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Biochemistry > Day 1 Carbs, Lipids, and Proteins > Flashcards

Day 1 Carbs, Lipids, and Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrate Components

A
  • Consist of polyhydoaldehydes and ketones
  • the structures are monosacharides (simple 3-7 carbon of sugar), dissacharides (2 sugar linked in a glycosidic bond), or polysaccharide (complex carbs with many monoS.)
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2
Q

Aldohexoses

A
  • They have 4 chiral center and eight different configurations that can exist in 3 forms (alpha, beta or linear)
  • D configuration on the highest chiral carbon are found in all living systems
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3
Q

Ketoses

A
  • the carbonyl center is almost always on C2

there are 4 configurations that exist in 5 different forms (alpha, beta, linear, furanose, or pyranose)

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4
Q

Dissacharides

A

Some common dissacharides are sucrose, maltose and lactose.

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5
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • Can be linear or branched
  • Some common ones are cellulose (linear beta 1-4 linked glucose), amylose (linear alpha 1-4 linked glucose), amylopectin and glycogen (linear alpha 1-4 linked glucose with alpha 1-6 branches)
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6
Q

Fisher projections

A
  • horizontal bonds are towards me and the vertical bonds are away from me.
  • designated L or D based on the position of the OH on the last chiral center away from the carbonyl
  • L is left and D is right
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7
Q

Reactions of monosaccharides

A

ketoses and aldoses can cyclize to form an intramolecular hemiacetal bond (oh attacks carbonyl) that will result in a hexoses and/or ketopentoses

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8
Q

Anomeric Carbon

A

Carbonyl carbon that was not a stereocenter while in the linear form becomes a stereoactive center in the ring form. It designates alpha and beta status .

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9
Q

Mutarotation

A

Linear form, alpha ring and beta rings will exist together in equilibrium.

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10
Q

Cyclization

A
  • Aldoses can form a pyranose ring which is when the OH on C6 attacks the carbonyl group and form a 6 membered ring.
  • Ketoses can form a pyranose ring or a furanose ring which is when the OH on C5 attacks the Carbonyl group.
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11
Q

Haworth Projection (forming the ring)

A
  • Cyclic O is placed at 1-oclock with anomeric C on its right
  • designate if the sugar is L or D. If it is L then the CH2OH of carbon 6 is below the plane consequently if the sugar is D then place it above the plane
  • groups of OH on the right side of the carbon chain are placed below the ring while groups of OH on the left side of the carbon chain are placed above the ring.
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12
Q

Haworth Projection (naming the ring)

A
  • alpha will be assigned to the anomeric carbon if the OH group is trans to the CH2OH group.
  • beta will be assigned to the anomeric carbon if the OH group is cis to the CH2OH group.
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13
Q

Glycosidic bonds

A
  • Linking two sugars together the via a hydroxyl bond (O glycosidc) or via an amine (N glycosidic).
  • U shaped bonds indicate that the sugar on the left was in alpha position.
  • Z shaped bonds indicate that the sugar on the left was in beta position.
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14
Q

Nonreducing ends

A

the anomeric C is involved in the glycosidic bond

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15
Q

Reducing end

A

The anomeric C is free and can easily convert back to its linear shape.

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16
Q

Cellulose

A
  • Linear beta 1-4 linked glucose
  • Most abundant carbon form
  • Cannot be metabolized by higher organisms
  • Rigid rod like structure
  • Impermeable to water
17
Q

Amylopectin

A
  • Plant starch
  • Linear alpha 1-4 linked glucose with alpha 1-6 branches
  • branched structure
  • flexible and soluble in water
18
Q

Glycogen

A
  • Animal Starch
  • Linear alpha 1-4 linked glucose with alpha 1-6 linked branches
  • highly branched, flexible and soluble in water
  • used as glucose storage
  • has Glycogenin which is a small protein that serves as a primer for glycogen synthesis
19
Q

Stereoisomers

A

Isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms but that differ only in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space

20
Q

Enantiomers

A

Stereoisomers that are related to each other by a reflection: They are mirror images of each other.

21
Q

Diastereomers

A

Have the same molecular formula but complete different arrangements and properties.

22
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP synthesis.

  • TCA cycle takes place in the matrix
  • Electron transport chain is embedded in the inner membrane.
23
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of molecules to form energy. Examples:

  • Glycolysis
  • Beta oxidation of fatty acids
  • Protein degradation
  • Krebs cycle
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
24
Q

Carbohydrate metabolism

A
  • Hydrolyzed in the mouth, stomach and small intestines by amylase to monossacharides
  • Converted to glucose and go through glycolysis.
  • Decarboxylated into acetyl groups to enter the TCA cycle
25
Q

Lipids metabolism

A
  • Broken down to glycerol in the stomach and small intestines by lipases
  • Glycerol enters the glycolytic pathway
  • Fatty acids are broken down into acetyl groups via B-oxidation to enter the TCA cycle or form ketone bodies.
26
Q

Protein metabolism

A
  • Broken down in the stomach and small intestines by proteases.
  • Most dietary proteins are used for protein synthesis
  • Excess amino acid are deaminated and the carbon skeleton enter glycolysis or the TCA cycle and catabolized for energy.
27
Q

Oxidation

A

-Loss of electron, loss of protons, gain of O

28
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electron, gain of protons, loss of O

29
Q

Coenzyme A

A
  • acyl and acetyl group carrier molecule for catabolism
  • contains adenine
  • forms high energy thioester bond between carboxyl group of acetate and the sulfurhydryl group.
30
Q

NADH

A
  • electron carrier molecule in catabolism.
  • used in the biological reduction of C–O bonds
  • NAD+ is the electron acceptor
  • nicotinamide ring accepts H-
31
Q

FADH2

A
  • electron carrier molecule in catabolism
  • used in the reduction of C–C double bonds.
  • FAD is the electron transport
  • Flavin ring accepts H+ and H-

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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