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Correl Finals > Day 1 hell > Flashcards

Day 1 hell Flashcards

1
Q

Formed when weathering, together with mass collapse (and in arid areas with wind erosion), creates a tunnel through a slab of rock

A

Rock arch (bridge) and window

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2
Q

a wind erorded depression in the side of a cliff of a homogenous rock type

A

alloves and yardang window

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3
Q

low, triangular-shaped the aaccumulationoOf sediments deposited at the mouth of a valley

A

Alluvial Fan

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4
Q

Submarine, circular, steep sided holes which occur in coral reefs

A

Blue Hole

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5
Q

a compound alluvial fan where neighboring alluvial fans converge into a single apron of deposits against a slope

A

Bajada

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6
Q

Shallow lakes found in bajadas

A

Playas

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7
Q

A steep-sided and flat-topped hill, built of flat lying soft rocks capped by a more resistant layer of sedimentary rockt lava flow or duricrust, surrounded by a plaim

A

Butte

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8
Q

A deeply incised, steep-sided river valley

A

Canyon

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9
Q

asymmetrical upland feature usually associated with gently dipping
rocks and comprising a steep scarp-slope (or escaqpment) and a
longer gentler dip slope

A

Cuesta

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10
Q

A depositional landform produced by sedimentation at and around the mouth a river river- tide- wave-dominated

A

Delta

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11
Q

A large area of sand dunes

A

Erg

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12
Q

a long winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel that are frequently several km long ang are somewhat like railroad embankments

A

Eskers

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13
Q

A steep slope coinciding with the line of a fault

A

Fault Scarp

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14
Q

triangular-shaped remnants of the bedbetween V-shaped notches; steeply sloping wedge-shaped landscape features created by differential erosion

A

Flatirons

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15
Q

German ‘sea of rock’; areas covered by large angular blocks (formed in situ), traditionally believed to have been created by freeze-thaw action

A

Felsenmeer/Blockfield

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16
Q

Major splits into limestone pavement, formed by widening, deepening; and eventualnergingcofsolution features flat level” long linear weakness in the rock

A

Grike (Bogaz)

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17
Q

small closed depressions on horizontal and gently inclined rock surfaæs; similar to solution pits in carbonate rocks;

A

Gnamma

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18
Q

A mountaintop that has been modified by the action of ice during glaciation and frost weathering; also pyramidal peak

A

Glacial Horn

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19
Q

A tall, thin spire of soft (sedimentary) rock topped by harder, more resistant stone that protects each golumn from erosion

A

Hoodoo

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20
Q

Large, perennial, conical, ice-cored moutains that are common in
areas dominated by fine- grained sediments, with the ice forming from iniected water

A

Hydrolaccoliths

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21
Q

large, freestanding, residual masses of rock

A

Inselberg (tor/Monadnock)

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22
Q

A narrow piece of land connecting two larger areas across an expanse of water that otherwise separates them

A

Isthmus

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23
Q

Groups of residual, steep-sided hills Rproduced by limestone solution

A

Kegelkarst (cone karst or cockpit karst)

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24
Q

An umbrella term which covers an elaborately diverse groups od small scale solutional features and sculpturing found on limestone and dolomite surfacesexposed at the ground surface or in caves

A

Karren

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25
Q

Permafrost mounds formed by ice segregation within mineral soils that occur within the zone of discontinuous permafrost

A

Lithalsas (Stone rings)

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26
Q

An embankment, natural or man- made, that confines flow during high—water periods

A

Levee

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27
Q

Occurs when a meandering river on alluvium eats downinto the underlying bedrock

A

Incised Meander

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28
Q

A prominent limestone hill in an area of tower karst

A

Mogote

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29
Q

An elongated cliff-base hollow cut out by abrasion, usually where breaking waves are armed with rock fragments

A

Abraison Notch

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30
Q

A point of land, usually high and often with a sheer drop, that extends out into a body of water

A

Ness (headland/promontory/cape)

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31
Q

A horse-shoe shaped length of stream channel which is an almost closed meander loop

A

Oxbow

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32
Q

Forms just under a boulder, from whichn the rate of surface lowering may be evaluated

A

Pedestal

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33
Q

A large karst depression that may sometimes be flooded with water,
and which has been formed either by solution, or cavern collapse or for stuctural reasons

A

Polje

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34
Q

a sheet-like surface of rock fragrnents that remains wind
water have removed the be fine particles

A

Reg (Desert Pavement/Gibber/hamada)

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35
Q

A long, narrow, often branching inlet formed by marine submergence of parts of a river valley that have previously been-incised to a lower level

A

Ria

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36
Q

accumulation of broken rock fragments that typically have a concave upwards form

A

Scree/Talus

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37
Q

An isolated upstanding steep-sided rock pillar, column or pinnacle rising from the shore, a shore platform, or the sea floor close to a cliffed coast

A

Stack or stump

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38
Q

Cavernous weathering hollows produced in vertical or near vertical rock faces

A

Tafoni

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39
Q

A variety of limestone formed when carbonate minerals precipitate out of ambient temperature water

A

Travertine/Tufa

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40
Q

A depression or large hollow in limestone areas produced when
several sinkholes or dolines coalesce

A

Uvala

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41
Q

created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano; a distinctive upstanding landform produced when erosion removes the surroounding rock while the erosion resistant plug remains

A

Volcanic Neck/pipe

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42
Q

Notch or abandoned former channel in resistant bedrock ridges that was formerlya water gap when there was insufficient stream power to complete the down cutting process

A

Wind Gap

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43
Q

A tributary stream that is prevented from joining the main river because of the levees which flank the latter

A

Yazoo

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44
Q

A streamlined hill carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semi-cpnsolidated material that resembless the hull of a boat

A

Yardang/Zeugen

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45
Q

Isolated rocks between joints that result from downward erosion of less resistant layers

A

Rock fins

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46
Q

marginal and more humid variant of the desert and is a transition zone that surrounds the dessert and separates it from bordering humid climates

A

steppe

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47
Q

a dry area on the lee side of a mountain range. Many middle-latitude deserts are of this type.

A

Rainshadow desert

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48
Q

sand accumulates when there is an obstruction across the wind path. The more sand gets collected, the steeper the slope will be

A

dunes

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49
Q

a depression on the land surface caused by wind erosion

A

blowout

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50
Q

the lifting and removal of loose material by wind

A

deflation

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51
Q

a cobble or pebble polished and shaped by the sandblasting effect by wind

A

Ventifacts

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52
Q

dunes shaped like crescents with the tips pointing downwind from where there is little sand and a flat surface. The crescent forms when the wind is stable and fixed

A

barchan dunes

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53
Q

series of long ridges oriented at right angles to the prevailing wind; these dunes form where vegetation is sparse and sand is very plentiful

A

Transverse dunes

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54
Q

dunes forming scalloped rows of sand oriented at right angles to the wind. This form is intermediate between isolated barchans and extensive waves of transverse dunes

A

Barchanoid Dunes

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55
Q

vegetation partially covers land, on coastlines, tips point into wind, strong winds, abundant sand

A

Parabolic Dunes

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56
Q

isolated hills of sand that exhibit a complex form and develops where wind conditions are variable

A

Star Dunes

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57
Q

extensive blanket of silt, that once were carried in suspension

A

Loess

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58
Q

deposit of windblown silt, lacking visible layers, generally buff colored, and capable of maintaining a nearly vertical cliff

A

Loess Deposits

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59
Q

percentage area of dry regions on the Earth’s surface

A

30%

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60
Q

a desert located in northern Chile near the border with Peru, known to be the driest place on Earth

A

Atacama Desert

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61
Q

a desert located in Iran, known to be the hottest place on Earth

A

Dasht-e Lut Desert

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62
Q

Thick ice mass that forms over hundreds of thousands of years

A

Glaciers

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63
Q

A stream of ice, bounded by precipitous rock walls, that flows down-valley from a snow accumulation center near its head

A

Valley (Alpine) Glacier

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64
Q

Enormous masses that flow out in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers and completely obscure all but the highest areas of underlying terrain

A

Ice Sheet/Continental Glacier

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65
Q

Large, relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend Ice seaward from the coat but remain attached to the land along one or more side

A

Ice Shelves

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66
Q

completely bury the underlying landscape but are much more smaller that the continental-scale features

A

Ice Cap

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67
Q

tongues of ice that flow down valleys extending outward from the margins of the larger ice masses

A

Outlet Glaciers

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68
Q

occupy broad lowlands at the bases of steep mountains and form when one or more valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys

A

Piedmont Glacier

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69
Q

raw material from which glacial ice originates

A

Snow

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70
Q

elevation above which snow remains throughout the year

A

Snowline

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71
Q

A dense, icy pack of old snow

A

Firn

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72
Q

movement within the ice

A

Plastic Flow

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73
Q

consists of the entire ice slipping along the ground

A

Basal Slip

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74
Q

ice in this zone is carried in “piggyback” style by the ice below resulting in crevasses

A

Zone of Fracture

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75
Q

balance between accumulation at the upper end of the glacier and loss at the lower end (ablation); equal during winter; snow and ice melt can exceed deposition in summer

A

Glacial Budget

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76
Q

the part of a glacial system where snow and ice are accumulating faster than they are melting away.

A

Zone of accumulation

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77
Q

the rate of melting and evaporation exceeds the accumulation of new snow, so the glacier is shrinking

A

Zone of wastage (ablation)

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78
Q

low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below firn with a net loss in ice mass due to melting, sublimation, evaporation, erosion, etc.

A

Ablation Zone

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79
Q

divide and correlate rock packages using fossils.

A

biostratigraphy

80
Q

a fossil that is useful to determine biozones

A

Index Fossil

81
Q

A biozone based on occurences of 3 or moretaxa

A

Assemblage zones

82
Q

the description, correlation, and interpretation of stratified sediments and stratified rocks on and in the Earth

A

Stratigraphy

83
Q

applied to very minor (temporary) pauses or breaks in deposition with little or no erosion before deposition resumed

A

Diastem

84
Q

geologic time that is not represented in the strata

A

HIATUS

85
Q

gap or break in the stratigraphic record as part of the stratigraphic record removed by an erosional surface

A

Lacuna

86
Q

represents a long period during which deposition ceased and erosion removed previously formed rocks before deposition

A

Unconformity

87
Q

subdivision of the stratigraphic record into sediments or rocks by means of lithologic characteristics and stratigraphic position

A

Lithostratigraphy

88
Q

subdivision of the stratigraphic record into sediments or rocks by means of fossil content

A

Biostratigraphy

89
Q

subdivision of the stratigraphic record into bodies of sediment or rock represented by a particular age, separated from underlying and overlying units by isochronous surfaces

A

Chronostratigraphy

90
Q

subdivision of Earth history into time intervals

A

Geochronology

91
Q

those where an older package of sediments has been tilted, truncated by erosion, and than a younger package of sediments was deposited on this erosion surface

A

Angular Uncomformity

92
Q

unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks which is a period of erosion or non-deposition; are characterized by subaerial erosion features.

A

Discomformity

93
Q

type of unconformity in which strata are parallel ; no apparent erosion occurs and the surface of the unconformity resembles a simple bedding plane.

A

paracomformity

94
Q

exists between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock.

A

noncomformity

95
Q

a type of disconformity or nonconformity that has no distinct plane or contact separation, sometimes consisting of soils, paleosols, or pebble beds derived from the rock.

A

blended uncomformity

96
Q

All the strata that contain a given fossil

A

range zone

97
Q

A range zone based on the first and last occurrence of a single taxon

A

Taxon range zone

98
Q

A range zone based on successive evolutionary first occurrences within a single evolving lineage

A

lineage zone

99
Q

a class of range zones based on two first or last occurrences;

A

Interval zone

100
Q

an assemblage zone with more precise definitions of beginning and end based on a single first or last occurrence of a fossil.

A

oppel zone

101
Q

body of strata based on sudden increases in the abundance of a certain taxon

A

abundance zone

102
Q

Taxa that temporarily “disappear” and then reappear in fossil record.

A

lazarus taxaa

103
Q

Post-extinction reworking of specimen

A

Zombie Taxa

104
Q

Taxa that converge on extinct forms, giving false impression of Lazarus taxa.

A

Elvis Taxs

105
Q

will produce a vertical sequence of facies representing progressively deeper water environments.

A

Transgression

106
Q

will produce a sequence of facies representing progressively shallower water environments (shallowing-upward sequence).

A

Regression

107
Q

Periods where mass extinctions happened

A

Ordovician
Devonian
Permian
Triassic
Cretaceous

108
Q

Types of Biozones

A
  1. Interval Zones
  2. Assemblage Zones
  3. Abundance Zones
109
Q

Classical disciplines of Stratigraphy

A

Lithostratigraphy
Chronostratigraphy
Biostratigraphy

110
Q

Descriptive vs Interpretative Stratigraphy

A

Descriptive : Lithostratigraphy or physical stratigraphy
Interpretative : Correlations of disparate rock bodies, regional stratigraphic syntheses, geochronology,

111
Q

Transgressive Sequence

A

Limestone, shale, Siltstone, Sandstone

112
Q

Regressive Sequence

A

Sandstone, Siltstone, Shale, Limestone

113
Q

Considered as the first and oldest coral in the Philippines

A

Gshelia sp.

114
Q

Age of Gshelia Sp.

A

Carboniferous to Permian
Mansalay, Mindoro

115
Q

Age and locality of Neoschwagerina sp

A

Permian; Carabao Is., Palawan

116
Q

Age and Locality of Verbeekina sp.

A

Permian
Mindoro

117
Q

Ozarkodina tortilis is part of what species

A

Conodont

118
Q

The age of ammonites found in ph

A

Jurassic (160-175 mya)

119
Q

Globutruncana sp. age

A

Cretaceous

120
Q

Stegodon belongs to Family _________________of Order ___________

A

Stegodontidae; Proboscidae

121
Q

In what formation is the fossil of Elephas sp. associated, the age of the said fossil?

A

Cabatuan Fm.
Mid Pliestocene

122
Q

First Eukaryotes

A

Proterozoic (2BA)

123
Q

Trilobytes

A

Cambrian (540 MA)

124
Q

First Land Plants

A

Silurian (400 MA)

125
Q

First amphibian and Vertebrates

A

Devonian

126
Q

Early mamals

A

Triassic

127
Q

Flowering Plants

A

Cretaceous

128
Q

Ammonite

A

Jurassic to Cretaceous (140M MA)

129
Q

Amniotes

A

Carboniferous

130
Q

dinosaur extinction; KT extinction

A

Cretaceous

131
Q

in this extinction event, eruptions produced too much CO2 and SO2; rise of dinos

A

Triassic

132
Q

> eradicated 90% of plant species,
5% marine species remain
1/3 of large land animals survived
most dramatic extinction event

A

Permian

133
Q

extinction of marine communities; trilobyte extinction

A

Devionian

134
Q

eliminated 85% of ordovician species

A

Ordovician

135
Q

Formation of Archean crust

A

Promethan

136
Q

Max age of Acasta gneiss (oldest surviving continental fragment)

A

Acastan

137
Q

Max estimated age of earliest greenstone belt (Nuvvuaguttuq greenstone belt in the Canadian Province of Quebec)

A

Canadian

138
Q

Earliest zircons (granite)

A

Jacabian

139
Q

Magma ocean, differentiation of core, mantle and “protocrust”

A

Haphaestean

140
Q

The paleohadean era began when the collision between ______________ that created the Earth and the Moon and ends at a set mark of 4.3 billion years ago

A

Theia and Tellus

141
Q

caused by the Jovian (Gas Giant) planets, several asteroids and meteorites to collide with Earth, vaporizing the ocean.

A

Late Heavy Bombardment

142
Q

Decay of soft parts, replaced by crystals

A

Permineralization

143
Q

replacement of mineral of the same chemical composition

A

recrystallization

144
Q

a lagerstatten located in Yoho Natl Park, British Columbia
65k specimens with 93 specie

A

Burges SHale

145
Q

“a lagerstatten located in Bavaria, Germany
600 speical fossils, 180 insects, marine anthropods

A

Solnhofen Limestone

146
Q

located in N. Illinois, USA
350 plant species, 140 insect species, 100 other taxa

A

Mazon Creek Beeds

147
Q

The missing link of birds and dinosaues, found in the solnhofen limestone, dated around 150 MYA

A

Archeopteryx

148
Q

will produce a vertical sequence of facies representing progressively deeper water environments.

A

Transgression

149
Q

will produce a sequence of facies representing progressively shallower water environments (shallowing-upward sequence).

A

Regression

150
Q

Ghselia Sp. Deets

A

Carboniferous
Base of Rinso Cgl

151
Q

Neoschwagerina sp. Deets

A

Permian
Minilog Fm, Carabao Is.

152
Q

Index Fossils in the Minilog Fm

A

Neoschwagerina sp.
Verbeekina sp.
Ozarkodina tortilis

153
Q

An index fossil found in the Bacuit Fm in Palawan

A

Gondolella rosen Krantzi

154
Q

Orbitulina Sp. Deets

A

Pandan Fm
Cret
NW Cebu

155
Q

Location and age of Stegodon Luzonensis

A

Mid Pleisto
Awiden Mesa Fm

156
Q

Chronostratigraphic equivalent of Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, and Age

A

Eothem, Erathem, System, Series, Stage

157
Q

Periods of the Hadean Eon

A

Haphaestean
Jacobian
Canadian
Acastan
Promethean

158
Q

Linnaean System Classification

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
(Do keep pots clean or family gets sick)

159
Q

The full linnaean classification for human

A

Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mamalia
Order: Primate
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: Sapiens

160
Q

Explain the Giant impactor theory

A

> mars sized asteroid theia impacted earth
fragments created the moon

161
Q

marginal and more humid variant of the desert and is a transition zone that surrounds the dessert and separates it from bordering humid climates

A

steppe

162
Q

a dry area on the lee side of a mountain range. Many middle-latitude deserts are of this type.

A

Rainshadow desert

163
Q

sand accumulates when there is an obstruction across the wind path. The more sand gets collected, the steeper the slope will be

A

dunes

164
Q

a depression on the land surface caused by wind erosion

A

blowout

165
Q

the lifting and removal of loose material by wind

A

deflation

166
Q

a cobble or pebble polished and shaped by the sandblasting effect by wind

A

Ventifacts

167
Q

dunes shaped like crescents with the tips pointing downwind from where there is little sand and a flat surface. The crescent forms when the wind is stable and fixed

A

barchan dunes

168
Q

series of long ridges oriented at right angles to the prevailing wind; these dunes form where vegetation is sparse and sand is very plentiful

A

Transverse dunes

169
Q

dunes forming scalloped rows of sand oriented at right angles to the wind. This form is intermediate between isolated barchans and extensive waves of transverse dunes

A

Barchanoid Dunes

170
Q

vegetation partially covers land, on coastlines, tips point into wind, strong winds, abundant sand

A

Parabolic Dunes

171
Q

isolated hills of sand that exhibit a complex form and develops where wind conditions are variable

A

Star Dunes

172
Q

extensive blanket of silt, that once were carried in suspension

A

Loess

173
Q

deposit of windblown silt, lacking visible layers, generally buff colored, and capable of maintaining a nearly vertical cliff

A

Loess Deposits

174
Q

percentage area of dry regions on the Earth’s surface

A

30%

175
Q

a desert located in northern Chile near the border with Peru, known to be the driest place on Earth

A

Atacama Desert

176
Q

a desert located in Iran, known to be the hottest place on Earth

A

Dasht-e Lut Desert

177
Q

Thick ice mass that forms over hundreds of thousands of years

A

Glaciers

178
Q

A stream of ice, bounded by precipitous rock walls, that flows down-valley from a snow accumulation center near its head

A

Valley (Alpine) Glacier

179
Q

Enormous masses that flow out in all directions from one or more snow accumulation centers and completely obscure all but the highest areas of underlying terrain

A

Ice Sheet/Continental Glacier

180
Q

Large, relatively flat masses of floating ice that extend Ice Shelvesseaward from the coat but remain attached to the land along one or more side

A

Ice Shelves

181
Q

completely bury the underlying landscapIce Cape but are much more smaller that the continental-scale features

A

Ice Cap

182
Q

tongues of ice that flow down valleys extending outward from the margins of the larger ice masses

A

Outlet Glaciers

183
Q

occupy broad lowlands at the bases of steep mountains and form when one or more valley glaciers emerge from the confining walls of mountain valleys

A

Piedmont Glacier

184
Q

raw material from which glacial ice originates

A

Snow

185
Q

elevation above which snow remains throughout the year

A

Snowline

186
Q

A dense, icy pack of old snow

A

Firn

187
Q

movement within the ice

A

Plastic Flow

188
Q

consists of the entire ice slipping along the ground

A

Basal Slip

189
Q

ice in this zone is carried in “piggyback” style by the ice below resulting in crevasses

A

Zone of Fracture

190
Q

balance between accumulation at the upper end of the glacier and loss at the lower end (ablation); equal during winter; snow and ice melt can exceed deposition in summer

A

Glacial Budget

191
Q

the part of a glacial system where snow and ice are accumulating faster than they are melting away.

A

Zone of accumulation

192
Q

the rate of melting and evaporation exceeds the accumulation of new snow, so the glacier is shrinking

A

Zone of wastage (ablation)

193
Q

low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below firn with a net loss in ice mass due to melting, sublimation, evaporation, erosion, etc.

A

Ablation Zone

194
Q
A
195
Q
A

Correl Finals (2 decks)

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