Day 1 hell Flashcards
Formed when weathering, together with mass collapse (and in arid areas with wind erosion), creates a tunnel through a slab of rock
Rock arch (bridge) and window
a wind erorded depression in the side of a cliff of a homogenous rock type
alloves and yardang window
low, triangular-shaped the aaccumulationoOf sediments deposited at the mouth of a valley
Alluvial Fan
Submarine, circular, steep sided holes which occur in coral reefs
Blue Hole
a compound alluvial fan where neighboring alluvial fans converge into a single apron of deposits against a slope
Bajada
Shallow lakes found in bajadas
Playas
A steep-sided and flat-topped hill, built of flat lying soft rocks capped by a more resistant layer of sedimentary rockt lava flow or duricrust, surrounded by a plaim
Butte
A deeply incised, steep-sided river valley
Canyon
asymmetrical upland feature usually associated with gently dipping
rocks and comprising a steep scarp-slope (or escaqpment) and a
longer gentler dip slope
Cuesta
A depositional landform produced by sedimentation at and around the mouth a river river- tide- wave-dominated
Delta
A large area of sand dunes
Erg
a long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel that are frequently several km long ang are somewhat like railroad embankments
Eskers
A steep slope coinciding with the line of a fault
Fault Scarp
triangular-shaped remnants of the bedbetween V-shaped notches; steeply sloping wedge-shaped landscape features created by differential erosion
Flatirons
German ‘sea of rock’; areas covered by large angular blocks (formed in situ), traditionally believed to have been created by freeze-thaw action
Felsenmeer/Blockfield
Major splits into limestone pavement, formed by widening, deepening; and eventualnergingcofsolution features flat level” long linear weakness in the rock
Grike (Bogaz)
small closed depressions on horizontal and gently inclined rock surfaæs; similar to solution pits in carbonate rocks;
Gnamma
A mountaintop that has been modified by the action of ice during glaciation and frost weathering; also pyramidal peak
Glacial Horn
A tall, thin spire of soft (sedimentary) rock topped by harder, more resistant stone that protects each golumn from erosion
Hoodoo
Large, perennial, conical, ice-cored moutains that are common in
areas dominated by fine- grained sediments, with the ice forming from iniected water
Hydrolaccoliths
large, freestanding, residual masses of rock
Inselberg (tor/Monadnock)
A narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water that otherwise separates them
Isthmus
Groups of residual, steep-sided hills Rproduced by limestone solution
Kegelkarst (cone karst or cockpit karst)
An umbrella term which covers an elaborately diverse groups od small scale solutional features and sculpturing found on limestone and dolomite surfacesexposed at the ground surface or in caves
Karren
Permafrost mounds formed by ice segregation within mineral soils that occur within the zone of discontinuous permafrost
Lithalsas (Stone rings)
An embankment, natural or man- made, that confines flow during high—water periods
Levee
Occurs when a meandering river on alluvium eats downinto the underlying bedrock
Incised Meander
A prominent limestone hill in an area of tower karst
Mogote
An elongated cliff-base hollow cut out by abrasion, usually where breaking waves are armed with rock fragments
Abraison Notch
A point of land, usually high and often with a sheer drop, that extends out into a body of water
Ness (headland/promontory/cape)
A horse-shoe shaped length of stream channel which is an almost closed meander loop
Oxbow
Forms just under a boulder, from whichn the rate of surface lowering may be evaluated
Pedestal
A large karst depression that may sometimes be flooded with water,
and which has been formed either by solution, or cavern collapse or for stuctural reasons
Polje
a sheet-like surface of rock fragrnents that remains wind
water have removed the be fine particles
Reg (Desert Pavement/Gibber/hamada)
A long, narrow, often branching inlet formed by marine submergence of parts of a river valley that have previously been-incised to a lower level
Ria
accumulation of broken rock fragments that typically have a concave upwards form
Scree/Talus
An isolated upstanding steep-sided rock pillar, column or pinnacle rising from the shore, a shore platform, or the sea floor close to a cliffed coast
Stack or stump
Cavernous weathering hollows produced in vertical or near vertical rock faces
Tafoni
A variety of limestone formed when carbonate minerals precipitate out of ambient temperature water
Travertine/Tufa
A depression or large hollow in limestone areas produced when
several sinkholes or dolines coalesce
Uvala
created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano; a distinctive upstanding landform produced when erosion removes the surroounding rock while the erosion resistant plug remains
Volcanic Neck/pipe
Notch or abandoned former channel in resistant bedrock ridges that was formerlya water gap when there was insufficient stream power to complete the down cutting process
Wind Gap
A tributary stream that is prevented from joining the main river because of the levees which flank the latter
Yazoo
A streamlined hill carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semi-cpnsolidated material that resembless the hull of a boat
Yardang/Zeugen
Isolated rocks between joints that result from downward erosion of less resistant layers
Rock fins
marginal and more humid variant of the desert and is a transition zone that surrounds the dessert and separates it from bordering humid climates
steppe
a dry area on the lee side of a mountain range. Many middle-latitude deserts are of this type.
Rainshadow desert
sand accumulates when there is an obstruction across the wind path. The more sand gets collected, the steeper the slope will be
dunes
a depression on the land surface caused by wind erosion
blowout
the lifting and removal of loose material by wind
deflation
a cobble or pebble polished and shaped by the sandblasting effect by wind
Ventifacts
dunes shaped like crescents with the tips pointing downwind from where there is little sand and a flat surface. The crescent forms when the wind is stable and fixed
barchan dunes
series of long ridges oriented at right angles to the prevailing wind; these dunes form where vegetation is sparse and sand is very plentiful
Transverse dunes
dunes forming scalloped rows of sand oriented at right angles to the wind. This form is intermediate between isolated barchans and extensive waves of transverse dunes
Barchanoid Dunes
vegetation partially covers land, on coastlines, tips point into wind, strong winds, abundant sand
Parabolic Dunes
isolated hills of sand that exhibit a complex form and develops where wind conditions are variable
Star Dunes
extensive blanket of silt, that once were carried in suspension
Loess
deposit of windblown silt, lacking visible layers, generally buff colored, and capable of maintaining a nearly vertical cliff
Loess Deposits
percentage area of dry regions on the Earth’s surface
30%
a desert located in northern Chile near the border with Peru, known to be the driest place on Earth
Atacama Desert
a desert located in Iran, known to be the hottest place on Earth
Dasht-e Lut Desert
Thick ice mass that forms over hundreds of thousands of years
Glaciers
A stream of ice, bounded by precipitous rock walls, that flows down-valley from a snow accumulation center near its head
Valley (Alpine) Glacier
Enormous masses that flow out in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers and completely obscure all but the highest areas of underlying terrain
Ice Sheet/Continental Glacier
Large, relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend Ice seaward from the coat but remain attached to the land along one or more side
Ice Shelves
completely bury the underlying landscape but are much more smaller that the continental-scale features
Ice Cap
tongues of ice that flow down valleys extending outward from the margins of the larger ice masses
Outlet Glaciers
occupy broad lowlands at the bases of steep mountains and form when one or more valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys
Piedmont Glacier
raw material from which glacial ice originates
Snow
elevation above which snow remains throughout the year
Snowline
A dense, icy pack of old snow
Firn
movement within the ice
Plastic Flow
consists of the entire ice slipping along the ground
Basal Slip
ice in this zone is carried in “piggyback” style by the ice below resulting in crevasses
Zone of Fracture
balance between accumulation at the upper end of the glacier and loss at the lower end (ablation); equal during winter; snow and ice melt can exceed deposition in summer
Glacial Budget
the part of a glacial system where snow and ice are accumulating faster than they are melting away.
Zone of accumulation
the rate of melting and evaporation exceeds the accumulation of new snow, so the glacier is shrinking
Zone of wastage (ablation)
low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below firn with a net loss in ice mass due to melting, sublimation, evaporation, erosion, etc.
Ablation Zone
divide and correlate rock packages using fossils.
biostratigraphy
a fossil that is useful to determine biozones
Index Fossil
A biozone based on occurences of 3 or moretaxa
Assemblage zones
the description, correlation, and interpretation of stratified sediments and stratified rocks on and in the Earth
Stratigraphy
applied to very minor (temporary) pauses or breaks in deposition with little or no erosion before deposition resumed
Diastem
geologic time that is not represented in the strata
HIATUS
gap or break in the stratigraphic record as part of the stratigraphic record removed by an erosional surface
Lacuna
represents a long period during which deposition ceased and erosion removed previously formed rocks before deposition
Unconformity
subdivision of the stratigraphic record into sediments or rocks by means of lithologic characteristics and stratigraphic position
Lithostratigraphy
subdivision of the stratigraphic record into sediments or rocks by means of fossil content
Biostratigraphy
subdivision of the stratigraphic record into bodies of sediment or rock represented by a particular age, separated from underlying and overlying units by isochronous surfaces
Chronostratigraphy
subdivision of Earth history into time intervals
Geochronology
those where an older package of sediments has been tilted, truncated by erosion, and than a younger package of sediments was deposited on this erosion surface
Angular Uncomformity
unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks which is a period of erosion or non-deposition; are characterized by subaerial erosion features.
Discomformity
type of unconformity in which strata are parallel ; no apparent erosion occurs and the surface of the unconformity resembles a simple bedding plane.
paracomformity
exists between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock.
noncomformity
a type of disconformity or nonconformity that has no distinct plane or contact separation, sometimes consisting of soils, paleosols, or pebble beds derived from the rock.
blended uncomformity
All the strata that contain a given fossil
range zone
A range zone based on the first and last occurrence of a single taxon
Taxon range zone
A range zone based on successive evolutionary first occurrences within a single evolving lineage
lineage zone
a class of range zones based on two first or last occurrences;
Interval zone
an assemblage zone with more precise definitions of beginning and end based on a single first or last occurrence of a fossil.
oppel zone
body of strata based on sudden increases in the abundance of a certain taxon
abundance zone
Taxa that temporarily “disappear” and then reappear in fossil record.
lazarus taxaa
Post-extinction reworking of specimen
Zombie Taxa
Taxa that converge on extinct forms, giving false impression of Lazarus taxa.
Elvis Taxs
will produce a vertical sequence of facies representing progressively deeper water environments.
Transgression
will produce a sequence of facies representing progressively shallower water environments (shallowing-upward sequence).
Regression
Periods where mass extinctions happened
Ordovician
Devonian
Permian
Triassic
Cretaceous
Types of Biozones
- Interval Zones
- Assemblage Zones
- Abundance Zones
Classical disciplines of Stratigraphy
Lithostratigraphy
Chronostratigraphy
Biostratigraphy
Descriptive vs Interpretative Stratigraphy
Descriptive : Lithostratigraphy or physical stratigraphy
Interpretative : Correlations of disparate rock bodies, regional stratigraphic syntheses, geochronology,
Transgressive Sequence
Limestone, shale, Siltstone, Sandstone
Regressive Sequence
Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale, Limestone
Considered as the first and oldest coral in the Philippines
Gshelia sp.
Age of Gshelia Sp.
Carboniferous to Permian
Mansalay, Mindoro
Age and locality of Neoschwagerina sp
Permian; Carabao Is., Palawan
Age and Locality of Verbeekina sp.
Permian
Mindoro
Ozarkodina tortilis is part of what species
Conodont
The age of ammonites found in ph
Jurassic (160-175 mya)
Globutruncana sp. age
Cretaceous
Stegodon belongs to Family _________________of Order ___________
Stegodontidae; Proboscidae
In what formation is the fossil of Elephas sp. associated, the age of the said fossil?
Cabatuan Fm.
Mid Pliestocene
First Eukaryotes
Proterozoic (2BA)
Trilobytes
Cambrian (540 MA)
First Land Plants
Silurian (400 MA)
First amphibian and Vertebrates
Devonian
Early mamals
Triassic
Flowering Plants
Cretaceous
Ammonite
Jurassic to Cretaceous (140M MA)
Amniotes
Carboniferous
dinosaur extinction; KT extinction
Cretaceous
in this extinction event, eruptions produced too much CO2 and SO2; rise of dinos
Triassic
> eradicated 90% of plant species,
5% marine species remain
1/3 of large land animals survived
most dramatic extinction event
Permian
extinction of marine communities; trilobyte extinction
Devionian
eliminated 85% of ordovician species
Ordovician
Formation of Archean crust
Promethan
Max age of Acasta gneiss (oldest surviving continental fragment)
Acastan
Max estimated age of earliest greenstone belt (Nuvvuaguttuq greenstone belt in the Canadian Province of Quebec)
Canadian
Earliest zircons (granite)
Jacabian
Magma ocean, differentiation of core, mantle and “protocrust”
Haphaestean
The paleohadean era began when the collision between ______________ that created the Earth and the Moon and ends at a set mark of 4.3 billion years ago
Theia and Tellus
caused by the Jovian (Gas Giant) planets, several asteroids and meteorites to collide with Earth, vaporizing the ocean.
Late Heavy Bombardment
Decay of soft parts, replaced by crystals
Permineralization
replacement of mineral of the same chemical composition
recrystallization
a lagerstatten located in Yoho Natl Park, British Columbia
65k specimens with 93 specie
Burges SHale
“a lagerstatten located in Bavaria, Germany
600 speical fossils, 180 insects, marine anthropods
Solnhofen Limestone
located in N. Illinois, USA
350 plant species, 140 insect species, 100 other taxa
Mazon Creek Beeds
The missing link of birds and dinosaues, found in the solnhofen limestone, dated around 150 MYA
Archeopteryx
will produce a vertical sequence of facies representing progressively deeper water environments.
Transgression
will produce a sequence of facies representing progressively shallower water environments (shallowing-upward sequence).
Regression
Ghselia Sp. Deets
Carboniferous
Base of Rinso Cgl
Neoschwagerina sp. Deets
Permian
Minilog Fm, Carabao Is.
Index Fossils in the Minilog Fm
Neoschwagerina sp.
Verbeekina sp.
Ozarkodina tortilis
An index fossil found in the Bacuit Fm in Palawan
Gondolella rosen Krantzi
Orbitulina Sp. Deets
Pandan Fm
Cret
NW Cebu
Location and age of Stegodon Luzonensis
Mid Pleisto
Awiden Mesa Fm
Chronostratigraphic equivalent of Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, and Age
Eothem, Erathem, System, Series, Stage
Periods of the Hadean Eon
Haphaestean
Jacobian
Canadian
Acastan
Promethean
Linnaean System Classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
(Do keep pots clean or family gets sick)
The full linnaean classification for human
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mamalia
Order: Primate
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens
Explain the Giant impactor theory
> mars sized asteroid theia impacted earth
fragments created the moon
marginal and more humid variant of the desert and is a transition zone that surrounds the dessert and separates it from bordering humid climates
steppe
a dry area on the lee side of a mountain range. Many middle-latitude deserts are of this type.
Rainshadow desert
sand accumulates when there is an obstruction across the wind path. The more sand gets collected, the steeper the slope will be
dunes
a depression on the land surface caused by wind erosion
blowout
the lifting and removal of loose material by wind
deflation
a cobble or pebble polished and shaped by the sandblasting effect by wind
Ventifacts
dunes shaped like crescents with the tips pointing downwind from where there is little sand and a flat surface. The crescent forms when the wind is stable and fixed
barchan dunes
series of long ridges oriented at right angles to the prevailing wind; these dunes form where vegetation is sparse and sand is very plentiful
Transverse dunes
dunes forming scalloped rows of sand oriented at right angles to the wind. This form is intermediate between isolated barchans and extensive waves of transverse dunes
Barchanoid Dunes
vegetation partially covers land, on coastlines, tips point into wind, strong winds, abundant sand
Parabolic Dunes
isolated hills of sand that exhibit a complex form and develops where wind conditions are variable
Star Dunes
extensive blanket of silt, that once were carried in suspension
Loess
deposit of windblown silt, lacking visible layers, generally buff colored, and capable of maintaining a nearly vertical cliff
Loess Deposits
percentage area of dry regions on the Earth’s surface
30%
a desert located in northern Chile near the border with Peru, known to be the driest place on Earth
Atacama Desert
a desert located in Iran, known to be the hottest place on Earth
Dasht-e Lut Desert
Thick ice mass that forms over hundreds of thousands of years
Glaciers
A stream of ice, bounded by precipitous rock walls, that flows down-valley from a snow accumulation center near its head
Valley (Alpine) Glacier
Enormous masses that flow out in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers and completely obscure all but the highest areas of underlying terrain
Ice Sheet/Continental Glacier
Large, relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend Ice Shelvesseaward from the coat but remain attached to the land along one or more side
Ice Shelves
completely bury the underlying landscapIce Cape but are much more smaller that the continental-scale features
Ice Cap
tongues of ice that flow down valleys extending outward from the margins of the larger ice masses
Outlet Glaciers
occupy broad lowlands at the bases of steep mountains and form when one or more valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys
Piedmont Glacier
raw material from which glacial ice originates
Snow
elevation above which snow remains throughout the year
Snowline
A dense, icy pack of old snow
Firn
movement within the ice
Plastic Flow
consists of the entire ice slipping along the ground
Basal Slip
ice in this zone is carried in “piggyback” style by the ice below resulting in crevasses
Zone of Fracture
balance between accumulation at the upper end of the glacier and loss at the lower end (ablation); equal during winter; snow and ice melt can exceed deposition in summer
Glacial Budget
the part of a glacial system where snow and ice are accumulating faster than they are melting away.
Zone of accumulation
the rate of melting and evaporation exceeds the accumulation of new snow, so the glacier is shrinking
Zone of wastage (ablation)
low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below firn with a net loss in ice mass due to melting, sublimation, evaporation, erosion, etc.
Ablation Zone
