining constant volume of culture medium
B. Continuous flow of nutrients
C. Maintaining uniform nutrients concentration
D. Operating at higher pressure
C. Maintaining uniform nutrients concentration
Yield coefficient represents
A. Total biomass or product produced
B. Conversion efficiency of a substrate into product
C. Conversion rate of a substrate into biomass or product
D. Production time of biomass product
B. Conversion efficiency of a substrate into product
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is being grown in a chemostat converts glucose to biomass, ethanol, glycerol and carbon dioxide. At steady state, the concentration of glucose, biomass, ethanol and glycerol will
A. Decrease with time
B. Increase with time
C. Be constant
D. Change randomly with time
C. Be constant
Which of the following is used to calculate mass of substrate in the reactor?
A. Flow rate x substrate concentration in the reactor
B. Volume of reactor x substrate concentration in reactor
C. Flow rate x mass of reactor
D. Volume of reactor x Flow rate
B. Volume of reactor x substrate concentration in reactor
Low dissolved oxygen concentrations lead to
A. Low biomass yields
B. High biomass yields
C. No effect on biomass yields
D. None of the above
A. Low biomass yields
Dissolved Oxygen in Bioprocesses: Oxygen is essential for aerobic organisms, including many microorganisms and cell cultures, as it is required for cellular respiration and energy production.
Effect of Low Oxygen: When dissolved oxygen concentrations are low, aerobic respiration is inhibited, leading to:
Reduced growth rates of cells.
Lower overall biomass production because the cells cannot efficiently produce energy.
In fed-batch fermentation, mass of substrate utilized is calculated using the relationship
A. Initial mass of substrate in the reactor + final mass of substrate in the reactor + flow rate x[substrate in the feed]
B. Initial mass of substrate in the reactor - final mass of substrate in the reactor + flow rate x [substrate in the feed]
C. Initial mass of substrate in the reactor + final mass of substrate in the reactor - flow rate x [substrate in the feed]
D. Initial mass of substrate in the reactor + final mass of substrate in the reactor - flow rate
B. Initial mass of substrate in the reactor - final mass of substrate in the reactor + flow rate x [substrate in the feed]
A culture system with constant environmental conditions maintained through continual provision of nutrients and removal of wastes is called ____ culture system.
A. Continuous
B. Batch
C. Fed-batch
D. Semi continuous
A. Continuous
The main reason for production of antibiotics in fed batch reactors is
A. The presence of precursors is often toxic to the cells
B. Higher yields when cells enter the stationary phase
C. Higher yields when cell growth slows
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
In an activated sludge process, the biomass is recycled to
A. Increase the efficiency of the process
B. Reduce sludge volumes
C. Increase the concentration of cells
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
It is designed to provide information needed to protect users from any associated with the chemical.
A. Chemical Hygiene Plan
B. Globally Harmonized System
C. Material Safety Data Sheets
D. Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries
C. Material Safety Data Sheets
As per the Diamond Symbol of chemical label, the color blue represents
A. health hazard
B. fire hazard
C. reactivity hazard
D. radioactive hazard
A. health hazard
Red- fire hazard
Yellow- reactivity hazard
White- specific hazard (includes radioactive)
It refers to the lowest temperature at which a substance can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
A. ignition point
B. combustion point
C. deflagration point
D. flash point
D. flash point
What is the color coding for the CO2 gas cylinder?
A. black with white band
B. brown
C. gray with black band
D. green
C. gray with black band
Cylinders that contain corrosive gases should not be stored for longer the
A. 3 months
B. 6 months
C. 12 months
D. 18 months
B. 6 months
Compressed gas cylinder must be stored in:
A. an upright position
B. a dry area
C. a well-ventilated area
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which hazard is associated with liquid nitrogen?
A. oxygen deficiency
B oxygen enrichment
C. cold burn
D. gravity
C. cold burn
When heating substances:
A. never heat sealed containers
B. use tongs and insulated gloves
C. point the opening away from people
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Flammable chemicals are stored
A. in special flammable storage lockers
B. wherever it is easy to get to
C. near water sources
D. in glass containers
A. in special flammable storage lockers
Solid calcium occurs as either cubic closest packing or hexagonal closest packing. What is the most significant difference between these two structures?
A. the placement of layers of calcium atoms
B. the distance between calcium atoms in a single layer
C. the distance between calcium atoms in adjacent layers
D. the coordination number of the calcium atoms in a single layer
A. the placement of layers of calcium atoms
In CCP, the layers of atoms are arranged in a repeating pattern of ABC, while in HCP, the arrangement follows an ABAB pattern. This difference in stacking leads to variations in symmetry and coordination.
What is the coordination number of each atom in a hexagonal close-packed solid?
A. 4
B. 6
C. 8.
D. 12
D. 12
Which of the following is an alloy of iron?
A. vitallium
B. brass
C. invar
D. solder
C. invar
Invar is a nickel-iron alloy known for its low coefficient of thermal expansion.
A. Vitallium: An alloy made of cobalt and chromium, used in medical implants.
B. Brass: An alloy of copper and zinc, often used for things like musical instruments and plumbing.
C. Invar: An alloy of iron and nickel, known for not expanding much with heat; used in precise instruments.
D. Solder: A mix of tin and lead (or other metals), used to join metal parts together in electronics and plumbing.
Traces of which of the following elements are considered undesirable in steel?
A. chromium
B. copper
C. boron
D. titanium
B. copper
B. copper is considered undesirable in steel. While chromium, boron, and titanium can be beneficial for enhancing properties like strength and corrosion resistance, excessive copper can lead to brittleness and affect the steel’s overall performance.
Which of the following metals is highly prone to corrosion?
A. aluminum
B. copper
C. iron
D. zinc
D. zinc
Which of the following bonds are present in ceramic structures?
A. Ionics bonds only
B. Covalent bonds only
C. Ionic, covalent and a mix of ionic and covalent bond
D. Mix of ionic and covalent bond only
C. Ionic, covalent and a mix of ionic and covalent bond
Which of the following can be used for lubrication?
A. Graphite
B. Diamond
C. Brass
D. Bronze
A. Graphite
A. Graphite can be used for lubrication. It has a layered structure that allows the layers to slide over each other, making it an effective dry lubricant.
Diamond, while very hard, is not used for lubrication. Brass and bronze are alloys that can be used in mechanical applications, but they are not typically used as lubricants themselves.
Which of the following tests are done to find out the mechanical behavior of ceramics?
A. Tensile test
B. Compressive test
C. Shearing test
D. Transverse bending test
D. Transverse bending test
The compressive test assesses how a ceramic material withstands axial loads, while the transverse bending test evaluates its ability to resist bending forces. Tensile tests are less common because ceramics typically have low tensile strength, and shearing tests are also less frequently used for ceramics.
Which of the following is true for polymers?
A. They have very high molecular mass
B. They do not have a linear stress-strain curve
C. They have high strength to mass ratio
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
What is the relation between fracture toughness and thickness?
A: Fracture toughness increases with increase in thickness.
B. Fracture toughness increases with increase in thickness.
C. Fracture toughness does not depend on the thickness.
D. Fracture toughness increases linearly with an increase in thickness.
A: Fracture toughness increases with increase in thickness.
Up to which point on the stress-strain curve is Hooke’s law valid?
A Elastic limit
B. Yield point
C. Proportionality limit
D. Fracture point
C. Proportionality limit
Hooke’s law is valid up to the proportionality limit (C) on the stress-strain curve. This is the point where the relationship between stress and strain remains linear. Beyond this limit, the material may exhibit non-linear behavior.
Glue and starch paints are examples of which type of colloid?
A. emulsion
B. gel
C. sol
D. aerosol
C. sol
It is developed due to the separation of positive and negative charges by a distance.
A. p-n bond
B. sigma bond
C. dipole moment
D. bond energy
D. bond energy
It is formed when two atoms participating in a bond formation share equally (i.e. same electronegativity) their electrons to produce a molecule of an element or a compound.
A. ionic bond
B. metallic bond
C. polar covalent bond
D. nonpolar covalent bond
D. nonpolar covalent bond
Which functional group has the largest bond energy?
A. alkene
B. alkyne
C. carbonyl
D. ether
B. alkyne
Between dimethyl ether and ethanol, which is less volatile? Why?
A. Ethanol is less volatile because it can exhibit hydrogen bonding.
B. Ethanol is less volatile because it weighs less than dimethyl ether.
C. Dimethyl ether is less volatile because of the C-O-C bent geometry.
D. Dimethyl ether is less volatile because it can exhibit dipole-dipole interaction.
A. Ethanol is less volatile because it can exhibit hydrogen bonding.
All of the following properties of alkaline earth metals increase going down the group except:
A. ionic radius
B. atomic mass
C. atomic radius
D. first ionization energy
D. first ionization energy
In nuclear chemistry, which are considered “magic numbers”?
A. 1,3,7,9,15,…
B. 1,2,3,6,9,…
C. 2,8,20,28,50,…
D. 2,10,28,50,…
C. 2,8,20,28,50,…
Which of the following can be penetrated by gamma rays but not beta rays?
A. 0.5-cm lead
B. paper
C. 5-cm lead
D. 10-cm lead
C. 5-cm lead
Which of the following is correctly paired medical radio-isotope to its function?
I. Co-60 - cancer therapy
II. Tl-201 - heart scans and exercise stress
III. H-3 - measurement of water content in the body
IV. Hg-197 - kidney scans
A. I and II only
B. II and III only
C. I, III, and IV only
D. All I, II, III, and IV
D. All I, II, III, and IV
When Pb-208 is bombarded with Ni-64, a new element is formed along with six neutrons. Identify the new nuclide.
A. Ds-266
B. Ds-272
C. Rf-266
D. Rf-272
A. Ds-266
Which of the following is not used as a moderator in nuclear reactors?
A. D2O
B. graphite
C. beryllium
D. boron
D. boron
What is the oxidation number of sulfur in potassium sulfite?
A. +2
B. +3
C. +4
D. +6
C. +4
This type of corrosion involves direct chemical action between metals and gases.
A. dry
B. wet
C. chemical
D. electrochemical
C. chemical
What is the fundamental frequency of a 3.0 cm ear canal?
A. 1430 Hz
B. 2145 Hz
C. 2860 Hz
D. 3575 Hz
C. 2860 Hz
Which of the following best explains why sky is blue during the day?
A. interference
B. refraction
C. diffraction
D. scattering
D. scattering
Who discovered positron?
A. Bohr
B. Pauli
C. Anderson
D. Heisenberg
C. Anderson
What is the second most abundant element in the earth’s crust?
A. Si
B. O
C. H
D. Ca
A. Si
What is the third most abundant element in the human body?
A. Si
B. O
C. H
D. Ca
C. H
What is the name of the acid with a chemical formula of HN3?
A. hydrazoic acid
B. hydronitric acid
C. hydroazidic acid
D. hydrazic acid
A. hydrazoic acid
Brucite is the mineral form of which compound?
A. lead oxide
B. sodium nitride
C. zinc chloride
D. magnesium hydroxide
D. magnesium hydroxide
What is the most common commercial form of manganous sulfate?
A. trihydrate
B. tetrahydrate
C. pentahydrate
D. hexahydrate
B. tetrahydrate
Which of the following is an allowed set of quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms)?
A. 3, 4, 2, +1/2
B. 2, 1, -2, +1/2
C. 1, -1, 0, -1/2
D. 4, 3, -2, -1/2
D. 4, 3, -2, -1/2
What is the valence electron configuration of tellurium?
A. 5p4
B. 5s2 5p4
C. 6p4
D. 6s2 6p4
B. 5s2 5p4
Which of the following is the correct arrangement of increasing affinity of electrons?
A. Rb<Se<Br<Kr
B. Kr<Br<Se<Rb
C. Kr<Rb<Se<Br
D. Se<Br<Rb<Kr
C. Kr<Rb<Se<Br
Which of the following species is the largest?
A. iodine atom
B. iodide
C. bromine atom
D. bromide
B. iodide
What is the formal charge of a chlorine atom in carbon tetrachloride?
A. 0
B. +1
C. -1
D. +7
A. 0
Which of the following molecular geometry is always polar?
A. trigonal bipyramidal
B. square planar
C. trigonal planar
D. see-saw
D. see-saw
Which of the following has the lowest bond angle?
A. methane
B. carbon dioxide
C. water
D. ammonia
C. water
Which will have the strongest interaction with methanol?
A. benzene
B. cyclohexane
C. acetic acid
D. diethyl ether
C. acetic acid
Which of the following is TRUE given the two organic compounds? I. CH3(CH2)8CH3 II. CH3(CH2)7OCH3
A. I has higher boiling point than II.
B. I is more volatile than II.
C. Il has lower viscosity than I.
D. Il needs less energy to vaporize than I.
B. I is more volatile than II.
Element X has a molar mass of 40.0 g/mol. What compound is formed with oxygen if the mass ratio of element X to oxygen is closest to 2.5 to 1?
A. X302
B. X2O
C. XO2
D. XO
D. XO
What is the percentage of oxygen in vanadium oxide?
A. 36
B. 40
C. 44
D. 48
C. 44
A compound was subjected to analysis. It has been found that it is composed of 57.14%C, 6.16%H, 9.52%N, and 27.18%0. What is the empirical formula of the compound?
A. C7H9NO2
B. C7H9NO3
C. C14H18N2O5
D. C28H36N4O10
C. C14H18N2O5
Which of the following is the most probable solute-solvent pair?
A. ethanol-kerosene
B. isooctane-heptane
C. benzene-water
D. NaBr-diesel
B. isooctane-heptane
A 35% aqueous solution of saltpeter at 30°C is
A. unsaturated
B. saturated
C. supersaturated
D. cannot be determined
C. supersaturated
Convert 50 gr/m3 to ppm.
A. 3.24
B. 4.15
C. 5.28
D. 6.09
A. 3.24
Determine whether the following solutions will precipitate or not after mixing.
NaCl and AgNO3
Pb(NO3)2 and KI
KCI and NaNO3
A. P, NP, NP
B. NP, NP, NP
C. P, P, NP
D. P, NP, P
C. P, P, NP
What is the equilibrium constant expression for CO2(g) + C(s) ⇌ CO(g)
A. [CO]2/ [CO2]
B. [CO] / [CO2]
C. [CO2] / [CO][C]
D. [CO]2 / [C][CO2]
A. [CO]2/ [CO2]
Consider the endothermic reaction A(g) ⇌ B(g) + C(g). Which will cause a backward shift?
A. increasing the volume
B. removal of B
C. addition of catalyst
D. decreasing the temperature
D. decreasing the temperature
Consider the endothermic reaction A(g) ⇌ B(g) + C(g). What shift will occur if a small amount of neon was added at constant volume?
A. forward
B. backward
C. no shift
D. equal shift
C. no shift
- Evaluate whether the following statements are true or false.
I. Nuclear fission combines light nuclides to produce a heavier one.
II. Nuclear fusion splits heavier nuclide to lighter ones.
III. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion both produce nuclear energy.
IV. Nuclear fission is mostly used in nuclear power plants compared to fusion.
A. T,T,T,T
B. F,F,T,T
C. T.T,F,T
D. F,F,T,F
B. F,F,T,T
Which part of the nuclear reactor regulates the nuclear reaction by absorbing excess neutrons?
A. fuel element
B. moderator
C. control rods
D. pressurizer
C. control rods
Which set of materials is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor?
A. zircalloy & beryllium
B. zircalloy & heavy water
C. zirconium & beryllium
D. heavy water & beryllium
D. heavy water & beryllium
The world’s worst radioactive pollution was caused by reactor disaster that occurred in:
A. Arizona
B. Chernobyl
C. Pennsylvania
D. Moscow
B. Chernobyl
What are the oxidation numbers of Mn in MnO4 and MnO2, respectively?
A. +7, +4
B. +7, +2
C. +8, +4
D. +8, +2
A. +7, +4
Metallic aluminum is obtained from pure alumina in the presence of fused cryolite by
A. electrolysis
B. electrolytic reduction
C. electrolytic oxidation
D. none of these
B. electrolytic reduction
When exposure to hazards cannot be engineered completely out of normal operations administrative control cannot provide sufficient additional protection, this supplementary method of control can be used.
A. Elimination
B. Substitution
C. Administrative control
D. Use of PPE
D. Use of PPE
A researcher working in the lab where hazardous liquid chemicals are present. Which of the following is NOT considered appropriate PPE for this situation?
A. Wire mesh glove
B. Lab coat
C. Chemical resistant glove
D. Chemical splash goggles
A. Wire mesh glove
The area around surrounding a safety shower/eyewash:
A. Can be used to store boxes if they can be removed quickly
B. Must remain clear of all items at all items
C. Is typically marked with yellow and black floor tape as a reminder to keep it clear
D. Both B and C
D. Both B and C
Which of the following is not suitable safety attire when handling large volume of corrosive liquid?
A. Lab coat
B. Chemical resistant gloves
C. General safety glasses
D. Closed toe shoes
C. General safety glasses
Laboratory chemical hoods are best placed in a location that is
A. near the aisle for ease of access.
B. near the windows and doors
C. away from air diffuser
D. None of these
C. away from air diffuser
Which of the following safety practices implements the substitution method according to the hierarchy of control principle?
A. Physically removing of the hazards
B. Use of mercury thermometer alternatives
C. Use of glove box
D. Establishing rotations among workers to reduce exposure
B. Use of mercury thermometer alternatives
The following information can be found in a safety data sheet EXCEPT.
A. Manufacturer name
B. Manufacturer contact details
C. Require PPEs
D. None of the choices
D. None of the choices
The SDS of certain chemical contains the given pictogram. Determine the corresponding hazards related to the material. (Diamond Picture has 142 & ₩ below). Arrange according to Health, Fire, Reactivity, Specific Hazard.
A. Normal material, Above 200 °F, Violent chemical change, Alkaline
B. Slightly hazardous, Below 100 °F, Unstable if heated, Oxidizer
C. Slightly hazardous, Below 73 °F, Violent Chemical Change, Reacts violently with water
D. Hazardous, Below 100 °F, Unstable if heated, Reacts violently with water
C. Slightly hazardous, Below 73 °F, Violent Chemical Change, Reacts violently with water
How long should you rinse the affected area in an eyewash during accidental chemical splashes on the eyes?
A. 5 mins
B. 10 mins
C. 15 mins
D. 30 seconds
C. 15 mins
Common hazards posed by different chemicals in the laboratories can be found at
A. CHP
B. SDS
C. GHS labels
D. All of these
D. All of these
At this concentration, the mixture of flammable liquids is considered too lean to burn.
A. at lower explosion limit
B. below lower explosion limit
C. above upper explosion limit
D. between upper and lower explosion limit
B. below lower explosion limit
This general type of reaction results in sudden rapid rise in temperature upon heating of the material that usually becomes violent.
A. vigorous reaction
B. combustion reaction
C. runaway reaction
D. reaction under pressure
C. runaway reaction
Which of the following functional groups pose explosion hazards?
I. Azide II. Peroxide III. Sulfide IV. Hydrocarbons
A. I and II
B. II and III
C. III and IV
D. I, II, and III
A. I and II
During a mercury spillage in the laboratory, what is the most appropriate action to do?
A. Wipe mercury spill with dry cloth
B. Clean spill with an aspirator bulb
C. Smother the spill with powdered graphite
D. Use calcinated absorbent product such as Oil-Dri or Zorball
B. Clean spill with an aspirator bulb
What hazards are represented by the given Globally Harmonized System (GHS) pictogram? (Pictogram: O with fire at the top)
A. Flammable and self-reactive substances
B. Oxidizers, organic peroxides
C. Carcinogens
D. Explosives
B. Oxidizers, organic peroxides
These materials ignite due to the rapid oxidation by oxygen or moisture in the air.
A. Water reactive substances
B. Pyrophoric substances
C. Explosives
D. Flammable
B. Pyrophoric substances