Day 1 hell Flashcards
1
Q
Formed when weathering, together with mass collapse (and in arid areas with wind erosion), creates a tunnel through a slab of rock
A
Rock arch (bridge) and window
2
Q
a wind erorded depression in the side of a cliff of a homogenous rock type
A
alloves and yardang window
3
Q
low, triangular-shaped the aaccumulationoOf sediments deposited at the mouth of a valley
A
Alluvial Fan
4
Q
Submarine, circular, steep sided holes which occur in coral reefs
A
Blue Hole
5
Q
a compound alluvial fan where neighboring alluvial fans converge into a single apron of deposits against a slope
A
Bajada
6
Q
Shallow lakes found in bajadas
A
Playas
7
Q
A steep-sided and flat-topped hill, built of flat lying soft rocks capped by a more resistant layer of sedimentary rockt lava flow or duricrust, surrounded by a plaim
A
Butte
8
Q
A deeply incised, steep-sided river valley
A
Canyon
9
Q
asymmetrical upland feature usually associated with gently dipping
rocks and comprising a steep scarp-slope (or escaqpment) and a
longer gentler dip slope
A
Cuesta
10
Q
A depositional landform produced by sedimentation at and around the mouth a river river- tide- wave-dominated
A
Delta
11
Q
A large area of sand dunes
A
Erg
12
Q
a long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel that are frequently several km long ang are somewhat like railroad embankments
A
Eskers
13
Q
A steep slope coinciding with the line of a fault
A
Fault Scarp
14
Q
triangular-shaped remnants of the bedbetween V-shaped notches; steeply sloping wedge-shaped landscape features created by differential erosion
A
Flatirons
15
Q
German ‘sea of rock’; areas covered by large angular blocks (formed in situ), traditionally believed to have been created by freeze-thaw action
A
Felsenmeer/Blockfield
16
Q
Major splits into limestone pavement, formed by widening, deepening; and eventualnergingcofsolution features flat level” long linear weakness in the rock
A
Grike (Bogaz)
17
Q
small closed depressions on horizontal and gently inclined rock surfaæs; similar to solution pits in carbonate rocks;
A
Gnamma
18
Q
A mountaintop that has been modified by the action of ice during glaciation and frost weathering; also pyramidal peak
A
Glacial Horn
19
Q
A tall, thin spire of soft (sedimentary) rock topped by harder, more resistant stone that protects each golumn from erosion
A
Hoodoo
20
Q
Large, perennial, conical, ice-cored moutains that are common in
areas dominated by fine- grained sediments, with the ice forming from iniected water
A
Hydrolaccoliths
21
Q
large, freestanding, residual masses of rock
A
Inselberg (tor/Monadnock)
22
Q
A narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water that otherwise separates them
A
Isthmus
23
Q
Groups of residual, steep-sided hills Rproduced by limestone solution
A
Kegelkarst (cone karst or cockpit karst)
24
Q
An umbrella term which covers an elaborately diverse groups od small scale solutional features and sculpturing found on limestone and dolomite surfacesexposed at the ground surface or in caves
A
Karren
25
Permafrost mounds formed by ice segregation within mineral soils that occur within the zone of discontinuous permafrost
Lithalsas (Stone rings)
26
An embankment, natural or man- made, that confines flow during high—water periods
Levee
27
Occurs when a meandering river on alluvium eats downinto the underlying bedrock
Incised Meander
28
A prominent limestone hill in an area of tower karst
Mogote
29
An elongated cliff-base hollow cut out by abrasion, usually where breaking waves are armed with rock fragments
Abraison Notch
30
A point of land, usually high and often with a sheer drop, that extends out into a body of water
Ness (headland/promontory/cape)
31
A horse-shoe shaped length of stream channel which is an almost closed meander loop
Oxbow
32
Forms just under a boulder, from whichn the rate of surface lowering may be evaluated
Pedestal
33
A large karst depression that may sometimes be flooded with water,
and which has been formed either by solution, or cavern collapse or for stuctural reasons
Polje
34
a sheet-like surface of rock fragrnents that remains wind
water have removed the be fine particles
Reg (Desert Pavement/Gibber/hamada)
35
A long, narrow, often branching inlet formed by marine submergence of parts of a river valley that have previously been-incised to a lower level
Ria
36
accumulation of broken rock fragments that typically have a concave upwards form
Scree/Talus
37
An isolated upstanding steep-sided rock pillar, column or pinnacle rising from the shore, a shore platform, or the sea floor close to a cliffed coast
Stack or stump
38
Cavernous weathering hollows produced in vertical or near vertical rock faces
Tafoni
39
A variety of limestone formed when carbonate minerals precipitate out of ambient temperature water
Travertine/Tufa
40
A depression or large hollow in limestone areas produced when
several sinkholes or dolines coalesce
Uvala
41
created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano; a distinctive upstanding landform produced when erosion removes the surroounding rock while the erosion resistant plug remains
Volcanic Neck/pipe
42
Notch or abandoned former channel in resistant bedrock ridges that was formerlya water gap when there was insufficient stream power to complete the down cutting process
Wind Gap
43
A tributary stream that is prevented from joining the main river because of the levees which flank the latter
Yazoo
44
A streamlined hill carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semi-cpnsolidated material that resembless the hull of a boat
Yardang/Zeugen
45
Isolated rocks between joints that result from downward erosion of less resistant layers
Rock fins
46
marginal and more humid variant of the desert and is a transition zone that surrounds the dessert and separates it from bordering humid climates
steppe
47
a dry area on the lee side of a mountain range. Many middle-latitude deserts are of this type.
Rainshadow desert
48
sand accumulates when there is an obstruction across the wind path. The more sand gets collected, the steeper the slope will be
dunes
49
a depression on the land surface caused by wind erosion
blowout
50
the lifting and removal of loose material by wind
deflation
51
a cobble or pebble polished and shaped by the sandblasting effect by wind
Ventifacts
52
dunes shaped like crescents with the tips pointing downwind from where there is little sand and a flat surface. The crescent forms when the wind is stable and fixed
barchan dunes
53
series of long ridges oriented at right angles to the prevailing wind; these dunes form where vegetation is sparse and sand is very plentiful
Transverse dunes
54
dunes forming scalloped rows of sand oriented at right angles to the wind. This form is intermediate between isolated barchans and extensive waves of transverse dunes
Barchanoid Dunes
55
vegetation partially covers land, on coastlines, tips point into wind, strong winds, abundant sand
Parabolic Dunes
56
isolated hills of sand that exhibit a complex form and develops where wind conditions are variable
Star Dunes
57
extensive blanket of silt, that once were carried in suspension
Loess
58
deposit of windblown silt, lacking visible layers, generally buff colored, and capable of maintaining a nearly vertical cliff
Loess Deposits
59
percentage area of dry regions on the Earth's surface
30%
60
a desert located in northern Chile near the border with Peru, known to be the driest place on Earth
Atacama Desert
61
a desert located in Iran, known to be the hottest place on Earth
Dasht-e Lut Desert
62
Thick ice mass that forms over hundreds of thousands of years
Glaciers
63
A stream of ice, bounded by precipitous rock walls, that flows down-valley from a snow accumulation center near its head
Valley (Alpine) Glacier
64
Enormous masses that flow out in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers and completely obscure all but the highest areas of underlying terrain
Ice Sheet/Continental Glacier
65
Large, relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend Ice seaward from the coat but remain attached to the land along one or more side
Ice Shelves
66
completely bury the underlying landscape but are much more smaller that the continental-scale features
Ice Cap
67
tongues of ice that flow down valleys extending outward from the margins of the larger ice masses
Outlet Glaciers
68
occupy broad lowlands at the bases of steep mountains and form when one or more valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys
Piedmont Glacier
69
raw material from which glacial ice originates
Snow
70
elevation above which snow remains throughout the year
Snowline
71
A dense, icy pack of old snow
Firn
72
movement within the ice
Plastic Flow
73
consists of the entire ice slipping along the ground
Basal Slip
74
ice in this zone is carried in "piggyback" style by the ice below resulting in crevasses
Zone of Fracture
75
balance between accumulation at the upper end of the glacier and loss at the lower end (ablation); equal during winter; snow and ice melt can exceed deposition in summer
Glacial Budget
76
the part of a glacial system where snow and ice are accumulating faster than they are melting away.
Zone of accumulation
77
the rate of melting and evaporation exceeds the accumulation of new snow, so the glacier is shrinking
Zone of wastage (ablation)
78
low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below firn with a net loss in ice mass due to melting, sublimation, evaporation, erosion, etc.
Ablation Zone
79
divide and correlate rock packages using fossils.
biostratigraphy
80
a fossil that is useful to determine biozones
Index Fossil
81
A biozone based on occurences of 3 or moretaxa
Assemblage zones
82
the description, correlation, and interpretation of stratified sediments and stratified rocks on and in the Earth
Stratigraphy
83
applied to very minor (temporary) pauses or breaks in deposition with little or no erosion before deposition resumed
Diastem
84
geologic time that is not represented in the strata
HIATUS
85
gap or break in the stratigraphic record as part of the stratigraphic record removed by an erosional surface
Lacuna
86
represents a long period during which deposition ceased and erosion removed previously formed rocks before deposition
Unconformity
87
subdivision of the stratigraphic record into sediments or rocks by means of lithologic characteristics and stratigraphic position
Lithostratigraphy
88
subdivision of the stratigraphic record into sediments or rocks by means of fossil content
Biostratigraphy
89
subdivision of the stratigraphic record into bodies of sediment or rock represented by a particular age, separated from underlying and overlying units by isochronous surfaces
Chronostratigraphy
90
subdivision of Earth history into time intervals
Geochronology
91
those where an older package of sediments has been tilted, truncated by erosion, and than a younger package of sediments was deposited on this erosion surface
Angular Uncomformity
92
unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks which is a period of erosion or non-deposition; are characterized by subaerial erosion features.
Discomformity
93
type of unconformity in which strata are parallel ; no apparent erosion occurs and the surface of the unconformity resembles a simple bedding plane.
paracomformity
94
exists between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock.
noncomformity
95
a type of disconformity or nonconformity that has no distinct plane or contact separation, sometimes consisting of soils, paleosols, or pebble beds derived from the rock.
blended uncomformity
96
All the strata that contain a given fossil
range zone
97
A range zone based on the first and last occurrence of a single taxon
Taxon range zone
98
A range zone based on successive evolutionary first occurrences within a single evolving lineage
lineage zone
99
a class of range zones based on two first or last occurrences;
Interval zone
100
an assemblage zone with more precise definitions of beginning and end based on a single first or last occurrence of a fossil.
oppel zone
101
body of strata based on sudden increases in the abundance of a certain taxon
abundance zone
102
Taxa that temporarily "disappear" and then reappear in fossil record.
lazarus taxaa
103
Post-extinction reworking of specimen
Zombie Taxa
104
Taxa that converge on extinct forms, giving false impression of Lazarus taxa.
Elvis Taxs
105
will produce a vertical sequence of facies representing progressively deeper water environments.
Transgression
106
will produce a sequence of facies representing progressively shallower water environments (shallowing-upward sequence).
Regression
107
Periods where mass extinctions happened
Ordovician
Devonian
Permian
Triassic
Cretaceous
108
Types of Biozones
1. Interval Zones
2. Assemblage Zones
3. Abundance Zones
109
Classical disciplines of Stratigraphy
Lithostratigraphy
Chronostratigraphy
Biostratigraphy
110
Descriptive vs Interpretative Stratigraphy
Descriptive : Lithostratigraphy or physical stratigraphy
Interpretative : Correlations of disparate rock bodies, regional stratigraphic syntheses, geochronology,
111
Transgressive Sequence
Limestone, shale, Siltstone, Sandstone
112
Regressive Sequence
Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale, Limestone
113
Considered as the first and oldest coral in the Philippines
Gshelia sp.
114
Age of Gshelia Sp.
Carboniferous to Permian
Mansalay, Mindoro
115
Age and locality of Neoschwagerina sp
Permian; Carabao Is., Palawan
116
Age and Locality of Verbeekina sp.
Permian
Mindoro
117
Ozarkodina tortilis is part of what species
Conodont
118
The age of ammonites found in ph
Jurassic (160-175 mya)
119
Globutruncana sp. age
Cretaceous
120
Stegodon belongs to Family _________________of Order ___________
Stegodontidae; Proboscidae
121
In what formation is the fossil of Elephas sp. associated, the age of the said fossil?
Cabatuan Fm.
Mid Pliestocene
122
First Eukaryotes
Proterozoic (2BA)
123
Trilobytes
Cambrian (540 MA)
124
First Land Plants
Silurian (400 MA)
125
First amphibian and Vertebrates
Devonian
126
Early mamals
Triassic
127
Flowering Plants
Cretaceous
128
Ammonite
Jurassic to Cretaceous (140M MA)
129
Amniotes
Carboniferous
130
dinosaur extinction; KT extinction
Cretaceous
131
in this extinction event, eruptions produced too much CO2 and SO2; rise of dinos
Triassic
132
>eradicated 90% of plant species,
5% marine species remain
1/3 of large land animals survived
most dramatic extinction event
Permian
133
extinction of marine communities; trilobyte extinction
Devionian
134
eliminated 85% of ordovician species
Ordovician
135
Formation of Archean crust
Promethan
136
Max age of Acasta gneiss (oldest surviving continental fragment)
Acastan
137
Max estimated age of earliest greenstone belt (Nuvvuaguttuq greenstone belt in the Canadian Province of Quebec)
Canadian
138
Earliest zircons (granite)
Jacabian
139
Magma ocean, differentiation of core, mantle and "protocrust"
Haphaestean
140
The paleohadean era began when the collision between ______________ that created the Earth and the Moon and ends at a set mark of 4.3 billion years ago
Theia and Tellus
141
caused by the Jovian (Gas Giant) planets, several asteroids and meteorites to collide with Earth, vaporizing the ocean.
Late Heavy Bombardment
142
Decay of soft parts, replaced by crystals
Permineralization
143
replacement of mineral of the same chemical composition
recrystallization
144
a lagerstatten located in Yoho Natl Park, British Columbia
65k specimens with 93 specie
Burges SHale
145
"a lagerstatten located in Bavaria, Germany
600 speical fossils, 180 insects, marine anthropods
Solnhofen Limestone
146
located in N. Illinois, USA
350 plant species, 140 insect species, 100 other taxa
Mazon Creek Beeds
147
The missing link of birds and dinosaues, found in the solnhofen limestone, dated around 150 MYA
Archeopteryx
148
will produce a vertical sequence of facies representing progressively deeper water environments.
Transgression
149
will produce a sequence of facies representing progressively shallower water environments (shallowing-upward sequence).
Regression
150
Ghselia Sp. Deets
Carboniferous
Base of Rinso Cgl
151
Neoschwagerina sp. Deets
Permian
Minilog Fm, Carabao Is.
152
Index Fossils in the Minilog Fm
Neoschwagerina sp.
Verbeekina sp.
Ozarkodina tortilis
153
An index fossil found in the Bacuit Fm in Palawan
Gondolella rosen Krantzi
154
Orbitulina Sp. Deets
Pandan Fm
Cret
NW Cebu
155
Location and age of Stegodon Luzonensis
Mid Pleisto
Awiden Mesa Fm
156
Chronostratigraphic equivalent of Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, and Age
Eothem, Erathem, System, Series, Stage
157
Periods of the Hadean Eon
Haphaestean
Jacobian
Canadian
Acastan
Promethean
158
Linnaean System Classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
(Do keep pots clean or family gets sick)
159
The full linnaean classification for human
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mamalia
Order: Primate
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens
160
Explain the Giant impactor theory
>mars sized asteroid theia impacted earth
>fragments created the moon
161
marginal and more humid variant of the desert and is a transition zone that surrounds the dessert and separates it from bordering humid climates
steppe
162
a dry area on the lee side of a mountain range. Many middle-latitude deserts are of this type.
Rainshadow desert
163
sand accumulates when there is an obstruction across the wind path. The more sand gets collected, the steeper the slope will be
dunes
164
a depression on the land surface caused by wind erosion
blowout
165
the lifting and removal of loose material by wind
deflation
166
a cobble or pebble polished and shaped by the sandblasting effect by wind
Ventifacts
167
dunes shaped like crescents with the tips pointing downwind from where there is little sand and a flat surface. The crescent forms when the wind is stable and fixed
barchan dunes
168
series of long ridges oriented at right angles to the prevailing wind; these dunes form where vegetation is sparse and sand is very plentiful
Transverse dunes
169
dunes forming scalloped rows of sand oriented at right angles to the wind. This form is intermediate between isolated barchans and extensive waves of transverse dunes
Barchanoid Dunes
170
vegetation partially covers land, on coastlines, tips point into wind, strong winds, abundant sand
Parabolic Dunes
171
isolated hills of sand that exhibit a complex form and develops where wind conditions are variable
Star Dunes
172
extensive blanket of silt, that once were carried in suspension
Loess
173
deposit of windblown silt, lacking visible layers, generally buff colored, and capable of maintaining a nearly vertical cliff
Loess Deposits
174
percentage area of dry regions on the Earth's surface
30%
175
a desert located in northern Chile near the border with Peru, known to be the driest place on Earth
Atacama Desert
176
a desert located in Iran, known to be the hottest place on Earth
Dasht-e Lut Desert
177
Thick ice mass that forms over hundreds of thousands of years
Glaciers
178
A stream of ice, bounded by precipitous rock walls, that flows down-valley from a snow accumulation center near its head
Valley (Alpine) Glacier
179
Enormous masses that flow out in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers and completely obscure all but the highest areas of underlying terrain
Ice Sheet/Continental Glacier
180
Large, relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend Ice Shelvesseaward from the coat but remain attached to the land along one or more side
Ice Shelves
181
completely bury the underlying landscapIce Cape but are much more smaller that the continental-scale features
Ice Cap
182
tongues of ice that flow down valleys extending outward from the margins of the larger ice masses
Outlet Glaciers
183
occupy broad lowlands at the bases of steep mountains and form when one or more valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys
Piedmont Glacier
184
raw material from which glacial ice originates
Snow
185
elevation above which snow remains throughout the year
Snowline
186
A dense, icy pack of old snow
Firn
187
movement within the ice
Plastic Flow
188
consists of the entire ice slipping along the ground
Basal Slip
189
ice in this zone is carried in "piggyback" style by the ice below resulting in crevasses
Zone of Fracture
190
balance between accumulation at the upper end of the glacier and loss at the lower end (ablation); equal during winter; snow and ice melt can exceed deposition in summer
Glacial Budget
191
the part of a glacial system where snow and ice are accumulating faster than they are melting away.
Zone of accumulation
192
the rate of melting and evaporation exceeds the accumulation of new snow, so the glacier is shrinking
Zone of wastage (ablation)
193
low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below firn with a net loss in ice mass due to melting, sublimation, evaporation, erosion, etc.
Ablation Zone
194
195
